Showing papers in "Canadian Geotechnical Journal in 1988"
TL;DR: The effect of temperature on the volumetric strains of the clay skeleton and clay-water system has been examined experimentally as mentioned in this paper, and the results showed that the effects of temperature at (various) constant effective stress and isotropic...
Abstract: The effect of temperature on the volumetric strains of the clay skeleton and clay – water system has been examined experimentally. Heating tests at (various) constant effective stress and isotropic...
314 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multistage direct shear test was performed on saturated and unsaturated specimens of a compacted glacial till and the results showed that the axis-trajectory shear was effective on both unsaturated and saturated specimens.
Abstract: Multistage direct shear tests have been performed on saturated and unsaturated specimens of a compacted glacial till. A conventional direct shear apparatus was modified in order to use the axis-tra...
299 citations
TL;DR: The rheological behavior of some sensitive clays has shown that there are positive relationships between plastic viscosity, yield stress, remolded shear strength, and liquidity index as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The rheological behavior of some sensitive clays has shown that there are positive relationships between plastic viscosity, yield stress, remolded shear strength, and liquidity index. Based on the ...
245 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a technique for determining the diffusion coefficient and the distribution coefficient for contaminants using saturated, intact (undisturbed) clayey soil samples is described. But the technique is not suitable for outdoor applications.
Abstract: This paper describes a technique for determining the diffusion coefficient and the distribution coefficient for contaminants using saturated, intact (undisturbed) clayey soil samples. The technique...
156 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of using optimization methods to search for the minimum factor of safety in slope stability analysis was explored, and a procedure for comparing a number of admiss...
Abstract: This paper explores the feasibility of using optimization methods to search for the minimum factor of safety in slope stability analysis. The routine procedure includes comparing a number of admiss...
144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a global analysis of the consolidation of natural clays is realized considering the consolidation process to be a combination of the effects of compressibility and of permeability, and the compressibil...
Abstract: A global analysis of the consolidation of natural clays is realized considering the consolidation process to be a combination of the effects of compressibility and of permeability. The compressibil...
113 citations
TL;DR: In this article, fly ash and bottom ash obtained from coal-fired electric power generating stations can be used as alternatives to natural materials for the construction of structural fills and the engineering properties of coal ash pertinent to its use in structural fills are discussed.
Abstract: Fly ash and bottom ash obtained from coal-fired electric power generating stations can be used as alternatives to natural materials for the construction of structural fills. The engineering properties of coal ash pertinent to its use in structural fills are discussed. Four case studies of coal ash structural fills are presented. The performance of these fills was monitored during and after construction. These cases demonstrate that the physical behavior of fly ash is similar to that of silt and that it can be handled with similar methods. Groundwater monitoring data from existing fly ash fills are presented to show the impact that ash leachate migrating into the groundwater regime has on water quality. Results of long-term corrosion studies are presented to show that metals buried in ash, used in such structures as culverts, cable ducts, guard rails and streetlights, are not adversely affected. Ash leachate was found not to be detrimental to good-quality concrete structures. Key words: fly ash, fill, comp...
112 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, footings placed at shallow depth in bridge approach embankments can be used to reduce the cost and to improve the performance of bridge supports, which can reduce slopes drop.
Abstract: Footings placed at shallow depth in bridge approach embankments can be used to reduce the cost and to improve the performance of bridge supports. The embankments frequently terminate in slopes drop...
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the beneficial effects of cementation of sands on their dynamic behavior at low strain amplitudes were investigated. But the authors focused on the effect of important parameters such as cem...
Abstract: This paper advances the present understanding of the beneficial effects of cementation of sands on their dynamic behavior at low strain amplitudes. The influence of important parameters such as cem...
107 citations
TL;DR: The constant-volume friction angle of a granular material is unique and a function of mineral composition is verified experimentally in this article, where the constant volume friction angle is defined as the ratio of the friction angle and the friction ratio.
Abstract: The postulate that the constant-volume friction angle of a granular material is unique and a function of mineral composition is verified experimentally. Granular materials comprised of particles ra...
105 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the response of footings on sand, under eccentric and inclined loads, and developed an approach that can simultaneously apply loads to footings at any eccentricity and inclination without imposing restraints on the footing displacements.
Abstract: Results of an investigation of the response of footings on sand, under eccentric and inclined loads, are presented. Apparatus was constructed that could simultaneously apply loads to footings at any eccentricity and inclination, without imposing restraints on the footing displacements. The experimental results are interpreted, compared with published data, and a method for predicting vertical and horizontal displacements and rotations of loaded footings on sand developed. At low load levels the analysis generates the elastic half-space solution, which is then augmented to provide the complete nonlinear response of the footing. In addition, interaction diagrams between the vertical loads, horizontal loads, and moments that cause failure of the footing are presented. Key words: footing, sands, eccentric loading, inclined loading, displacement, rotation, bearing capacity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the double-layer contraction at constant void ratio with resultant increases in the pore space available for flow has been identified as a primary mechanism for such increases in hydraulic conductivity.
Abstract: Water-soluble organic liquids may, under some circumstances, dramatically increase the hydraulic conductivity, k, of water-saturated clayey soils, thus destroying their effectiveness as barriers for contaminants Double-layer contraction at constant void ratio with resultant increases in the pore space available for flow has been identified as a primary mechanism for such increases in k This paper shows, however, that the increased viscosity of solutions of some organics in water results in significant decreases in kPure alcohols (ethanol and methanol) and other water solubles (dioxane) when permeated through water-compacted clay samples produce an initial decrease in k, followed by a gradual increase to equilibrium values The "hydrocarbon" front raises the viscosity of the pore fluid and causes an initial drop in k Tests using aqueous solutions of ethanol and dioxane show decreases in k at concentrations up to ~70% Only at high concentrations does the dielectric constant, double-layer effect overcom
TL;DR: In this article, the relative sliding velocity at the base or at an interface of a moving soil mass along a basal surface is analyzed and viscous-type sliding laws are presented.
Abstract: Sliding of a moving soil mass along a basal surface is analyzed and viscous-type sliding laws are presented. They relate the relative sliding velocity at the base—or at an interface—to the state of...
TL;DR: In this paper, a large-scale model pile in sand subjected to strong horizontal and vertical excitation was analyzed and the theoretical response curves were calculated using DYNA2 and PILAY2 computer codes.
Abstract: Dynamic experiments were conducted on large-scale model piles in sand subjected to strong horizontal and vertical excitation. The theoretical response curves are calculated using DYNA2 and PILAY2 computer codes, and using also for the vertical direction, the theory of nonlinear vibration. The theoretical curves are compared with the experimental results. The dynamic behaviour of the pile is presented as frequency response curves for displacement, stiffness, dashpot constants, and damping ratios. The influence of excitation intensity, repeated loading, and cap contact with soil on the dynamic behaviour of single piles is investigated. Key words: dynamics, vibration, piles, foundations, nonlinear vibration, testing, deep foundations.
TL;DR: The representative elementary volume of a statistically homogeneous rock mass is defined as the minimum volume beyond which any submass behaves essentially like the whole rock mass as mentioned in this paper, and it is defined in terms of
Abstract: The representative elementary volume of a statistically homogeneous rock mass is defined as the minimum volume beyond which any submass behaves essentially like the whole rock mass. A simple, but s...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the "induced trench" method for buried pipe protection by installing a zone of relatively compressible material within the backfill above a pipe, soil arching is induced.
Abstract: The "induced trench" method for buried pipe protection is reviewed. By installing a zone of relatively compressible material within the backfill above a pipe, soil arching is induced. This has the effect of reducing the vertical earth load on the pipe, permitting the pipe to be buried at a greater depth than would otherwise be tolerable. In many circumstances, the method can offer significant economic benefits over alternatives. Although the literature includes several case histories describing the use of this technique, geotechnical aspects have received little attention. The theory on which currently available design methods are based is somewhat outdated and fails to address many factors that affect performance. For a recent project in Calgary, Alberta, a nonlinear finite element simulation was carried out to optimize the design. Performance during and after installation was monitored. Vertical pressures on the pipe were significantly less than those predicted by conventional theory. There is a need fo...
TL;DR: In this article, the field vane has been used to obtain profiles of undrained shear strength in soft to medium clays, and it has been suggested that the FV can be used to evaluate the shear properties of clays.
Abstract: The field vane (FV) has traditionally been utilized to obtain profiles of undrained shear strength in soft to medium clays. After some 40 years of experience with FV results, it has been suggested ...
TL;DR: In this article, a method for characterization of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clay subjected to undrained constant shear strain amplitude cyclic loading is presented and verified, based on the method described in this paper.
Abstract: A method for characterization of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clay subjected to undrained constant shear strain amplitude cyclic loading is presented and verified. The method is based...
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of analysis in the evaluation and design of barriers is discussed, including the mechanisms controlling contaminant migration through barriers, determination of the determination of whether a barrier is necessary or not.
Abstract: The role of analysis in the evaluation and design of barriers is discussed. Factors considered include (i) the mechanisms controlling contaminant migration through barriers; (ii) the determination ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the unloading part of the test for the particular circumstances that prevail with a self-bored pre-trained pre-deployment was extended to include unloading.
Abstract: The Gibson–Anderson theory for interpretation of pressuremeter data in clay is extended to include the unloading part of the test for the particular circumstances that prevail with a self-bored pre...
TL;DR: The ultimate lateral resistance and the groundline lateral deflection under working loads of freestanding single model piles and small pile groups, of various materials and different embedded leng... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The ultimate lateral resistance and the groundline lateral deflections under working loads of freestanding single model piles and small pile groups, of various materials and different embedded leng...
TL;DR: In this paper, the field observations made during a sloped excavation in a soft sensitive clay are presented, where the induced pore pressures and total lateral stresses have been recorded with vibrating-wire instruments since the beginning of the excavation.
Abstract: The field observations made during a sloped excavation in a soft sensitive clay are presented. The test site is located in Saint-Hilaire, in a typical Champlain Sea clay deposit, of 30 m depth. The trench was 8 m deep and 60 × 60 m square and its slopes were at 45, 34, 27, and 18° to the horizontal. The induced pore pressures and total lateral stresses have been recorded with vibrating-wire instruments since the beginning of the excavation. The steepest, 45° slope completely failed 1 day after excavating and the 34° slope, 2 weeks after. The piezometer readings have shown that the groundwater regime was modified proportionally to the changes in total stresses; these modifications took place within a time period of 5 months, after which the heads became more or less constant. The total stress cells indicated significant rotation of the principal axes at the toe of the slopes. Stability analyses using the lowest vane strength profile gave minimum factors of safety of 1.15 for the 45° slope and 1.23 for the ...
TL;DR: In the spring of 1985, the first goetechnical reconnaissance of recent Saguenay Fjord sediments took place, in which were recorded the two Saint-Jean-Vianney slides of 1663 and 1971 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the spring of 1985 the first goetechnical reconnaissance of recent Saguenay Fjord sediments took place, in which were recorded the two Saint-Jean-Vianney slides of 1663 and 1971. Cores from the ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the current use of engineered clayey barriers to control the chemical flux entering the groundwater adjacent to landfill sites is discussed, and analytical methods to predict flux-time relationship are presented.
Abstract: The current use of engineered clayey barriers to control the chemical flux entering the groundwater adjacent to landfill sites is discussed. New analytical methods to predict flux–time relationship...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of pressure meter tests were run in the laboratory in poly crystalline ice at −2°C and it was found that the particular pressuremeter used maintained an ability to measure creep deformation accurately over a period of 7 weeks, and the test results agreed for the most part with the findings of other investigators who have used uniaxial compression tests, and brought into question at least one of the more common assumptions regarding primary creep.
Abstract: The pressuremeter has the potential to measure the creep parameters of ice in situ, that is to say, in the field, in ice at its natural temperature and natural stress environment, and in ice that has not been disturbed by sampling and handling. To prove that the pressuremeter can in fact be used to measure creep properties, a series of pressuremeter tests were run in the laboratory in poly crystalline ice at −2°C. It was found that (1) the particular pressuremeter used maintained an ability to measure creep deformation accurately over a period of 7 weeks, (2) the test results agree for the most part with the findings of other investigators who have used uniaxial compression tests, and (3) the pressuremeter brings into question at least one of the more common assumptions regarding primary creep. Key words: ice, freshwater, creep, pressuremeter.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of insulation of the pipe on the long-term frost heave, as well as replacing the silt around an insulated pipe with gravel, were studied at the Calgary, Canada, chilled pipeline frost-heave test facility.
Abstract: Several frost heave mitigation modes were studied at the Calgary, Canada, chilled pipeline frost heave test facility. These included deeper burial (to increase the pressure on the frost front below the pipe) and replacement of the silty soil around the pipe with gravel for a noninsulated pipe. Frost heave at the deep-burial section and at the gravel section was less than the heave at a control section. Other pipe sections tested the effects of insulation of the pipe on the long-term frost heave, as well as the effects of replacing the silt around an insulated pipe with gravel. Summer thawing of the frost bulb around the insulated pipe results in seasonal thaw settlement of the pipe, thus reducing the long-term pipe heave, at least for the warmer ground temperature environment at the Calgary facility.Thermal simulations of the frost bulb growth and predictions of frost heave using the segregation potential model agree well with the observations.Recent excavation of two frost bulbs in silty soil led to fiel...
TL;DR: The stress state in many practical geotechnical problems is analogous to simple shear strain this article, and the devices available to test soil samples in Simple Shear strain impose nonuniform stress and...
Abstract: The stress state in many practical geotechnical problems is analogous to simple shear strain. However, the devices available to test soil samples in simple shear strain impose nonuniform stress and...
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of triaxial compression tests were carried out on reconstituted and nominally undisturbed tubed samples of a lodgement till from the Vale of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England.
Abstract: Undrained triaxial compression tests were carried out on reconstituted and nominally undisturbed tubed samples of a lodgement till from the Vale of St. Albans in Hertfordshire, England. The soil is a matrix-dominant, chalky boulder clay of Anglian age with little discernable engineering fabric. Electron microscope observations showed the presence of crystalline calcite in tube samples. The test results were examined within the general framework of critical state soil mechanics using normalizing procedures to take account of the different states and stress histories of the samples. These analyses demonstrate the practical importance of accounting for the current state and stress history in the interpretation of soil test data. The present results form a self-consistent pattern of behaviour. Differences between reconstituted and tubed samples were found only at small strain and may be attributed to cementing in tubed samples, which is broken down during reconstitution and during relatively large straining in recompression and shearing.
TL;DR: In this article, the ground deformations around axisymmetric shafts cannot be determined with the design approaches currently available, which are mostly based on plasticity methods, and the convergence-confinement method is proposed.
Abstract: Ground deformations around axisymmetric shafts cannot be determined with the design approaches currently available, which are mostly based on plasticity methods. The convergence–confinement method ...
TL;DR: In this article, a finite element analysis of the field test excavation in Welland Clay is performed using an anisotropic soil behavior model, and the model, finite element formulation, and transient effe...
Abstract: A finite element (FE) analysis of the field test excavation in Welland Clay is performed using an anisotropic soil behavior model. This paper describes the model, FE formulation, and transient effe...