Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Forest Research in 1983"
TL;DR: A variety of evergreen and deciduous forests in the taiga of interior Alaska were studied over a 5-year period to examine how the chemical quality of forest-floor organic matter affected its rate of decomposition and mineral cycling within and outside the tree vegetation.
Abstract: A variety of evergreen and deciduous forests in the taiga of interior Alaska were studied over a 5-year period to examine how the chemical quality of forest-floor organic matter affected its rate o...
472 citations
TL;DR: The productivity and nutrient cycling in examples of the major forest types in interior Alaska are considered and the ecosystem properties are examined from the standpoint of the control exertion.
Abstract: This paper considers the productivity and nutrient cycling in examples of the major forest types in interior Alaska. These ecosystem properties are examined from the standpoint of the control exert...
429 citations
TL;DR: Stepwise discriminant analysis between snapped and uprooted trees indicated that of the variables measured, wood properties were the most important factors determining the type of death in trees.
Abstract: The influence of mechanical and architectural properties of trees on growth rates, mortality rates, and relative probabilities of snapping and uprooting were examined on Barro Colorado Island, Repu...
401 citations
TL;DR: The history of spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumifera (Clem.)) outbreaks for the past 200 to 300 years, for nine regions in eastern Canada, indicates that outbreaks have occurred more frequently i...
Abstract: The history of spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks for the past 200 to 300 years, for nine regions in eastern Canada, indicates that outbreaks have occurred more frequently i...
369 citations
TL;DR: Vegetation, forest productivity, and soils of 23 forest stands in the taiga of interior Alaska are described, and several floodplain stands represent the successional sequence from productive balsam poplar and white spruce to black spruce stands underlain by permafrost on the older terraces.
Abstract: Vegetation, forest productivity, and soils of 23 forest stands in the taiga of interior Alaska are described. The stands are arranged on an environmental gradient from an aspen (Populustremuloides ...
260 citations
TL;DR: A general model is developed to relate average carbon storage over the lifetime of a forest managed for sustained yield to the maximum biomass of the same forest at maturity and point of inflection of stand growth is established using the Richards function.
Abstract: The mass of carbon stored in forests is an important component of the global carbon cycle. A general model is developed to relate average carbon storage over the lifetime of a forest managed for su...
207 citations
TL;DR: Seven units (about 2 ha each) of black spruce – feather moss forest were experimentally burned over a range of fuel moisture conditions during the summer of 1978.
Abstract: Seven units (about 2 ha each) of black spruce – feather moss forest were experimentally burned over a range of fuel moisture conditions during the summer of 1978. Surface woody fuels were sparse and the principal carrier fuel was the forest floor (largely mosses and their decomposition products). Forest floors after burning comprised a small-scale mosaic of unburned, scorched, lightly burned, moderately burned, and heavily burned (organic materials entirely consumed) conditions. Percentage of the unit area in the moderately and heavily burned condition ranged from 11.2 to 77.2% and percent decrease in forest-floor thickness varied from 27.4 to 63.1% in the seven units. Forest-floor consumption was most closely correlated with the moisture content of lower moss (01 horizon) and lower duff layers (022 horizon) at the time of burning. For the first 3 years after fire, biomass production was greater on heavily burned than on lightly burned sites (58 vs. 37 g/m2 on an annual basis). Heavily burned sites were c...
196 citations
TL;DR: Annual net N mineralization in the 0–10 cm mineral soil zone of nine forest stands on silt–loam soils was measured using a series of insitu soil incubations from April 1980 through April 1981.
Abstract: Annual net N mineralization in the 0–10 cm mineral soil zone of nine forest stands on silt–loam soils was measured using a series of insitu soil incubations from April 1980 through April 1981. Diff...
195 citations
TL;DR: In addition to providing mechanical support, sinker and taproots may be important adaptations for deep-water utilization on xeric sites and suggest that roots may beImportant in boreal succession pro...
Abstract: Twenty-four specimens of six boreal tree species were excavated: eight Pinusbanksiana Lamb., five Populustremuloides Michx., four Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, three Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., two A...
191 citations
TL;DR: For all nutrients except Ca, roots and mycorrhizae contained larger stocks than either the forest floor or fungi; amounts of Ca in the forest Floor and in fungi were twice those in roots andMycorrhIZae.
Abstract: The allocation of biomass and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) was measured from August 1976 to September 1978 in a young, second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand in the Or...
173 citations
TL;DR: Thinning, but not fertilization, influenced distribution of radial growth along the stem, increasing growth only below the top one-third of the stem; this pattern was related to crown development.
Abstract: The aboveground biomass of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and annual production over 7 years was studied in relation to thinning and nitrogen fertilization. Biomass yield of both treatments increased during the first 3–4 years then decreased for fertilization but not with thinning. Treatments doubled biomass production of individual trees over the study period when applied separately and quadrupled it when combined. Annual biomass production per unit of foliage (E) increased during the first 3–4 years, but was at or below control level after 7 years. The increased E accounted for 20, 37, and 27% of the stemwood dry matter response to thinning, fertilization and the combined treatments, respectively; the remainder was attributed to an increase in foliage biomass. Thinning, but not fertilization, influenced distribution of radial growth along the stem, increasing growth only below the top one-third of the stem. This pattern was related to crown development.
TL;DR: "Complex" vegetation was more resistant to hurricane damage than "simpler" vegetation, and the climax Dacryodesexcelsa Vahl associations suffered the least hurricane damage, while the palm brake suffered the most damage.
Abstract: The impact of Hurricane David on the forests of Dominica was measured 40 days after the hurricane struck the island on August 29, 1979, with winds averaging 92 km/h which lasted 10.2 h. Sixteen 0.1-ha plots were studied. They were located on a variety of slope and exposure conditions, representing three life zones and 11 plant associations. Measurements included tree diameter at breast height (dbh), total height, wood volume, and percent canopy closure of stand. Species and damage conditions were noted. The hurricane caused severe damage, particularly to forests on the southern half of the island. Forty-two percent of the standing timber volume in the study areas was damaged at an average intensity of 27 m3/ha. About 5.1 × I06 timber trees were damaged in an area of 246 km2. "Complex" vegetation was more resistant to hurricane damage than "simpler" vegetation. The climax Dacryodesexcelsa Vahl associations suffered the least hurricane damage, while the palm brake suffered the most damage. Only one species ...
TL;DR: Root elongation of greenhouse-grown Alaskan taiga tree seedlings increased with increasing root temperature in all six species examined and was most temperature sensitive in warm-adapted aspen and most rapid in poplar and aspen, which grow more rapidly.
Abstract: Root elongation of greenhouse-grown Alaskan taiga tree seedlings increased with increasing root temperature in all six species examined and was most temperature sensitive in warm-adapted aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.). Root elongation was slower in fine than large roots and in black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) was less temperature sensitive in fine than in large roots. Root elongation in the laboratory was slowest in black spruce, which has an inherently slow growth rate, and most rapid in poplar (Populusbalsamifera L.) and aspen, which grow more rapidly. In contrast, field root elongation rates tended to be highest in black spruce from cold wet sites, suggesting that site factors other than soil temperature (e.g., moisture) predominated over genetic differences among species in determining field root elongation rates. The seasonal pattern of root elongation was closely correlated with soil temperature and reached maximum rates in July for all tree species (except aspen medium-sized roots). Mo...
TL;DR: Weeds, particularly the ferns, caused significant interference with germination, survival, and growth of desirable species following both cuttings and deer browsing had no direct effect on desirable species because they did not grow enough to emerge from the herbaceous cover.
Abstract: Deer browsing and interference from forest weeds, particularly hayscented fem (Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis L.), and short husk grass (Brachyelytrnm erectum Schreb.), influence the establishment of Allegheny hardwood reproduction. We determined the independent interference by deer and weeds after a seed cut and a removal cut in a two-cut shelterwood sequence. Weeds, particularly the ferns, caused significant interference with germination, survival, and growth of desirable species following both cuttings. Deer browsing had no direct effect on desirable species because they did not grow enough to emerge from the herbaceous cover. Deer browsing did affect growth of Rubus, yellow and black birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt, and Betula lenta L.), and pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) that grew above the herbaceous cover. Browsing of Rubus may be a serious problem in some stands because substantial reduction in fem and grass coverage occurred as the Rubus developed.
TL;DR: Live and dead conifer fine root and mycorrhizal root biomasses were determined in the forest floors of 16 stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Dougl.) Forbes) of low (IV) or high (II) productivity.
Abstract: Live and dead conifer fine root (≤2 mm) and mycorrhizal root biomasses were determined in the forest floors of 16 stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Dougl.) Forbes) of low (IV) or high (I...
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the nitrogen productivity decreases predictably as biomass increases probably as a result of the reduction in irradiance as the canopy becomes more dense.
Abstract: Nitrogen productivity, expressed as annual yield of foliage per unit of nitrogen in the foliage, is recommended for interpreting responses to changes in nitrogen availability. This index can be directly coupled to growth and is well suited for application in mathematical analyses of tree or forest growth dynamics. This paper demonstrates that the nitrogen productivity decreases predictably as biomass increases probably as a result of the reduction in irradiance as the canopy becomes more dense. For five species of conifers from northern latitudes (Piceaabies Karst., Pseudotsugamenziesii Mirb. Franco, Pinusnigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melv., Pinusresinosa Ait., and Pinussylvestris L.) nitrogen productivity is shown to decrease linearly with increasing needle biomass. For a particular species, these regressions allow for estimation of maximum needle biomass.
TL;DR: The survival model presented relates survival to tree size and vigor with sufficient flexibility to portray the particular survival behavior of each species, and is well established for the range of conditions underlying the test data.
Abstract: The survival model presented relates survival to tree size and vigor. Biological principles establish the general model form. The mathematical descriptor presented follows these biological principl...
TL;DR: Fall seed-dispersing species and summer-seeding species were artificially sown on seedbeds created by experimental burning in the upland black spruce/feather moss forest types in interior Alaska and seedling survival occurred almost exclusively on severely burned surfaces.
Abstract: Fall seed-dispersing species, birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), alder (Alnuscrispa (Ait.) Pursh), and black spruce Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and summer-seeding species, aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.), balsam poplar (P. balsamifera L.), feltleaf willow (Salixalaxensis (Anderss.) Cov.), Scouler willow (Salixscouleriana Barratt), and Bebb willow (Salixbebbiana Sarg.), were artificially sown on seedbeds created by experimental burning in the upland black spruce/feather moss forest types in interior Alaska. At least 40% of the seeds dispersed in the fall had germinated before dispersal of summer seeds began. Germination occurred on moderately and severely burned seedbeds but not on scorched and lightly burned surfaces. Seedling survival occurred almost exclusively on severely burned surfaces. After 3 years, 82% of the plots containing some severely burned surfaces and sown with seeds from species seeded in the fall were stocked whereas 32% of the plots sown with species seeded in the spring and with the ...
TL;DR: The photosynthetic capacity of different needle age-classes of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill) B.S.P.) was studied using 14C labelling on whole branches at a site near Fairbanks, Alaska to find nutrient use efficiency was found to be highest in the 1-year-old tissue and declined with needle age.
Abstract: The photosynthetic capacity of different needle age-classes of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill) B.S.P.) was studied using 14C labelling on whole branches at a site near Fairbanks, Alaska. Black sp...
TL;DR: Trans-Verbenol was demonstrated to be a highly active aggregation pheromone, as was (±)-exo-brevicomin, and myrcene was the most effective synergistic monoterpene, while α-pinene was completely ineffective.
Abstract: The following compounds were field tested in multiple funnel or drainpipe traps as attractants for the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins, in British Columbia lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm. forests: trans-verbenol, 3-caren-10-ol, acetophenone, E-2-methyl-6-methylene-octa-2,7-dienol (myrcenol) and 2-p-menthen-7-ol (all female-produced volatiles which had proven attractive in laboratory bioassays); exo-brevicomin (produced by males); and α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, terpinolene and myrcene (host tree monoterpenes). trans-Verbenol was demonstrated to be a highly active aggregation pheromone, as was (±)-exo-brevicomin. Myrcene was the most effective synergistic monoterpene, while α-pinene was completely ineffective. In one experiment, 3-caren-10-ol caused a shift in favor of responding males, but the other female-produced volatiles were inactive.
TL;DR: The pine-wood nematode, Bursaphelenchusxylophilus, was most commonly extracted from Cerambycidae emerging from nematodes-infested pines in Minnesota and Wisconsin during 1981 and 1982.
Abstract: The pine-wood nematode, Bursaphelenchusxylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer), was most commonly extracted from Cerambycidae emerging from nematode-infested pines in Minnesota and Wisconsin during 1981 an...
TL;DR: A 24-year-old Douglas-fir stand was treated with various levels and combinations of nitrogen fertilization and thinning to determine effects on foliage quantity and sapwood characteristics at different stem heights, and significant linear relationships of foliage mass and area to sapwood area at bh were found.
Abstract: A 24-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand was treated with various levels and combinations of nitrogen fertilization and thinning. Over a period of 5–9 years after treat...
TL;DR: In this article, a ratio to convert merchantable weights to total forest biomass (T/M ratio) was proposed to estimate rates of carbon storage or depletion using a ratio for converting merchantable weight to total biomass.
Abstract: Records of merchantable forest volumes can be used to estimate rates of carbon storage or depletion using a ratio to convert merchantable weights to total forest biomass (T/M ratio). We present evi...
TL;DR: Seasonal patterns of biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, and phosphorus were determined for major plant parts of the deciduous shrub Vacciniumuliginosum L. and the evergreen shrub Ledumgroenlandicum Oeder in a black spruce forest in interior Alaska.
Abstract: Seasonal patterns of biomass, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were determined for major plant parts of the deciduous shrub Vacciniumuliginosum L. and the evergreen shrub Ledumgroenlandicum Oeder. in a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) forest in interior Alaska. New growth comprised 52 ± 7% of aboveground biomass in Vaccinium compared with the evergreen Ledum for which a maximum of 38 ± 3% of aboveground biomass was new growth. In Vaccinium the spring decline in leaf N and P concentration was due to dilution by increasing leaf biomass, whereas the autumn decline in N and P concentration was due to retranslocation, at which time 68–72% of leaf N and P was retranslocated from leaves. In contrast, the entire decline in N and P concentration of new growth in Ledum was due to dilution by increasing leaf biomass. Uptake contributed 60–68% of the maximum N and P requirement for aboveground growth of Vaccinium, with the remainder coming from stored reserves. Ledum supported 71–79% of its aboveground nutr...
TL;DR: Seed size was examined as a possible explanation for variation in the size of containerized loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedlings and found larger seed were found to germinate more quickly and produce a larger germinant after 28 days of growth.
Abstract: Seed size was examined as a possible explanation for variation in the size of containerized loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedlings. Under laboratory conditions of minimal environmental stress, larger seed were found to germinate more quickly and produce a larger germinant after 28 days of growth. In a similar experiment conducted under greenhouse growing conditions, large seed produced the largest seedlings. Size differences among seedlings in both experiments resulted from differences in the rate of germination unique to each seed size class. Consequently, seedling size and possibly uniformity of growth were considered to be a function of germination patterns which were strongly influenced by seed size and weight.
TL;DR: In a mature black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) forest near the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, samples of four common moss species, Polytrichumcommune Hedw., Hylocomiumsplendens (Hedw), were collected as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In a mature black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) forest near the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, samples of four common moss species, Polytrichumcommune Hedw., Hylocomiumsplendens (Hedw....
TL;DR: Seedlings of Alnuscrispa (Ait.) Pursh, Populusbalsamifera L., Populustremuloides Michx.
Abstract: Seedlings of Alnuscrispa (Ait.) Pursh, Populusbalsamifera L., Populustremuloides Michx., and Betulapapyrifera Marsh., hardwood species of the taiga of interior Alaska, were grown in sand in a controlled environment room at day–night temperatures of 25 and 20 °C, respectively, with a 20-h day length. After establishment, pots containing each species were placed under soil-temperature treatments of 5, 15, and 25 °C while maintaining extant air-temperature and light regimes. Both total and maintenance respiration of the roots were measured under these temperature treatments by monitoring the efflux of CO2 from the potted soil mass. An estimate of root-growth respiration was calculated as the difference between total and maintenance respiration. Total root respiration increased from three- to five-fold as soil temperature increased over the 20 °C experimental range. Growth-respiration response was species specific, occurring only at 5 °C soil temperature in A. crispa, at both 15 and 25 °C in P. balsamifera, a...
TL;DR: Alnusrubra Bong, dominates the first 65 – 80 years of a sere that is initiated naturally on the terraces of the Hoh River.
Abstract: Alnusrubra Bong, dominates the first 65 – 80 years of a sere that is initiated naturally on the terraces of the Hoh River. Stands of 14, 24, and 65 years were studied to determine to what extent th...
TL;DR: Copper, nickel, and cobalt solutions were added to a variety of substrates to test the effects of these metals on the germination and radicle elongation of two deciduous and five coniferous woody species native to eastern North America.
Abstract: Copper, nickel, and cobalt solutions were added to a variety of substrates to test the effects of these metals on the germination and radicle elongation of two deciduous and five coniferous woody species native to eastern North America. For species grown on filter paper, germination was little affected by metal concentrations of up to 100 ppm. Filter-paper tests showed that radicle elongation was reduced by 25% at concentrations that ranged from 1 to 5 ppm for Betulapapyrifera Marsh, to as much as 50 to 100 ppm for Pinusstrobus L. Concentrations causing similar effects on mineral and organic soil substrates were, respectively, 10 and 100 times greater than those for filter paper. For all species, toxicity followed the pattern Ni > Cu > Co for filter paper and for mineral and organic soils. Deciduous species were more readily damaged by these metals than were coniferous species.
TL;DR: Seeds from 28 stands representing most of the range of Pinusmonticola Dougl were analyzed for electrophoretically demonstrable variation in 10 proteins encoded by 12 genetic loci, finding differences among stands were minor and essentially random.
Abstract: Seeds from 28 stands representing most of the range of Pinusmonticola Dougl. were analyzed for electrophoretically demonstrable variation in 10 proteins encoded by 12 genetic loci. On the average, 65% of the loci per stand were polymorphic, and expected heterozygosity of offspring was 18%. The populations could be assigned to two geographic groups, a broad northern one and a rather restricted southern one. The southern group consisted of populations from the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains in northern California and from the Warner Mountains in south-central Oregon. These southern populations were similar to each other but all differed from those of the northern group in allelic frequency patterns for several isoenzymes. Across the northern part of the species' distribution (British Columbia, Washington, northern Oregon, Idaho, and Montana) differences among stands were minor and essentially random. Collections from stands in the central and southern Oregon Cascades and the Siskiyou Mountains...