Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Microbiology in 1969"
TL;DR: Serratia marcescens was found to be the most active organism of 100 tested for the production of chitinase and Enterobacter liquefaciens produced nearly as much enzyme.
Abstract: Serratia marcescens was found to be the most active organism of 100 tested for the production of chitinase. Enterobacter liquefaciens produced nearly as much enzyme. Under optimal conditions high y...
532 citations
TL;DR: Berberine sulfate was shown to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
Abstract: Berberine sulfate was shown to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. The antibacterial act...
273 citations
TL;DR: Ochratoxin A has been obtained from both mycelium and culture filtrates of Penicillium viridicatum Westling grown on a yeast extract – sucrose medium and identified as a metabolite.
Abstract: Ochratoxin A has been obtained from both mycelium and culture filtrates of Penicillium viridicatum Westling grown on a yeast extract – sucrose medium. Ergosterol was also identified as a metabolite. The greatest amount of ochratoxin A was detected 9 days after inoculation. Toxin production decreased greatly after several successive subcultures. However, it was possible to obtain a strongly toxinogenic isolate again from the parent culture. Small amounts of ochratoxin A were detected in 60% whole wheat bread slices used as a substrate for P. viridicatum.
112 citations
TL;DR: Growth of Halobacterium cutirubrum, H. salinarium, and H. halobium was followed by viable counts and optical density measurements, and growth was stimulated by glycerol, certain carbohydrates, related metabolites, and vitamins.
Abstract: Growth of Halobacterium cutirubrum, H. salinarium, and H. halobium was followed by viable counts and optical density measurements. The last species, which grows most vigorously, was most intensivel...
111 citations
TL;DR: Results from analytical ultracentrifugal analysis, Sephadex gel filtration, isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation, and polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis revealed that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid liberated a protein–lipopolysaccharide complex from cell walls of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an estimated molecular weight of not less than 160 000 and probably about one million.
Abstract: Results from analytical ultracentrifugal analysis, Sephadex gel filtration, isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation, and polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis revealed that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid liberated a protein–lipopolysaccharide complex from cell walls of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an estimated molecular weight of not less than 160 000 and probably about one million. Electron microscopy of this complex revealed spherules and rodlets. The diameter of the former was approximately 70 ± 10 A while the dimensions of the latter were 70 ± 10 A × 200 ± 50 A. The rodlets appeared to be composed of three or more spherules arranged in a chain-like fashion. Electron microscopy of protein-free lipopolysaccharide revealed predominantly hollow spheres from 300 A to 1500 A in diameter, morphologically resembling membrane sacculi. It is proposed that the protein–lipopolysaccharide complex, but not the protein-free lipopolysaccharide, is representative of the in situ form of native endotoxin.
97 citations
TL;DR: Assays with Notemigonus crysoleucas and Bosmina longirostris indicate that the toxin from naturally occurring bloom populations, if released all at once, would be capable of killing certain species of fish and microcrustaceans.
Abstract: A toxic strain of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was isolated and cultured in a defined medium (ASM-1). This strain fixes nitrogen, has a pH optimum of 7.5, and has maximum growth rates at 5000 lux and 26 °C. Phosphorus levels of 1.0 μM readily supported populations of 1 × 105 cells/ml with stimulation of growth evident at a concentration of 0.1 μM P. Tris is inhibitory to growth of this alga at concentrations above 2.5 mM.Toxin production is related to age of culture, temperature, and light intensity but not nitrogen source.Intraperitoneal injection of toxic extracts into Fundulus heteroclitus, Cyprinodon variegatus, and white mice gave a LD100 of 0.5 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg, respectively. Assays with Notemigonus crysoleucas and Bosmina longirostris indicate that the toxin from naturally occurring bloom populations (1 × 106 cells/ml), if released all at once, would be capable of killing certain species of fish and microcrustaceans. Daphnia catawba, however, was much more resistant to toxin (LD100 = 1.0 m...
88 citations
TL;DR: The paper includes 42 color photographs as an aid for other investigators in the identification of the Myxobacterales and a proposal is made to divide the genus Chondromyces into Stigmatella and Chondomyces and to assign the latter to the family Sorangiaceae.
Abstract: One hundred and sixty-seven pure cultures have been isolated from among 338 myxobacteria obtained from Essex county (Ontario) soil samples by various methods. The fruiting body characteristics used in the characterization of the Myxobacterales have been found to be variable and unstable. However, the order may be considered to consist of two broad groups based on vegetative cell morphology and the formation of microcysts. A proposal is made to divide the genus Chondromyces into Stigmatella and Chondromyces and to assign the latter to the family Sorangiaceae. A number of biochemical tests have been found useful in identification and some are correlated with morphological features.The paper includes 42 color photographs as an aid for other investigators in the identification of the Myxobacterales.
86 citations
TL;DR: The fatty acid composition of the lipids of some newly isolated thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in the Mucorales has been compared with that of some psychrophilic and mesophilic MucOr species.
Abstract: The fatty acid composition of the lipids of some newly isolated thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in the Mucorales has been compared with that of some psychrophilic and mesophilic Mucor species...
81 citations
TL;DR: Quantitative studies on the bacterial populations of two associated littoral marine algae and of the environmental seawater showed that numbers of bacteria on P. lanosa and in the seawater remained relatively constant while those on A. nodosum decreased in mid-summer, after an apparent spring maximum, and then gradually increased.
Abstract: Quantitative studies were carried out on the bacterial populations of two associated littoral marine algae, Polysiphonia lanosa and Ascophyllum nodosum, and of the environmental seawater. Samplings...
74 citations
TL;DR: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mac 436 was found to produce simultaneously three phenazine pigments identified as pyocyanine, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, and oxychlororaphine, and satisfactory yields of all three pigments were obtained.
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mac 436 was found to produce simultaneously three phenazine pigments identified as pyocyanine, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, and oxychlororaphine. Production of these pigments...
71 citations
TL;DR: Detached spores of 14 fungi varied in germination after exposure on agar to 10 to 100 parts per hundred million (p.p.hm.) ozone for 1 to 6 h.
Abstract: Detached spores of 14 fungi varied in germination after exposure on agar to 10 to 100 parts per hundred million (p.p.hm.) ozone for 1 to 6 h. Large pigmented spores of Chaetomium sp., Stemphylium s...
TL;DR: Thirty samples of nine soil profiles were variously treated and incubated in aerobic and in anaerobic 15N-labelled atmospheres in the laboratory for the addition of glucose to agricultural soils to study the phytochemical properties of glucose.
Abstract: Thirty samples of nine soil profiles were variously treated and incubated in aerobic and in anaerobic 15N-labelled atmospheres in the laboratory. The addition of glucose to agricultural soils stimu...
TL;DR: Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp....
Abstract: Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp....
TL;DR: When Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was grown on ferrous iron and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) in excess of 96% of the bacterial population was associated with the insoluble material, it was found that the presence of these bacteria increased the likelihood that the material was insoluble.
Abstract: When Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was grown on ferrous iron and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) in excess of 96% of the bacterial population was associated with the insoluble material. When sulfur was the subst...
TL;DR: A strain of Bacillus pumilus was isolated from Fargo clay in a field near Fargo, North Dakota, which had been cropped in flax 73 consecutive years, showing an unusual ability to survive in clay.
Abstract: A strain of Bacillus pumilus was isolated from Fargo clay in a field near Fargo, North Dakota, which had been cropped in flax 73 consecutive years. This bacterium had an unusual ability to survive ...
TL;DR: The main effects of the gaffkya homari infection was the great increase in hemolymph clotting times followed by the essential elimination of clotting, and an extreme hyperglycemic effect, attributed to stress, was observed in both control and infected lobsters.
Abstract: Gaffkya homari, the pathogen causing gaffkemia, was observed in vivo to reach its stationary growth phase (approximately 108 bacteria/ml of lobster hemolymph) in 4 days at 15 C. The bacterial totals at death ranged between 5 × 108 and 1 × 1010/ml of hemolymph. Among the main effects of the infection was the great increase in hemolymph clotting times followed by the essential elimination of clotting. The impaired clotting mechanism was a result of the drastic reduction in circulating hemocyte numbers rather than a reduction in hemolymph fibrinogen levels. Hepatopancreatic glycogen levels and hemolymph non-protein nitrogen concentrations dropped to minimal levels but hepatopancreatic lipid levels, hemolymph lactic acid, carbohydrate, and pH values were not significantly affected by the infection. An extreme hyperglycemic effect, attributed to stress, was observed in both control and infected lobsters. Death from gaffkemia, other than that stemming from a wounded animal bleeding to death because of the impai...
TL;DR: A large number of neutral compounds, including alcohols, phytochemical compounds and organic acids, were found in whole cultures grown in 6 ml of chopped meat – glucose medium.
Abstract: Whole cultures grown in 6 ml of chopped meat – glucose medium (CMG) were acidified and extracted with ethyl ether or chloroform to obtain organic acids, and neutral compounds including alcohols, ph...
TL;DR: The microflora of the bovine rumen under anaerobic conditions rapidly degraded bioflavonoids such as rutin, quercitrin, naringin, and hesperidin to water-soluble products.
Abstract: The microflora of the bovine rumen under anaerobic conditions rapidly degraded bioflavonoids such as rutin, quercitrin, naringin, and hesperidin to water-soluble products. Phloroglucinol was detected as a transitory intermediate in the fermentation of rutin, quercitrin, and naringin, but not hesperidin. Other unknown phenolic compounds were also produced. Protocatechuic acid was decarboxylated to yield catechol, and catechol was not degraded.
TL;DR: It was clearly demonstrated that the prefilter pad (AP25), when used by itself will adsorb viruses and in surface water experimentally contaminated with poliovirus type 1, more than 50% of the initial virus dose is recovered.
Abstract: A simple prefilter pad – membrane filter combination method is described for the detection and quantitation of low concentrations of virus in natural waters. The data obtained indicate that in surf...
TL;DR: Attempts to characterize the breakdown product formed during the anaerobic degradation of the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride (γ-BHC, C6H6Cl6) by the Clostridium sp.
Abstract: Attempts to characterize the breakdown product formed during the anaerobic degradation of the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride (γ-BHC, C6H6Cl6) by the Clostridium sp. were made. Analysis by gas...
TL;DR: A medium for the production of the phenazine pigment pyocyanine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed and rapid initiation of pigment formation was observed with synthesis being completed at 24 h.
Abstract: A medium for the production of the phenazine pigment pyocyanine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed. The medium was deficient in phosphate and contained ammonium chloride, inorganic salts, and 2-ketogluconate as sole carbon source. Rapid initiation of pigment formation was observed with synthesis being completed at 24 h. Kinetics of growth, substrate concentration, pigment elaboration, and phosphate liberation have been examined. In the presence of excess nitrogen pigment concentration was proportional to the level of 2-ketogluconate used.
TL;DR: For the first time nonformylated tetrahydrofolic acid is shown to be a major form of folic acid in rat liver, along with N5-methyltetrahydrosine, and a system of differential microbiological assays to identify the folates occurring naturally in tissues is presented.
Abstract: For the first time nonformylated tetrahydrofolic acid is shown to be a major form of folic acid in rat liver, along with N5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. A system of differential microbiological assays that will identify the folates occurring naturally in tissues is presented. It involves rapid heat inactivation of natural enzymes, cleavage of folate polyglutamates with conjugase, and assay with three microorganisms under standardized conditions that allow identification and quantitation of both free and conjugated forms of four folate derivatives. Evidence is presented that the procedures outlined produce a minimum of change in the naturally occurring folate derivatives.
TL;DR: It is concluded that, in rhizobia–clover combinations which nodulate via infection threads, specificity is determined at or before infection thread initiation.
Abstract: The basis for determination of nodulating specificity in Rhizobium–clover associations was investigated. Thirteen strains of rhizobia from eight different cross-inoculation groups were used to inoculate aseptically grown strawberry clover seedlings in slide culture. Microscopic observation revealed that each strain produced characteristic root hair deformation but infection threads and nodules were observed only in the homologous combination. It is concluded that, in rhizobia–clover combinations which nodulate via infection threads, specificity is determined at or before infection thread initiation. Observations of other workers that rhizobia produce a strain-specific substance affecting growth and morphology of legume root hairs were confirmed by results of this study.
TL;DR: During investigations of nitrification rates in overgrazed grassland soils it was noted that soil collected from plant communities primarily composed of invader or weed species of grasses and forbs showed depressed rates of nitrifica.
Abstract: Root extracts of six climax species of grasses and eight species of grasses or forbs that increase on or invade overgrazed land were bioassayed for the presence of substances which inhibit nitrifying bacteria. Inhibitors were detected in root extracts of grasses and forbs that commonly increase on or invade overgrazed grasslands. During investigations of nitrification rates in overgrazed grassland soils it was noted that soil collected from plant communities primarily composed of invader or weed species of grasses and forbs showed depressed rates of nitrifica
TL;DR: Diverticula cells of larval, nymphal, and adult Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles) ticks demonstrated a non-infective phase of 7 to 11 days after engorgement of blood containing Powassan virus and other organs such as salivary glands, Gene's organ glands, and accessory glands supported virus multiplication.
Abstract: Diverticula cells of larval, nymphal, and adult Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles) ticks demonstrated a non-infective phase of 7 to 11 days after engorgement of blood containing Powassan virus. Other o...
TL;DR: The guanine + cytosine contents (%(G + C) of DNAs from 75 strains of asaccharolytic Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter have been determined by measuring their buoyant densities in the CsCl gr...
Abstract: The guanine + cytosine contents (%(G + C)) of DNAs from 75 strains of asaccharolytic Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter have been determined by measuring their buoyant densities in the CsCl gr...
TL;DR: Good correlation was obtained between the ability of the strains to produce fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops and overt diarrhea after injection into the normal ileum and the method of preparation of cells for challenge and the number of cells in the challenge.
Abstract: Diarrhea, the principal symptom of human food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens, was experimentally produced in rabbits by intraluminal injection of C. perfringens, but not by oral challenge. The ability to induce diarrhea was dependent not only on the strain but also on the method of preparation of cells for challenge and the number of cells in the challenge. Good correlation was obtained between the ability of the strains to produce fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops and overt diarrhea after injection into the normal ileum.
TL;DR: A comparison of coliform and non-coliform isolates from MF and P–A tests indicated that similar organisms were detected by both methods, with the finding of false-positive "sheen" colonies.
Abstract: Results of a previously described presence–absence (P–A) test were compared with those of the membrane filter (MF) technique for detecting fecal coliforms, coliforms, and anaerogenic coliforms in municipal drinking water samples. The P–A test allowed more frequent isolation of these organisms and, when supplemented by simple confirmatory tests, could also indicate the presence of fecal streptococci, green fluorescent pseudomonads, Aeromonas species, and Clostridium perfringens. In the absence of coliform detection, the occurrence of these other bacterial groups could give warning of unusual fecal or organic pollution.A comparison of coliform and non-coliform isolates from MF and P–A tests indicated that similar organisms were detected by both methods. The finding of false-positive "sheen" colonies was attributable to the presence of ethyl alcohol in the MF Endo medium. Although organisms giving rise to such colonies were non-coliforms, their presence was suggestive of inadequate water treatment.
TL;DR: By using selective inhibition of protein synthesis by p-fluorophenylalanine, thienylalanines, or cycloheximide, together with a resuspension technique, it is shown that 6-methylsalicylate synthetase is inhibited.
Abstract: By using selective inhibition of protein synthesis by p-fluorophenylalanine, thienylalanine, or cycloheximide, together with a resuspension technique, it is shown that 6-methylsalicylate synthetase...
TL;DR: Four sets, each of 100 bacterial isolates, were derived from two different flax rhizosphere and corresponding control (nonrhizosphere soil) samples to compare the nature and properties of these bacterial cultures which were selected by a random sampling method from primary isolation plates.
Abstract: Four sets, each of 100 bacterial isolates, were derived from two different flax rhizosphere and corresponding control (nonrhizosphere soil) samples. A two-stage principal component analysis was used to compare the nature and properties of these bacterial cultures which were selected by a random sampling method from primary isolation plates. These 400 experimental isolates were characterized by their reaction to a set of 98 tests. Principal component analysis was applied separately to the data for each of the four sets of cultures. The sets were then compared both in terms of the leading discriminating tests and of the detailed properties of the clusters of isolates detected. Because these isolates and a set of 100 named cultures (previously studied) were subjected to the same tests, the properties of groups of isolates from different sets could be directly compared. The kinds of isolates predominant in the rhizosphere samples were not represented amongst isolates derived from the corresponding control soi...