Showing papers in "Cartographic Journal in 1967"
TL;DR: The author's translation of his "Die Mechanisierung' der Analytischen Schattierung", which was first published in Kartographische Nachrichten, 16,3, 1966, is included here by permission of the editors and publishers.
Abstract: The first part of this paper is the author's translation of his "Die Mechanisierung' der Analytischen Schattierung", which was first published in Kartographische Nachrichten, 16,3, 1966 and is included here by permission of the editors and publishers. A re-statement of the basic principles of the method is followed by an examination of the three main operations: the provision of data required for the computing of light intensity; the computation of the light intensity; and the graphic representation.In the second part the possibilities of the practical application of the method are treated in relation to the combination of shading and contours, hill-shading and air photographs, hill-shading and measurement of slopes, and hill-shading and reproduction.
56 citations
TL;DR: This year is the sesquicentennial of the presentation of Alexander von Humboldt's paper on isothermal lines to the Paris Academy of Science as mentioned in this paper, which contributed largely to the widespread adoption of this technique in thematic cartography.
Abstract: This year is the sesquicentennial anniversary of the presentation of Alexander von Humboldt's paper on isothermal lines to the Paris Academy of Science This employment of the isarithm for spatial distribution by an outstanding natural scientist contributed largely to the widespread adoption of this technique in thematic cartography The complexities of the original evidence are unravelled, and its influence traced on many subsequent publications, particularly atlases, in the nineteenth century
33 citations
TL;DR: Despite the unsophisticated nature of the end-product in conventional cartographic terms, the author demonstrates and illustrates the value of the rapid analysis of large volumes of data, as a means of testing hypotheses and generating useful statistical maps.
Abstract: For several years Howard T. Fisher and his staff at the Laboratory for Computer Graphics, Harvard, have been developing basic programs for the computer-controlled plotting of statistical data related to spatial distributions. For the widest possible application these programs have been devised for use with a 'standard' line printer with its 'typographic' symbols, operated by the FORTRAN IV machine language. Despite the unsophisticated nature of the end-product in conventional cartographic terms, the author demonstrates and illustrates the value of the rapid analysis of large volumes of data, as a means of testing hypotheses and generating useful statistical maps. Further improvements are currently being developed.
15 citations
TL;DR: The more general usefulness of a grid square enumeration system is demonstrated in relation to comparability of data, mechanisation of processing and graphic output, and the data bank concept.
Abstract: After examination of the existing Census organisation, the problems of making full use of the data are investigated, in particular the disparity of units on the ground, changes over time, and variations in the nature of the published information. Proposals are made and explained for the adoption of a grid square enumeration system, which in this case is tested by application to an urban and a rural area. The problem of conflict between grid square and local authority boundary is examined. The more general usefulness of a grid square enumeration system is demonstrated in relation to comparability of data, mechanisation of processing and graphic output, and the data bank concept. Further testing by means of a sample census is being currently undertaken.
9 citations
TL;DR: An appraisal of the present state of research into the history of British cartography is made, in comparison with the scholarship of earlier periods, and especially with reference to the documentation of'modern' topographic mapping as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An appraisal of the present state of research into the history of British cartography is made, in comparison with the scholarship of earlier periods, and especially with reference to the documentation of 'modern' topographic mapping. Suggestions are put forward for the development of bibliographical studies (in particular specialised map catalogues), biographical studies and the evaluation of early maps.
8 citations
TL;DR: Several educational atlases and one reference atlas are selected, and the treatment of Nigeria critically examined in this article, where all are found to be deficient, to a greater or lesser degree, in the generalisation of coastline, hydrography, relief and the selection and classification of towns.
Abstract: Several educational atlases and one reference atlas are selected, and the treatment of Nigeria critically examined. All are found to be deficient, to a greater or lesser degree, in the generalisation of coastline, hydrography, relief and the selection and classification of towns. Concentrating on the last topic, information of both objective and subjective nature is given, derived from the author's research in Nigeria; and based on this, proposals are made and illustrated for a more effective treatment of the selection and classification of towns.
4 citations
TL;DR: In the seventeen-sixties, Niebuhr was one of those early travellers who made a serious attempt to record systematically the geographical facts about the places he visited, producing both small-scale general maps of Arabia, Egypt, Syria, etc., and town plans of important cities such as Cairo and Baghdad as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This is an account of the cartographic work which resulted from a Danish expedition to Arabia in the seventeen-sixties. Niebuhr was one of those early travellers who made a serious attempt to record systematically the geographical facts about the places he visited, producing both small-scale general maps of Arabia, Egypt, Syria, etc., and town plans of important cities such as Cairo and Baghdad. His work constitutes a remarkable attempt to accomplish some precise mapping in what was then a virtually unmapped part of the world.
4 citations
TL;DR: For several years the author pursued the difficult task of trying to establish a unified index or record of land surveyors and their work in Britain this paper, and the entire documentation has now been transferred to the Department of English Local History in the University of Leicester, and it is hoped that a dictionary will be published in due course.
Abstract: For several years the author pursued the difficult task of trying to establish a unified index or record of land surveyors and their work in Britain. A questionnaire was sent to archivists and custodians for relevant information (for the period up to 1850), and this led to the collection growing to such a size that it became impossible to carry it on as a private venture. The entire documentation has now been transferred to the Department of English Local History in the University of Leicester, and it is hoped that a dictionary will be published in due course.This paper was given at the Conference on the History of Cartography, Royal Geographical Society, London 1967.
2 citations
TL;DR: After considerable experiment, a method based on modelling was adopted, and-this is explained.
Abstract: The investigation of land resources frequently requires the construction of block diagrams. When the source material consists of vertical aerial photographs, without contours, the stereo-image must be 'held' in some way for an oblique view to be constructed. After considerable experiment, a method based on modelling was adopted, and-this is explained.
1 citations
TL;DR: The nature of random errors, machine errors and execution accuracy are explained in relation to the accuracy requirements of automatic plotting and drawing, emphasising the distinction between planimetric accuracy and 'aesthetic' accuracy.
Abstract: The nature of random errors, machine errors and execution accuracy are explained in relation to the accuracy requirements of automatic plotting and drawing. The importance of discontinuity in linework is stressed, emphasising the distinction between planimetric accuracy and 'aesthetic' accuracy.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article, household tenure for the component parts of the British Isles were analysed in several ways by computer processing and the contrast between maps based on individual countries, compared with maps of the whole British Isles, was explained and illustrated.
Abstract: The mapping of population on an areal basis, when the unit areas vary greatly, provides difficulties in the construction of useful maps. Data on household tenure for the component parts of the British Isles were analysed in several ways by computer processing. The contrast between maps based on individual countries, compared with maps of the whole of the British Isles, is explained and illustrated. Methods of analysis based on octiles, deviations and equal divisions are compared, demonstrating the advantages of high-speed computer processing in facilitating experiments with different classification systems.
TL;DR: The basic mathematical constructions and the procedure for programming the computer for automatic plotting are fully explained.
Abstract: The idea of constructing an equidistant map centred on Glasgow originated as a school project. The amount of calculation required meant that it was necessary to use a computer to calculate the co-ordinates for the projection on a 15° graticule. Subsequently it was decided to write a program to instruct another computer, equipped with a graph plotter, to plot the same graticule automatically. The basic mathematical constructions and the procedure for programming the computer for automatic plotting are fully explained.
TL;DR: In this paper, the difficulties of constructing a series of comparable maps for one city are analysed with regard to the general problem of the fragmentation of enumeration districts and methods of classification.
Abstract: Population data at Enumeration District level were made available in Britain for the first time after the 1961 Census. The difficulties of constructing a series of comparable maps for one city are analysed with regard to (a) the general problem of the fragmentation of enumeration districts and (b) methods of classification. Data extraction was by computer processing, but the construction of the maps was manual. Seven Census topics were finally selected and combined with a summary map of land use and house types. These are included as a set of two-colour illustrations, scale 1:100,000.
TL;DR: This paper demonstrates a 'model' by which results of the measuring technique can be judged against calculations for the same units, which are exact to one thousandth of a square centimetre.
Abstract: Measurement of areas is necessary in many studies based on maps. Where precise measuring equipment is not available, more simple methods must be used. The information so produced can be improved in value if the degree of accuracy of the measuring technique can be stated. This paper demonstrates a 'model' by which results of the measuring technique can be judged against calculations for the same units, which are exact to one thousandth of a square centimetre.