Showing papers in "Cartographic Journal in 1995"
TL;DR: The use of the art/science dualism as a means of understanding cartography has been criticised by as discussed by the authors, who argued that the manner in which the dualism has been used in cartography does not stand up under close scrutiny and that attempts to strictly differentiate art and science have ended in confusion while simultaneously demeaning both art and Science.
Abstract: Regardless of changing official definitions, many cartographers continue to think of cartography in terms of art and science. This paper critiques the use of the art/science dualism as a means of understanding cartography, particularly by those interested in reexamining the role of aesthetics, design, and visual expression in cartography. Two basic approaches to 'art' and 'science' in the context of cartography and information graphics are described along with their limitations. It is argued that the manner in which the art/science dualism has been used in cartography does not stand up under close scrutiny and that attempts to strictly differentiate art and science have ended in confusion while simultaneously demeaning both art and science. It is suggested that various and seemingly divergent trends including postmodern deconstruction, hypermedia, cognitive psychology, semiotics, geographical information systems, and visualization all point to a process oriented means of understanding cartography....
53 citations
TL;DR: It was found that larger symbols performed better than medium symbols, which performed better smaller sized symbols, and black symbols were also found to perform better than red, green or blue symbols of the same size.
Abstract: This study examines the design of point symbols for tourist information on maps displayed on a CRT display within a public information system. The main aim was to investigate the effects of colour and size on the recognition of features. A further aim was to develop guidelines for the design of point symbols for such displays. A set of symbols were designed and subjected to preliminary comprehension tests. Test maps were developed and a wide range of users tested for search and recognition of the selected symbols. It was found that larger symbols performed better than medium symbols, which performed better smaller sized symbols. Black symbols were also found to perform better than red, green or blue symbols of the same size.
19 citations
TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a review, and to examine the advantages and disadvantages, of these various algorithms in all of these three categories of corner detection, polygonal approximation, and a hybrid technique which is a combination for the first two.
Abstract: The detection of critical points is an important issue in many disciplines such as computer vision, image processing, pattern recognition, computer graphics and cartography/GIS. Numerous algorithms have been developed since the late 1960s. These algorithms can be classified into three major groups, i.e. corner detection, polygonal approximation, and a hybrid technique which is a combination for the first two. This paper aims to provide a review, and to examine the advantages and disadvantages, of these various algorithms in all of these three categories.
17 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes some algebraic models for the automated generalization of area-patches based on techniques developed in mathematical morphology, which will form an algebraic basis for area-patch generalization.
Abstract: This paper describes some algebraic models for the automated generalization of area-patches. These models are based on techniques developed in mathematical morphology, which is a science dealing with the form and shapes of objects, and will form an algebraic basis for area-patch generalization. These models are fully illustrated and tested. The results show that such models are very promising.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the nature or essence of digital map generalisation and propose a framework for both direct and indirect motivation. But they focus on the direct motivation and argue that scale is the only element in direct motivation.
Abstract: This paper intends to discuss the nature or essence of digital map generalisation. Existing work is examined and new views are expressed. First of all, the motivation of generalisation is discussed. It is then grouped into two types, i.e. direct and indirect motivation and it is argued that scale is the only element in direct motivation. Based on this argument, two fundamental processes in digital map generalisation are distinguished, i.e. transformation of reality in scale dimension (digital data generalisation) and digital-to-graphic transformation (graphic presentation). Finally, a framework is devised for both of these two processes.
9 citations
TL;DR: An alternative approach has been developed which calculates profiles across the contour model, typically at about 1 mm separation at the visualisation scale, in the direction of an assumed illumination source, and offers a number of benefits for additional processing because of computational economy and efficiency.
Abstract: Existing methods of modelling and rendering relief from digitised contours adopt either regular grid or triangulated irregular network approaches. Both can have disadvantages which include imprecise terrain modelling, ineffective visualisation, and/or heavy computing overheads.An alternative approach has been developed which calculates profiles across the contour model, typically at about 1 mm separation at the visualisation scale, in the direction of an assumed illumination source. Intensity values are calculated for the profile swathes by considering profile gradient and local slope characteristics. The resulting shaded model gives an effective visualisation, and offers a number of benefits for additional processing because of computational economy and efficiency.Single light source images of shaded relief are often incomplete in their rendering because they favour relief trend lines in certain directions only. A technique has been developed to overlay generated shaded images from a range of il...
9 citations
TL;DR: A questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the maps produced by a wide range of users of Geographical Information Systems (GIS); 114 replies were received, 95 of which were usable.
Abstract: A questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the maps produced by a wide range of users of Geographical Information Systems (GIS); 114 replies were received, 95 of which were usable. It...
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a Geographic Information System (GIS) to hold and display environmental and archeological data for the analysis of an inter-tidal zone, which is being carried out with the support of The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and Hampshire County Council.
Abstract: The work discussed in this paper aims to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS) to hold and display environmental and archeological data for the analysis of an inter-tidal zone. Langstone Harbour on the south coast of Hampshire, England, forms the study area. The work is being carried out with the support of The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and Hampshire County Council. As it was found that existing topographic mapping would not provide a suitable topographic base for such an inter-tidal area, metric aerial photography and analytical photogrammetry were employed to create a detailed topographic base. The photogrammetric models were fitted within a control network established using a high precision differential Global Positioning System (GPS). Recorded three dimensional coordinates of archaeological finds and structures will allow the comparison between environmental and locational contexts of coastal archaeological structures. This will greatly enlarge the available arch...
4 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the physiological impact of spatial data from the point of view of clarity and the direct experience of space to augment sight using a red/green three dimensional (3-D) map design.
Abstract: The idea that clarity of understanding can be a function of experience suggests that the more ways an image is experienced the clearer its meaning becomes. Bringing together maps and illustrations can enhance experience and enrich awareness. This paper develops this idea in relation to graphic design, stereopsis, and mapping. Research, using a red/green three dimensional (3-D) map design, examines the physiological impact of spatial data from the point of view of clarity and the direct experience of space to augment sight.
1 citations
TL;DR: This work has identified five areas of “Dys” functions and linked them to colour preferencing, and produced a tailor-made map, that works, for one child suffering from Specific Learning Difficulties.
Abstract: For people suffering from Specific Learning Difficulties maps can be confusing and frightening documents. Even the colours used may present an alarming image which cannot be seen – let alone understood. We have identified five such areas of “Dys” functions and linked them to colour preferencing. We can find no evidence that this common denominator has been previously investigated. Modern mapping software packages offer the facility to create bespoke colour maps to meet such specific requirements. Our research into individual map content and design warrants further study. To date, we have produced a tailor-made map, that works, for one such child.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide guidelines on how to go about a feasibility study, what factors to look at in both small and international mapping projects, and what procedure to follow.
Abstract: Although feasibility is a subjective word, especially when it comes to project management, this paper provides some guidelines on how to go about a feasibility study, what factors to look at in both small and international mapping projects, and what procedure to follow The author looks at the subject from the viewpoint of the mapping contractor who may be considering undertaking a project in a developing country Most of the factors which influence mapping projects are particularly pertinent to developing countries, but many factors could apply equally to any large mapping project