Showing papers in "Cartographic Journal in 2001"
TL;DR: This paper summarizes the typical faults found in tourist web map design and provides suggestions on good design practice, and basically simple and convey sufficient information interactively, on request.
Abstract: Some, but not all, branches of the tourist industry make heavy use of maps. The industry has discovered the marketing potential of the Internet but in many cases has not yet fully exploited the extra potential of web maps compared to the traditional paper maps. Web maps can up-to-date tourist information very well but they have to be carefully designed to take account of the limitations of the medium. To be most effective, web maps should be basically simple and convey sufficient information interactively, on request. The map and symbol design should convey intuitively where and how this interaction can take place. This paper summarizes the typical faults found in tourist web map design and provides suggestions on good design practice.
23 citations
TL;DR: The survey and mapping activities which took place in Palestine and Mesopotamia during the First World War need to be considered in their contexts, both of long-term British mapping activities in the region, and of surveys and mapping generally during the first World War as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The survey and mapping activities which took place in Palestine and Mesopotamia during the First World War need to be considered in their contexts, both of long-term British mapping activities in the region, and of survey and mapping generally during the First World War. Thus, while it is important to recognise the real technical advances in map-making which resulted from survey activities in the Near and Middle East during the First World War, it needs to be recognised that this was simply the culmination of nearly 80 years of British military mapping in the region. Each generation of surveyors used the most appropriate tools for the task in hand and the conditions under which the survey needed to be conducted. The First World War surveyors were fortunate that a new tool, aerial photography, had become available just prior to the war.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of 1:100 000 scale maps of two sample areas of Great Britain, produced in the style of various western European medium scale topographic maps, are reviewed.
Abstract: Most European countries have a national topographic map series at 1:100 000 scale, but currently Great Britain does not. The history of mapping at or around 1:100 000 in Britain is described briefly and consideration given as to why such a scale would be appropriate for a national series of mapping aimed at tourist and leisure users. The main focus of the article is to review a series of 1:100 000 scale maps of two sample areas of Great Britain, produced in the style of various western European medium scale topographic maps. Two further design examples are produced combining desirable characteristics of the maps examined. The results show both that many of the designs translate well to 1:100 000 scale maps of the British landscape and that there is considerable potential for a topographic base at this scale providing a basis for a national series aimed at tourist and leisure users.
6 citations
TL;DR: Van Leeuwen et al. as discussed by the authors report on successive investigations into the use of recreational cycling maps be the Project Group on Cycling Maps of the Working Group on Map Use of the Netherlands' Cartographic Society.
Abstract: This article is an updated version of a paper presented by Willemijn Simon van Leeuwen in Keele at the 35th Annual Symposium of the BCS. It reports on successive investigations into the use of recreational cycling maps be the Project Group on Cycling Maps of the Working Group on Map Use of the Netherlands' Cartographic Society. We think these investigations fit well into the tradition fostered by John Keates: practical and applied and centred around the very reasons for map-making. This is demonstrated by the fact that some of the results could immediately be used in some new map series in the Netherlands that are used effectively by recreational cyclists.
5 citations
TL;DR: The lack of studies of cycle-touring mapping in Britain is noted, and some basic attributes of cycle touring, including speed, daily distance, gradients and wind, are described.
Abstract: The Lack hitherto of studies of cycle-touring mapping in Britain is noted, and some basic attributes of cycle touring, including speed, daily distance, gradients and wind, are described. Essential and desirable qualities for a cycle-touring map are enumerated, including the need to depict all rural routes available to cyclists; it is concluded that the optimum scale is in the range 1:100 000–1:126 720, and that relief should by contours at an interval not greater than 30 metres. National mapping in the optimum scale range which were published after 1945 are then reviewed, and reasons suggested as to why none has been kept in print. The mapping available for cycle touring in Britain in 2001 is Ordnance Survey (OS) 1:50 000 Landranger series contains all the necessary information, it is too bulky to be suitable; and that most of the other maps published in the optimum scale range have inadequate relief information and all offer very limited geographical cover. The potential competition for the OS 1:...
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of what became known as the 'Glasgow' style of map design is described, which is the result of John Keates' involvement with recreation maps in the 1970s.
Abstract: John Keates is very well known for his numerous scholarly contributions to cartography as an academic discipline and science. However, throughout his career, he was also very actively involved in the design and production of maps. Mostly these were specialized thematic maps produced as the result of scientific research in the field sciences, especially in geology, glaciology and vegetation studies. However, during the 1970s he was much involved in the design and production of a considerable number of maps for recreation purposes, including maps for orienteering. Many of these maps were regarded at that time as being extremely innovative in terms of their cartographic design and layout. The article outlines the development of what became known as the 'Glasgow' style of map design John Keates' involvement with recreation maps in the 1970s.
3 citations
TL;DR: The practicality of mapping from specified aeroplane photographs of the operational area was demonstrated by Dowson in a secret technical report demonstrating for the first time to British Commanders as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: When Lord Kitchener ordered Sir Ian Hamilton in 1915 to command land operations on Gallipoli he gave him a solitary old One Inch map and denied him any air forces. When Winston Churchill had earlier sent the Royal Navy to break through to the Black Sea, he had ensured that the Royal Naval Division withdrawn from fighting on the Western Front was accompanied by a Naval Air Squadron as its forward reconnaissance element. Ernest Dowson, the Surveyor General of Egypt, appointed to provide local mapping support, soon convinced the Naval pilots of the value of air photography taken systematically to meet his map-making requirements. In September 1915 Dowson wrote a Secret technical report demonstrating for the first time to British Commanders the practicality of mapping from specified aeroplane photographs of the operational area.
3 citations
TL;DR: In 1914-18, Germany was at a disadvantage compared to the Allies when u came to survey and mapping as it did not have access to much of the geodetic, topographic and cartographic data relating to this terrain, necessary for modern warfare.
Abstract: Fighting the 1914-18 war largely on enemy territory in both the cast and the west. Germany was at a disadvantage compared to the Allies when u came to survey and mapping as it did not have access to much of the geodetic, topographic and cartographic data, relating to this terrain, necessary for modern warfare - in particular for artillery survey. Germany and Austria did, however, have a commanding lead in terrestrial and derial photogramunetry, and the latter was to prove crucial in the production of accurate large-scale maps of enemy and occupted territory, Despite strong forces of conservatism in the high and field commands and in the artillery and military survey organizations, new air survey methods based on the photogoniometer and radial triangulation were rapidly developed. Through continual laboratory and field experimentation and testing. Germany was to increase her lead in aerial photogrammetry, and by the end of the war had not only set up a completely new air survey organization but was developing a new generation of optical-mechanical stercoplotting instruments of great precision. German progress was not, however, evident in all helds of militory survey, and this paper examines the approaches taken by Germany to survey and mapping on the Western Front, and brtefly compares and contrasts them with those of the Allies.
2 citations
TL;DR: The lineage of the UK Defence Geographic and Imagery Intelligence Agency can be traced back to the seventeenth century as mentioned in this paper, and the work of MI4 in the inter-war years taking account of the principal personalities involved, and traces the controversial background to the creation in 1943 of the Directorate of Military Survey, the immediate predecessor of the DGIA.
Abstract: The organization lineage of the UK Defence Geographic and Imagery Intelligence Agency can be traced back to the seventeenth century. For much of this time the organization, bearing a succession of different titles, formed only a very small section of the armed forces, and, until the World War of 1914–1918, its main duties were the creation and maintenance of a map collection and the acquisition of geographical data of foreign countries. The survey and mapping innovations made during the war greatly enlarged the remit of what was now termed the Geographical Section General Staff (MI4). This paper outlines the work of MI4 in the inter-war years taking account of the principal personalities involved, and traces the controversial background to the creation in 1943 of the Directorate of Military Survey — the immediate predecessor of the DGIA.
2 citations
TL;DR: The D-Day landings as discussed by the authors revealed that because of its relatively flat terrain and lack of obvious physical obstacles, the area was the most suitable for and Allied invasion, and Montgomery subsequently commended the map supply, stating that map supply never failed or prejudiced operations.
Abstract: Operation Overlord, with Neptune, its naval counterpart, was the largest amphibious assault in history. On 6 June 1944, after years of planning and benefiting from the topographical preparations for, and experience of, the landings in North Africa, Sicily and Italy, over 150 000 men landed from more than 4000 ships along 80 km of Normandy coastline. Careful examination of existing maps revealed that because of its relatively flat terrain and lack of obvious physical obstacles, the area was the most suitable for and Allied invasion. Vast quantities of new maps — many drawn up from existing maps, postcards and photographs, and updated using aerial photos and intelligence from various sources — had to be prepared. Montgomery subsequently commended the D-Day survey effort, stating that map supply never failed or prejudiced operations. In turn, the planning and experience of the Normandy landings informed the preparations for operation Anvil, the landings in the south of France on 15 August 1944. This ...
2 citations
TL;DR: Stirling Surveys as discussed by the authors is a small cartographic publishing company based in Stirling, Scotland that produces maps for a range of clients in addition to publishing their own maps under the Footprint imprint.
Abstract: This paper offers a review of the activities of Stirling Surveys, a small cartographic publishing company based in Stirling, Scotland. Established in 1987, the company produces maps for a range of clients in addition to publishing their own maps under the Footprint imprint. Meeting the needs of different maps users in an effective way is central to the design and production of these maps. The demands on a small publisher operating in a niche market are also considered.
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits and disadvantages of the manual process, the impact digital technology has had on it, and briefly reviews tools and equipment used in relief map production are discussed, as well as the impact of digital technology on it.
Abstract: Manual airbrushed hill shading has often been viewed as a rather crude and ineffective way of portraying relief relying to a large extent on the ability of the cartographer to visualize the landscape whilst having the dexterity to handle a seemingly uncontrollable spraying machine. This paper discusses the benefits and disadvantages of the manual process, the impact digital technology has had on it, and briefly reviews tools and equipment used in relief map production.
TL;DR: In this paper, the author reflects on his early years in Glasgow University learning about cartography, and his mentor not only provided training and education, but inspired him to investigate, through stimulation of curiosity and experience of the inevitable associated frustrations, some of the most exciting practical and artistic techniques of the subject.
Abstract: The author, who was John Keates' first full-time graduate student, reflects on his early years in Glasgow University learning about cartography. His mentor not only provided training and education, but inspired him to investigate, through stimulation of curiosity and experience of the inevitable associated frustrations, some of the most exciting practical and artistic techniques of the subject. Closely integrated (and essential to effective design) were the associated challenges to seek fundamental understanding of cartography, and this has process has continued.
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TL;DR: Why should a specialist sport require a map of its own?
Abstract: Why should a specialist sport require a map of its own? Trout fishing is not dependent on map use, but a carefully researched and presented map is a useful addition to the angler's tackle bag. The sport does not require the absolute planimetric accuracy of, say, an orienteering map, but careful research and selection of features is just as important. What information is essential to the angler and what is helpful? What is background information; and what, if anything, should be left off?
TL;DR: The first three World Orienteering Championships used standard topographic maps (all forest was green, other areas were white). The last two competitions used a new kind of map which had been produced specifically for the competitions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: My first contact with John Keates and Gordon Petrie was in 1973. I had moved to Scotland to make a series of maps for the 1976 World Orienteering Championships in Aviemore. I had been making maps as a spare time activity for several years. On arriving in Scotland this was my first encounter with professional mapmaking, somewhat different to my amateur efforts in the south of England. There were new techniques and processes to study photogrammetry, scribing, masking. My own practices reflected an architectural training, pen and ink drawing, sheets of letratone. These Glasgow orienteering mapmakers were not only much influenced by a professional approach, but they had a style of their own a Keates style! Let me go back a little. My interest in mapmaking goes back to 1966 when I took part in a five-day orienteering competition in Sweden. The first three competitions used standard topographic maps (all forest was green, other areas were white). The last two competitions used a new kind of map which had been produced specifically for the competitions. On these maps all forest was white, open land was yellow. For the first time an indication of the density of the forest was shown with a black (grey) tint. There was also a lot of detail added to the map (small contour and rock detail) to make navigating much more precise. This was my introduction to the new o-maps. It took another year for the idea to take hold, but new 0maps first appeared in Britain in 1967/68. At that time I was studying architecture at University College London. The irony of this situation is that this college had a strong photogrammetric tradition and at that time the word would have meant nothing to me. The major Easter orienteering competition in 1972 (JK72) had used photogrammetry to produce a base map. This was something completely new. Its value was to be fiercely debated within the orienteering community for many years. The main advocates came from Scotland (centred not surprisingly in Glasgow). Its main detractors came from the south of England where mixed and broadleaf woodlands were not ideal conditions for successful photogrammetry. It was the advantages of using photogrammetry to produce the base maps for the 1976 event (WM76) in Scotland that brought me north. Gordon Petrie was a constant source of encouragement, eventually leading to my embarking on the Photogrammetry Diploma course at the University of Glasgow. I attended one of the early cartography courses organized by John Keates and Gordon Petrie at the University for the orienteering mapmakers. Scribing, masking and all the cartographic processes became the subject of frequent mapping courses that I, in turn, held in various parts of the orienteering world. While I can claim to have been one of Gordon's students, it is to my eternal regret that my contact with John was less frequent. Over the years the contact I did have with him always resulted in a perceptive question raised in a very friendly and constructive manner. I had also started what was to become a twenty-yearlong involvement on the Map Committee of the International Orienteering Federation. The first specification for orienteering maps had been produced in 1969. This was a simple three-colour map specification: black brown and blue. By 1975 this had developed to five colours, adding the characteristic yellow and green symbols to o-maps indicating degrees of open land and dense forest. I had become involved by this time, and was on the working party which produced the current (six-colour) specification published in 1985. The specification for these maps was very much a map designed and tested by active orienteers.
TL;DR: The opportunities presented by air photography in the production of topographical mapping were recognized almost as soon as flight and photography became possible as mentioned in this paper, but the role of Military Survey's soldiers changed and map production was no longer within their remit.
Abstract: The opportunities presented by air photography in the production of topographical mapping were recognized almost as soon as flight and photography became possible. Military Survey used manual plotting methods from the first days of aerial cover but did not embrace stereoscopic plotting machines until the end of the Second World War. Anaglyph Multiplex machines were used in RE Survey uniformed units from then until the 1960s when the Wild B8 became the standard mapping instrument for the next 20 years. The computer-driven IMA replaced the B8, but in 1990 the role of Military Survey's soldiers changed and map production was no longer within their remit.