Showing papers in "Cartographic Journal in 2007"
TL;DR: The authors examines how internet mapping is used by the public through an interactive public participation GIS and illustrates how public access to on-line maps can help deliver improved services to local communities through the integration of GIS with a range of public services.
Abstract: New methods of using on-line interactive mapping are reported with a specific focus on how citizens can participate in the delivery and management of everyday services in their neighbourhood. Particular emphasis will be placed on how ICTs can be used to facilitate the regeneration of inner city neighbourhoods through more integrated approaches to spatial data management. The paper examines how internet mapping is used by the public through an interactive Public Participation GIS and illustrates how public access to on-line maps can help deliver improved services to local communities through the integration of GIS with a range of public services. This has raised some interesting issues in relation to how people understand mapping and their methods of navigation using such a system. With governments across the globe investing heavily in e-Government which includes on-line mapping facilities it is interesting to examine how the public actually perceive and use such systems.
170 citations
TL;DR: From 1966 to 2006, digital map generalization has undergone a 40-year development as mentioned in this paper, and an examination of the development in the first 40 years and an outlook is provided.
Abstract: From 1966 to 2006, digital map generalization has undergone a 40-year development. This paper provides an examination of the development in the first 40 years and an outlook. Emphasis is on theoretical and technical developments.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Land Cover Map 2007 (LCM2007) landscape features were derived from a generalised version of OS MasterMap to capture the required real-world objects.
Abstract: Earth Observation (EO) data is seen as a major source of information to characterise the Earth's surface, but is conventionally analysed using pixel-based approaches that do not incorporate the concept of landscape features or real-world objects. The UK land cover maps to date have been developed in an attempt to exploit landscape features to improve the quality and accuracy of their derived products. For Land Cover Map 2007 (LCM2007) landscape features will be derived from a generalised version of OS MasterMap to capture the required real-world objects. This paper describes the generalisation process that aligns the scale of the landscape features with the information content of high spatial resolution EO data as the first step in the production of LCM2007.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a methodology for evaluating the planimetric accuracy of three US Civil War maps using GIS and spatial analytical techniques is described, and the case-study is the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee and, in particular, maps depicting the events of December 31, 1862.
Abstract: This paper describes a methodology for evaluating the planimetric accuracy of three US Civil War maps using GIS and spatial analytical techniques. The case-study is the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee and, in particular, maps depicting the events of December 31, 1862. An examination of the objectives, limitations and techniques employed by the topographer engineers who created the maps provides focus for the quantitative analysis and establishes the historical context needed to understand how and why the maps were constructed. The paper shows how GIS and spatial analysis can be utilized to document vanishing historic landscapes and reconstructing where certain historical events took place.
28 citations
TL;DR: This paper looks closer into how the animated zoom is perceived by participants in an experiment, and compares these observations with a corresponding test where the map scale is changed in more abrupt steps, and results indicate significant preference for the animated Zoom.
Abstract: The presentation of graphics and maps on the Internet has led to the development of several new techniques. The use of dynamics and animations in maps has increased, and new types of applications are emerging frequently. Recently, several map providers on the web have introduced zooming in maps as an animated operation. In this paper, we look closer into how the animated zoom is perceived by participants in an experiment, and compare these observations with a corresponding test where the map scale is changed in more abrupt steps. The results indicate significant preference for the animated zoom. The experiment itself is carried out through the World Wide Web and all the participants made their contribution from their own computers.
25 citations
TL;DR: Algorithms designed to generalize the buildings from Ordnance Survey base-scale data are presented, which generate the different building representation styles found in urban and rural contexts.
Abstract: This paper presents algorithms designed to generalize the buildings from Ordnance Survey base-scale data. The aim was to automatically create a representation that follows the style of the current 1:50 000 scale OS Landranger Map series. First, a data enhancement technique is described for distinguishing between dense conurbations and sparser rural settlements. Then two algorithms are detailed, which generate the different building representation styles found in urban and rural contexts. Finally, the experiments and results are presented.
25 citations
TL;DR: Animation simultaneous contrast is outlined as a new perceptual issue in the creation of animated choropleth maps that suggests classed data emphasise stability over time – while their unclassed counterparts improve the ability of map readers to see changes.
Abstract: The potential of unclassed animated choropleth maps as a solution to false patterns of geographic change arising from data classification is investigated. Old concerns about unclassed choropleth maps may be mitigated through map interactivity that offers four advantages over traditional data legends, and previous insights from testing static choropleth maps do not necessarily translate to animated cartography. Data from user testing revealed unclassed animated choropleth maps neither help nor hurt the ability of map readers to understand patterns of geographic change. However, the unclassed map (1) appeared 'less jumpy' to participants and was perceived to run at a slower pace (despite running at the same number of frames per second), and (2) subtle geographic shifts (e.g., seasonal unemployment cycles) were more readily noticed on the unclassed maps. Preliminary results also suggest classed data emphasise stability over time – while their unclassed counterparts improve our ability to see changes...
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of analysis of the data obtained by the method of computer-aided visual interpretation of satellite images used for identification of changes in land cover within the framework of the Image and CORINE Land Cover 2000 (I&CLC2000) Project are presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of analysis of the data obtained by the method of computer-aided visual interpretation of satellite images used for identification of changes in land cover within the framework of the Image and CORINE Land Cover 2000 (I&CLC2000) Project (jointly managed by the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen, Denmark and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy). These data are also relevant in cartography. Land cover changes identified by the method mentioned may contain mistakes caused by over- or underestimation. The paper describes these mistakes. Overestimation (technical change) of the extent of land cover change is caused by adding the residual polygons (smaller than 25 ha) to neighbouring polygons. Underestimation is caused by the fact that discernible changes concerning areas larger than 5 ha which showed up in objects with areas smaller than 25 ha were not identified and, consequently, not included in either CLC90 or CLC2000 data layer...
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, geologists assisted the Inter-Service Topographical Department (ISTD) to prepare reports and maps to guide planning of British military operations in Europe and the Far East.
Abstract: Between November 1943 and May 1946, geologists assisted the Inter-Service Topographical Department (ISTD) to prepare reports and maps to guide planning of British military operations in Europe and the Far East. Early reports were illustrated by pre-war geological maps reprinted by the Geographical Section, General Staff, (GSGS), later reports by new simplified geological maps, usually accompanied by one or more thematic maps. An airfield suitability map for Bulgaria and soils maps for both the Middle Danube region (Hungary) and Austria were printed as part of the GSGS Miscellaneous map series, and groundwater and soils maps prepared as tracing overlays for use with topographical maps for parts of Germany. Simplified geological maps were prepared by ISTD and printed by GSGS for Sumatra, Borneo, Formosa, the Kra Isthmus region of the Burma/Thailand peninsula, Siam (Thailand) and Indo-China, Java, Hainan, and the Hong Kong to Canton region of China. These were mostly at a scale of 1:1000 000 but in v...
17 citations
TL;DR: A new central maintenance database is being created, which will act as the single data store for all non-derivable data and a new core data model has been developed, which is capable of holding all the information for the current large-scale products alongside enhanced attribution for supporting derived products.
Abstract: Ordnance Survey is currently implementing significant changes in the way it manages the collection, management and delivery of spatial data in Great Britain. In the past, Ordnance Survey has operated as a product-centric organisation, with each product being updated and maintained separately. The product-centric approach is restrictive, since the same spatial information is captured, stored and maintained more than once in independent databases. Inter-product consistency relies largely on good communication between the staff updating the products. Such a strategy presents obstacles when reacting to market demand for new products or introducing variations on existing products. Ordnance Survey is now moving towards a databasecentric approach, where spatial information is captured once, stored in a seamless central database and then used many times for supplying a consistent suite of products. A new central maintenance database is being created, which will act as the single data store for all non-derivable data. A new core data model has been developed, which is capable of holding all the information for the current large-scale products alongside enhanced attribution for supporting derived products. Base-scale topographic data is captured at 1:1250 scale in urban areas, 1:2500 scale in rural areas and 1:10 000 scale in mountain and moorland areas. The OS MasterMapH representation of this base-scale data is shown in Figure 1 (Ordnance Survey, 2007a).
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Ordnance survey develops high quality and detailed topographic products at national coverage, such that any data is part of a coherent range of products that are sympathetic with the terrain and existing 2D topographic data, are of national cover and are maintained.
Abstract: As the National Mapping Agency of Great Britain, Ordnance Survey develops high quality and detailed topographic products at national coverage. We are always developing our product line and are currently investigating the addition of 3D data. In line with our role as a national mapping agency the approach is to do this, such that any data is part of a coherent range of products that are sympathetic with the terrain and existing 2D topographic data, are of national cover and are maintained. Such intentions create challenges beyond those faced by data suppliers of existing 3D data given that these are stand-alone, of limited geographic extent and unmaintained. We are therefore faced with the following challenges:
1.
Determination of a specification and an appropriate capture methodology. The first of these is a non-trivial process since it has to be a com promise between multiple end uses and the economics of data capture. Automatic data capture techniques, for 3D features, are in their infancy and if a national coverage dataset is ever to be realised, these techniques must be significantly advanced.
2.
Data modelling and storage of 3D data.
3.
Maintenance in line with the existing policy of continuous update.
4.
Supply of products in a format that is understandable to our customers systems and of a useable form.
TL;DR: In this article, a method is developed for typifying drainages while preserving their structural characteristics, i.e. presenting the drainages with reduced number of rivers under the constraint of preserving the original structure in terms of the type and distribution of the rivers.
Abstract: Map generalisation is an abstraction process that seeks to transform the representation of cartographic objects from the original version into a coarser one. The characteristics of cartographic objects and the arrangement of map features have to be observed and preserved in a generalisation process. A method is developed for typifying drainages while preserving their structural characteristics, i.e.presenting the drainages with reduced number of rivers under the constraint of preserving the original structure in terms of the type and distribution of the rivers. We apply Topfer's radical law to calculate the amount of the rivers to be retained on the generalised map. The drainages share the amount of retained rivers in proportion to the number of their tributaries. In each of the drainages, the shared amount is divided among the rivers based on the dendritic decomposition of the drainage. We implement and test the method in Java Environment. Results from case studies show that the method effectivel...
TL;DR: Algorithms are developed for optimising the diagonal grid and semi-random placement patterns, based on an analysis of the current mapping, for automation of vegetation symbol placement for Ordnance Survey 1:50 000 scale maps.
Abstract: The subject of this article is automated symbolization of area features using cartographic symbol fills The work strives to improve upon the standard 'wallpaper' fill patterns available inmost GIS Research focuses, specifically on automation of vegetation symbol placement for Ordnance Survey 1:50 000 scale maps Algorithms are developed for optimising the diagonal grid and semi-random placement patterns, based on an analysis of the current mapping The algorithms are tested on a large dataset containing woodland polygons The initial results are evaluated by Ordnance Survey cartographers, the parameters are fine-tuned and the final output is demonstrated to be cartographically sound
TL;DR: The Ordnance Survey as mentioned in this paper maintains a master map of the whole UK at nominal capture scales of 1:1250 for urban areas, 1:2500 for rural areas and 1:10 000 for mountain and moorland areas, comprising in total some 230 000 maps.
Abstract: In 1791, the British Government instructed the military to map the south of England at a scale of one inch to the mile (1:63 360) in preparation for an expected invasion attempt from French forces. Kent, in the extreme south-east of the country, was considered the most vulnerable area for attack and that was the subject area for the first map, completed in 1801. Thus was born Ordnance Survey and, within a few years, the practical value of appropriate maps had become more widely appreciated for the transfer and management of land, civil engineering projects and scientific applications such as the mapping of geological and archaeological information. By the mid-nineteenth century Ordnance Survey had assumed its modern role of providing the national mapping needs for the whole of Great Britain (that is England, Scotland and Wales) (Harley, 1975). Today, we are a wholly civilian, independent Government department that became a public-sector Trading Fund in 1999, giving us more commercial flexibility than we previously enjoyed but also greater responsibility for our finances and a commitment to making a profit. Ultimately, all our products and services rely on a network of around 300 surveyors employing ground and air survey techniques to maintain the ‘master map’ of the country at nominal capture scales of 1:1250 for urban areas, 1:2500 for rural areas and 1:10 000 for mountain and moorland areas, comprising in total some 230 000 maps. We began digitising these maps in the early 1970s in a fairly small way, the initial objective being to improve map production efficiencies and to produce electronic versions of the existing paper maps. No-one could foresee then the enormous explosion in the demand for, and use of, geographic information (GI) that we see around us today. The programme accelerated through the 1980s and was completed in 1995, to make Britain the first country in the world to compile such a detailed national vector database. The tiled and relatively unstructured (point and line) geometry of the original database was not only too coarse for effective data manipulation – now possible through today’s technological advances – but also did not meet increasing customer needs. Consequently, we have since completed a major re-engineering programme to develop the detailed topographic information, creating polygons to represent actual features with inferred links, resulting in some 440 million real-world objects. Every day surveyors, wherever they may be working in the country, download around 5 000 changes directly to the database using the latest technologies; these changes are then made available to our customers on the following day. This database update regime is maintained by change intelligence directing the data capture or by cyclic revision and ensures that any major changes to roads, building development and so on are recorded within six months of their ground completion.
TL;DR: In this paper, the background and context to the cartography of the French military engineer Lewis Petit and his work in Scotland is explained, including the earliest plans and profiles of four castles in the north-west Highlands of Scotland, as well as the earliest town plans of Perth and Inverness (1716).
Abstract: The background and context to the cartography of the French military engineer Lewis Petit and his work in Scotland is explained. Petit was responsible for drafting the earliest plans and profiles of four castles in the north-west Highlands of Scotland (1714), as well as the earliest town plans of Perth and Inverness (1716). A consideration of their functions, particularly through the Board of Ordnance archives, allows a better understanding of these plans and their value as historical sources, as well as their accurate dating. Petit's work reflected national and international developments, including war in Europe and the Jacobite rebellions in Britain. His cartography illustrates the spread of new European military theories and practices, at a time when a professional corps of military engineers was being established in Great Britain. Through studying Petit and his maps we can gain a fuller understanding not only of the Board of Ordnance in Hanoverian Scotland, but also of the militarisation of ca...
TL;DR: A version of the Presidential Address given at the British Cartographic Society Annual Symposium in Manchester, September 2006 is given in this paper, where the authors discuss the importance of Cartographic Information.
Abstract: A version of the Presidential Address given at the British Cartographic Society Annual Symposium in Manchester, September 2006.
TL;DR: An overview of the history of jigsaw puzzles highlights their connection with maps and the education of geography as discussed by the authors, from 125 slides which originally accompanied a talk presented at the BCS Symposium in Manchester, September 2006.
Abstract: This overview of the history of jigsaw puzzles highlights their connection with maps and the education of geography. The illustrations have been selected from the 125 slides which originally accompanied a talk presented at the BCS Symposium in Manchester, September 2006.
TL;DR: The EDINA Digimap® Service – 10 Years On… The Cartographic Journal: Vol.
Abstract: (2007). The EDINA Digimap® Service – 10 Years On… The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 44, Ordnance Survey, pp. 268-275.
TL;DR: In this paper, the provision of information for tourists and tourists, in particular, locational information about accommodation is focused on in this study. Maps in both the traditional printed brochure available from travel agents and those on internet sites are considered.
Abstract: The provision of information for travellers and tourists, in particular, locational information about accommodation is focused on in this study. Maps in both the traditional printed brochure available from travel agents and those on internet sites are considered. Maps in brochures are generally quite simple. Web-based maps may be either simple static raster scanned images or they may be interactive. For interactive maps, the content and ability to conduct searches in different ways is reviewed. A great variety of approaches has been found with most maps and websites quite limited in the map-based information they provide. Some concerns are raised about the quality of information available.
TL;DR: How the trend towards spatial databases is delivering benefits to users seeking to connect geographic data with other information sources is described and some key developments going forward in new customer supply models are summarized.
Abstract: A description is presented of how the trend towards spatial databases is delivering benefits to users seeking to connect geographic data with other information sources. The supporting work Ordnance Survey® is currently undertaking in data collection based on investment in GPS technology and change intelligence is described and some key developments going forward in new customer supply models are summarized.
TL;DR: In this article, new types of maps showing the glacier dynamics have been developed, making use of the original phase gradient approach to glacier rheology modelling based on repeat-pass ERTS SAR interferograms.
Abstract: In cooperation between remote sensing experts and cartographers interested in glaciology, new types of maps showing the glacier dynamics have been developed. The maps make use of the original phase gradient approach to glacier rheology modelling based on repeat-pass ERTS SAR interferograms. Careful map design and, in particular, colour assignment allow the visualisation of the glacier dynamics in its locally changing velocity with an estimated accuracy of approximately 2.0 cm per day. Two map derivates – a differential interferogram showing the glacier velocity and another product displaying the glacier strain rate – have been designed. Moreover, maps displaying the glacier marginal changes within the space of four years have been generated. The strain rate maps evidence that spots with high values frequently correspond with crevasse-prone areas which are even detectable under thick layers of snow. In this sense, the latter visualisations can be seen as maps of crevasse danger zones. The Svartisen...
TL;DR: The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 3-5, the authors discusses history, satellites, models and algorithms: and all in the name of landscape mapping.
Abstract: (2007). 'History, satellites, models and algorithms: and all in the name of landscape mapping' The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 3-5.
TL;DR: The International Cartographic Association (ICA) holds its regular General Assembly (GA) every four years In July 2019 it meets in Tokyo The ICA is primarily composed of national member associati as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The International Cartographic Association (ICA) holds its regular General Assembly (GA) every four years In July 2019 it meets in Tokyo The ICA is primarily composed of national member associati
TL;DR: In this paper, current trends, practices, and related developments in the use of maps and information about geographic objects are outlined and the need for strategies including the Ordnance Survey GI Strategy, the UK location strategy, the Digital National Framework and INSPIRE to be better aligned to meet the growing needs of an information-based economy is discussed.
Abstract: Current trends, practices and related developments in the use of maps and information about geographic objects are outlined. The need for strategies including the Ordnance Survey GI Strategy, the UK Location Strategy, the Digital National Framework and INSPIRE to be better aligned to meet the growing needs of an information-based economy is discussed. Challenges to this transformation are identified.
TL;DR: The Free Maps for 11-year-olds (FM11) scheme as mentioned in this paper has been widely used in schools across the UK since 2002, with a total of 3.8 million maps having been distributed during the first five years of the scheme.
Abstract: In 2002, Ordnance Survey® launched the Free Maps for 11 Year Olds Scheme, which distributes a 1:25 000 scale Explorer® map, together with a map-reading leaflet 'Map reading made easy peasy', to Year 7 pupils in schools across Great Britain. Each year over 6,500 schools order more than 700 000 maps for their pupils and a total of 3.8 million maps have been supplied during the first five years of the scheme. The motivation behind the Free Maps scheme and its effect on pupils and teachers are examined here, together with a brief exploration of what the future might hold.
TL;DR: A large-scale relief model of Jerusalem that was exhibited at the Vienna World Fair in 1873 and later sold in Geneva in 1878 was lost until being rediscovered and brought back to Jerusalem in 1985.
Abstract: Stephan Illes built a large-scale relief model of Jerusalem that was exhibited at the Vienna World Fair in 1873. He later presented it in major cities in Europe and sold it in Geneva in 1878. There it was lost until being rediscovered and brought back to Jerusalem in 1985. Illes' model was part of a strong fashion of relief maps and models that became common all over Europe and America and enjoyed great success in public exhibitions at the time. It is not only an impressive and interesting model, but also an accurate and detailed cartographic document and therefore an important and unique source for the study of the history and geography of Jerusalem in the nineteenth century.
TL;DR: This paper is an adaptation of a paper presented to the ESRI® International Users Conference in San Diego, June 2007 and aims to provide a meta-anatomy of the EMMARM, a system that automates the very labor-intensive and therefore time-heavy and expensive process of manually cataloging and cataloging EMT systems.
Abstract: This paper is an adaptation of a paper presented to the ESRI® International Users Conference in San Diego, June 2007.