Showing papers in "Cartographic Journal in 2009"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe an investigation to classify and analyse stylistic diversity in the official 1 : 50 000 topographical mapping of 20 European countries, which involves the construction of a typology of cartographic style based upon the classification of distinct graphical legend symbols into mutually exclusive thematic categories.
Abstract: To what extent do European state topographic maps exhibit unique styles of cartography? This paper describes an investigation to classify and analyse stylistic diversity in the official 1 : 50 000 topographical mapping of 20 European countries. The method involves the construction of a typology of cartographic style, based upon the classification of distinct graphical legend symbols into mutually exclusive thematic categories. In order to identify stylistic similarities between national symbologies, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to compare the relative proportions of symbols within each category. This was complemented by a qualitative analysis of various aspects of cartographic design: colour, 'white' space, visual hierarchy, and lettering. The results indicate a high degree of stylistic diversity throughout Europe, with the symbologies of Great Britain and Ireland demonstrating the strongest example of a supranational style. The typology of cartographic symbologies is shown to be an...
59 citations
TL;DR: The ICA research agenda on Cartography and GIScience is presented in this article, where the authors discuss the research topics and the second part deals with the "implementation" of the agenda by the ICA Commissions and Working Groups.
Abstract: The paper presents the ICA research agenda on Cartography and GIScience. The first part discuses the research topics and the second part deals with the 'implementation' of the agenda by the ICA Commissions and Working Groups.
49 citations
TL;DR: Recommendations are formulated to specify map requirements for automated generalization of topographic data by analysing interactively generalized map series and revealing the 'deep' knowledge which cartographers add to the interactive process.
Abstract: This study aims at acquiring knowledge on map requirements for automated generalization. First, interactively generalized map series were visually analysed together with the specifications that cartographers use to generalize the maps. Second, these map specifications were experimentally implemented on real data in automated processes and compared to an interactively generalized map to see if the results are according to the specifications; to see if the specifications are complete and well-formalized; and to identify situations that were not addressed in the specifications. If required, the specifications were enriched and re-implemented also adding extra information from other sources. The experiments revealed the ‘deep’ knowledge which cartographers add to the interactive process. Based on this revealed knowledge, recommendations are formulated to specify map requirements for automated generalization of topographic data.
46 citations
TL;DR: The interaction between imaginary and real places, which has been for years an operating function of fiction, is increasing both qualitatively and quantitatively as discussed by the authors, is not limited to cinema but also affects literature and art.
Abstract: Places play an important role as anchoring fictional (books, movies, songs, video games) as well as artistic universes to reality. Conversely, imaginary places affect the way people perceive real places. 'Set-jetting', which transforms film locations into tourist attractions, is a perfect example of the increasing demand for connecting fictional spaces with real places. The interaction of imaginary and real places, which has been for years an operating function of fiction, is increasing both qualitatively and quantitatively. This is not limited to cinema but also affects literature and art. Once located on a map, the fictional place becomes attractive for tourists and a potential source of profit. The connection between imaginary and real places has been transformed by recent dramatic changes in communication and information technologies, and more specifically in the domain of geospatial technologies. These technologies offer more effective ways of georeferencing locations in films, books and art ...
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that contemporary digital cartography was conceptualized in films and the cinemap that appears in the movie M (Fritz Lang, 1931) can be considered the first'modern' map as it prefigures many of the current functions of contemporary digital Cartography such as the combination image/map, use of sound, shifts in perspective and spatial analysis.
Abstract: Through an historical review of cinematic maps – or 'cinemaps' – this paper argues that contemporary digital cartography was conceptualized in films. This argument is first developed through a discussion of the emergence of animated maps in docudramas of the 1910s. These early cinemaps were followed by more sophisticated examples that foreshadowed the structure and design principles of 'modern' cartography. The cinemap that appears in the movie M (Fritz Lang, 1931) can be considered the first 'modern' map as it prefigures many of the current functions of contemporary digital cartography such as the combination image/map, use of sound, shifts in perspective and spatial analysis. The remaining functions of digital cartography, including zooming and live data rendering, were conceptualized in cinema by the 1960s, as illustrated by examples from movies such as Casablanca, Dr. Strangelove and Goldfinger. When professional cartographers were creating their first animated maps, most of the functions of contemporary digital cartography had already been implemented in cinema. Building on these results, the paper anticipates the future incursion of mapping technologies into interpersonal, confidential and private spaces through the study of contemporary cinemaps.
32 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the links between cinema and cartography, focusing on the notion of a "mapping impulse" which is less about the presence of maps in a certain visual landscape and more about the processes that underlie the understanding of space.
Abstract: This paper explores the links between cinema and cartography, focusing on the notion of a 'mapping impulse'. The 'mapping impulse' is less about the presence of maps in a certain visual landscape and more about the processes that underlie the understanding of space. In our analysis, we will therefore pay less attention to the symptomatic presence of maps in films, focusing instead on what we call 'cartographic shapes': panoramas, atlases and aerial views. The point of the matter is that a strong visual and rhetorical connection between cinema and cartography is not as surprising as it might initially appear.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, what is Cinematic Cartography? The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 46, No. 5-8, 2009, pp. 5 and 8, is discussed.
Abstract: (2009). What is Cinematic Cartography? The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 46, Cinematic Cartography, pp. 5-8.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed how map design and annotated network information in public transportation maps affect utilized proxy criteria when planning the fastest route in an intra-urban transportation network.
Abstract: Based on a user study in the Internet, this research analyses how map design and annotated network information in public transportation maps affect utilized proxy criteria when planning the fastest route in an intra-urban transportation network Further, it is examined whether annotated network information on schematic maps affects the map reader in successfully finding the fastest route within the trip planning process For this second task, a schematic map and maps with annotated headways, departure times and current positions of transit vehicles are compared
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a methodology for the mapping of both quantitative and qualitative attributes of a rural soundscape, which is described through the study of the acoustic environment around a protected wetland in Greece.
Abstract: The description of the landscape is based on the visualization of geographic features and the representation of their attributes. Although sound is a major component of any environment, its cartographic representation is limited mainly on noise mapping and in urban or sub-urban areas. Soundscape is a term that describes the acoustic relation between the environment and the individual in a landscape context, considering all kinds of interactions between space, sound and humans. The representation of the soundscape at a spatial level would support many applications such as geographic analysis, ecosystem evaluation, environmental education, landscape management, urban or rural planning and protection of sonic particularities. This paper proposes a methodology for the mapping of both quantitative and qualitative attributes of a rural soundscape, which is described through the study of the acoustic environment around a protected wetland in Greece.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the notion that walking is a particular method of mapping, a method or methodology that is both an act of mapping and a means for creating mapping outcomes.
Abstract: This text discusses the proposition that walking is a particular method of mapping, a method or methodology that is both an act of mapping and a means for creating mapping outcomes. In particular, I focus on the way that artists and other creative practitioners engage with these acts of walking and mapping in the realisation of their creative works. The intention is to explore and consider the complexity of and performative nature of mapping, and the experience and meaning of such practices on our understanding of place.
24 citations
TL;DR: A review of the history of mapping in art can be found in this paper, where the authors argue that some revisions are needed, in particular a call for a wider cultural account than is often the case.
Abstract: If mapping is our most common operational metaphor today, there has been a related increase in the use of maps in art and attention from outside the art world is growing with new publications also on the rise. This article reviews aspects of this decades-long history and discerns patterns to the reception of this theme, suggesting that some revisions are needed – in particular a call for a wider cultural account than is often the case. Shifting epistemologies that consider art useful to cartography or science are discussed. This article therefore grapples with notions of what mapping in art has been and can be, opening out a history of definitions that have created expectations as well as regrettable limits, looking at who is mapping, and what is being mapped today, via contributions from artists.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of conversations mediated by telephone, Skype, email and online chat functions are discussed, how these journeys tell him where he is, has been and potentially where he...
Abstract: Jeremy Wood, places, code and GPS are the protagonists in his personal cartographies. He plots the journeys, bicycles, boats, planes and his two feet provide him mobility, and geography is the precept, all of which are mediated by the communication infrastructure. Land, water, air and the engineered environment of places determine the routes, are the medium within which his body moves and are the settings where he performs his traces. Time, location and established measurement standards, along with geodetic models, radio signals, software, the language of culture and place, encode the narrative voice. GPS is his cartographic rendering tool: it is what points, traces, locates and recounts. Cartography is his narrative mode: it is that which conveys his personal narrative. This article is about a series of conversations mediated by telephone, Skype, email and online chat functions. We discussed Wood's personal cartographies, how these journeys tell him where he is, has been and potentially where he ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the realm of alternate worlds, where counterfactual spaces can be mapped with words or cartographic symbols; they can be both told and visualized.
Abstract: This paper deals with the realm of alternate worlds. Although the emphasis of such creations relies on historical alteration (resulting in an alternate time stream), settings can impressively support the historical alternative: most alternate history plots come with shifted or even newly drawn political borders and are set in transformed urban and rural spaces. Not surprisingly, actual maps or at least remarkably detailed layouts of the geographical framework play a significant role. In other words, counterfactual spaces can be mapped with words or cartographic symbols; they can be both told and visualized. By including both concepts from the field of theory of the narrative and from a cartographer’s point of view, focus is laid on various strategies in order to map and/or remap cities, countries, as well as entire geopolitical situations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a comparison of the differences in the creation and content of the maps and then did an analysis of the urban changes in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal based upon the maps.
Abstract: There have been numerous efforts over many years to map or delineate urban locations and features in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. This study acquired 27 land useland cover maps for the Valley or the urban portions of the Valley. Those maps vary greatly in their mapping parameters. The objectives of this study were to first conduct a cartographic comparison of the differences in the creation and content of the maps and then do an analysis of the urban changes in the Valley based upon the maps. The maps for the Valley have differed in their source materials, the amount of field work involved, scale and minimum mapping units, classifications used, definitions of classes and coordinate systems. Source materials have included various scales and formats of aerial photography and different satellite systems. The most difficult issue in comparing the maps is the varied classification systems and definitions. The same feature will be classified differently from map to map. This is particularly an issue f...
TL;DR: The use of a military geologist to compile water supply maps and to guide well drilling during World War I is described in this paper, where the maps guided emplacement of over 470 military boreholes to supply drinking water to British forces, especially in provinces underlain by Cretaceous chalk.
Abstract: Innovations for the British Army during World War I included use of a military geologist to compile 'water supply' maps and to guide well drilling. Between June 1915 and November 1918, W. B. R. King served as a staff lieutenant at General Headquarters of the British Expeditionary Force deployed on the Western Front. He pioneered British development of water supply maps for parts of Belgium and northern France, in several different styles and at scales of 1 : 100 000, 1 : 250 000 and 1 : 40 000. These assisted planning for advances into enemy-occupied territory or the development of water supply infrastructure within the region held ultimately by five British armies: in total about 1,500,000 men with some 500,000 horses and mules, each man/animal requiring on average 10 gallons (45 L) per day of potable water. The maps guided emplacement of over 470 military boreholes to supply drinking water to British forces, especially in provinces underlain by Cretaceous Chalk: Picardy and Artois. German forces...
TL;DR: In this paper, a new methodology for the creation of two-dimensional geometric symbols and diagrams for the application in thematic maps is presented, where diagrams can be defined using cartographic primitives which are arranged according to six arrangement principles.
Abstract: To enhance the variety of map symbols and to develop new symbol types, a fundamental understanding of the map symbol construction process is mandatory. Current construction theories focus on diagrams without taking georeferencing or interactivity into account. This paper presents a new methodology for the creation of two-dimensional geometric symbols and diagrams for the application in thematic maps. In this context, 49 diagrams found in cartographic literature were analysed and classified regarding their construction properties. As a result of this research, diagrams can be defined using cartographic primitives which are arranged according to six arrangement principles. Since the variation of the primitive's size according to the data values follows a certain geometric direction, each diagram can be explicitly defined based on the three construction properties 'primitive', 'arrangement principle' and 'data direction'.
TL;DR: The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 46, Art & Cartography, pp. 289-291 as mentioned in this paper is a special issue on art and cartography with a focus on art history.
Abstract: (2009). Special Issue on Art & Cartography. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 46, Art & Cartography, pp. 289-291.
TL;DR: A technique for creating oblique view maps of urban areas by introducing a concept of 'facade waveforms' and representing building facades as combinations of these waveforms resulting in an elegant solution to anti-aliasing.
Abstract: This paper presents a technique for creating oblique view maps of urban areas. We identify and apply cartographic and cognitive principles to develop a solution in the context of state-of-art geographic information systems. The gap in the ability of these systems to render three-dimensional buildings into maps is addressed. At the core of our solution is a building facade modelling approach that supports varying degrees of abstraction. This is achieved by introducing a concept of 'facade waveforms' and representing building facades as combinations of these waveforms. A Fourier series approximation of the waveforms is used during the rendering processes resulting in an elegant solution to anti-aliasing. The formulation retains the semantic information in the representation that enables meaningful extensions like night time facade generation. The solution is implemented as a pixel shader and therefore leads to a large reduction in texture memory requirement compared with existing building rendering ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the dynamic cartographies by the Ethiopian-American painter Julie Mehretu and suggest the extent to which the modern project has given way to fragmented social identities and thus to new kinds of spatial awareness.
Abstract: If maps make meaning by locating us as agents in the world, the dynamic cartographies by the Ethiopian-American painter Julie Mehretu suggest the extent to which the modern project has given way to fragmented social identities and thus to new kinds of spatial awareness. Such excentric space is shot through with other spaces functioning in relation to and interaction with other spaces. In addition, these new spaces both produce and are produced by our active and continuous interchanges with sophisticated technologies in real time and virtual time, which themselves constitute spaces that are unbounded, heterogeneous and fluid, making spatial orientation indeterminate and jagged, ruled by chance and contingency. How can such territories be mapped? What do these cartographies of the future tell us about our present technosocial world? What relationship between the map and its territory do they suggest? That is what this contribution discusses by examining Mehretu's high-velocity urban charts which not...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare cartographic and architectural methodologies, showing their congruency and contrasts, but also reversions of concepts: cartography deals with the depiction of spatial objects and phenomena; architecture starts with a conceptual idea which is then implemented in a real physical object.
Abstract: In this paper, cartographic and architectural methodologies are compared, showing their congruency and contrasts, but also reversions of concepts: cartography deals with the depiction of spatial objects and phenomena; architecture starts with a conceptual idea which is then implemented in a real physical object. Architectural projects begin with sketches at a synoptic scale, which are gradually converted into detailed plans. Maps are generalized from detailed geographic data. Cartographers make intentional use of 'subjective' methods; however, they try to avoid too high a degree of subjectivity during the map design process by applying predefined design rules. The architectural designing process is influenced by the personal interpretation of the architect for the building task. The process then becomes more and more objective, taking regulations, structures, building technologies, etc., into account. Evidently, both cartography and architecture deal with contrary levels of scale and precision. Re...
TL;DR: In this paper, two films (The Killers and The Crooked Way) are studied to show how the mapping agency that prevails as of the end of the Second World War finds its most precocious and enduring formulas in the conventions of this cinema.
Abstract: Maps and mapping are evident almost everywhere in post-war cinema. The end of the Second World War and the advent of the Cold War had caused many of the world's borders to be redrawn. Cinema played a vital role in bringing forward the dilemmas that came with these shifts. Film noir offers a singular cartography of cinema: it dislocates its viewers through its 'mental maps' that call into question the specific times and places of their settings. Its force owes much to two conflicting cartographies: one, that is psychic, is at odds with another, which is geographic. Two films (The Killers and The Crooked Way) are studied to show how the mapping agency that prevails as of the end of the Second World War finds its most precocious and enduring formulas in the conventions of this cinema.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the accuracy of the Saxton map and the first edition (1852) Ordnance Survey 6-inch (1 : 10 560) map.
Abstract: An assessment is made of the accuracy of the map and written survey, which is essentially a list of land-holders and the areas held by each, and of their mutual consistency. The geometry of the map is compared quantitatively with that of the first edition (1852) Ordnance Survey 6-inch (1 : 10 560) map. The Saxton map is found to have a scale of 1 : 5140, leading to the conclusion that the perch used in the scale bar represents 71/9 yards or thereabouts. The areas quoted in the written survey are consistent with acres based on this value. The positional accuracy of points on the map is found to be ∼20 m, and areas of typical plots determined from the map are uncertain by between about 4 and 12%. The relationship between these two facts can be understood through a detailed study of the statistics of the errors in separations of points on the map. The written survey is found to omit a substantial number of plots of land from its listings. The map thus appears to be more reliable overall than the wri...
TL;DR: To design a map for effective display on mobile devices, a number of cartographic and technical constraints of mobile maps are considered and results show that this system is very effective for production of mobile-based mapping products.
Abstract: Maps have been used for many centuries. In the age of mobile technology, maps are still very useful in a wide range of mobile applications such as logistic fleet management, navigation, tourist guide and so on. The traditional map design, however, is not suitable for display in mobile devices due to the restricted capability such as low processing power, limited storage, limited input capability and the small display area. Therefore, this research aims to design a map for effective display on mobile devices. In this study, a number of cartographic and technical constraints of mobile maps are considered. Cartographically, the map content has to be simplified vertically between different map scales and horizontally in each map scale according to users' cognition so as to make maps appropriate for small-screen display. Content zooming has been employed as a key technique. This is developed from the notion of how map users obtain the information in a textual address (i.e. separating the information pi...
TL;DR: In this paper, a developed approach to extract roads from optical remotely sensed images is proposed based on the following steps: First, a window with size of 5 × 5 pixels is moved over the image to calculate the features: mean (x1), standard deviation (x2), skewness (x3), and kurtosis (x4).
Abstract: This paper proposes a developed approach to extract roads from optical remotely sensed images. The approach is based on the following steps. First, a window with size of 5 × 5 pixels is moved over the image to calculate the features: mean (x1), standard deviation (x2), skewness (x3) and kurtosis (x4). Then, the roads are identified based on the converted features to the specific fuzzy sets of the linguistic variables. The used linguistic variables are Mean, Standard deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis and Grey-scale with trapezoid and triangle membership functions. Next, the skeleton of the identified roads is extracted using two structure elements from the mathematical morphology. Finally, a snake model is employed to extract the road vector form from the skeletons. The results of the accuracy evaluation demonstrate that the developed road extraction approach can provide both good visual and high positional accuracy. The approach is tested over the samples of SPOT-4 panchromatic images from areas in Iran.
TL;DR: This paper explores how the Theatre metaphor can be employed to enable everyday activities, life in general and items specific to certain topics, to be depicted in ways that allow viewers/users to go deeper into the meaning behind representations of geography.
Abstract: Most users cannot experience actual events in situ, so they use maps to visualize where they take place. But, maps alone are not enough to appreciate the realities that one would experience by actually being there. The ability to be informed about 'real reality' is impossible. How might individuals better understand what it is like to actually live in a place, to endure hardships, or to enjoy the pleasures provided in a particular landscape. It is argued that through the use of the theatre metaphor, rich media artefacts can be provided as adjuncts to maps, whereby their use can provide users with experiences related to the emotional and experiential background information that 'hides' behind the map representation of geography. These theatre-guided artefacts can provide powerful insights into places when cinema is applied to telling 'stories' about geography, through personal and collective stories. This additional representation of geography extends typical geographical information displays by ma...
TL;DR: A novel methodology for multi-scale rendering of geographic features depending upon changes in visual scale based on geometry collapse and a symbol knowledge base is discussed.
Abstract: This paper discusses a novel methodology for multi-scale rendering of geographic features depending upon changes in visual scale. The methodology consists of geometry collapse and a symbol knowledge base. Two collapse algorithms are implemented: polygon to point and polygon to line. In particular, we develop a partial collapse algorithm for linear features. A river is represented by lines and polygons depending on the width. To render features with scale changes, a symbol knowledge base is designed to specify scale ranges and symbols for each feature. Finally, a multi-scale rendering tool is developed and applied to the map of Camp Lejune, NC. The symbols in the knowledge base can be accumulated and adapted for various mapping applications.
TL;DR: This research proposes a semi-automatic DTM generalization process conditioned by a series of predefined parameters resulting in the generation of hybrid DTMs at different scales starting from a single cloud of points obtained through large-scale massive data acquisition processes.
Abstract: The generalization of digital terrain models (DTMs) is a tool of great potential for simultaneous cartographic and photogrammetry generation processes at different scales, the main object of which is to feed different geographic information systems (GIS). These GIS enable multi-scale analysis and visualization through different data bases. This research proposes a semi-automatic DTM generalization process conditioned by a series of predefined parameters resulting in the generation of hybrid DTMs at different scales starting from a single cloud of points obtained through large-scale massive data acquisition processes. The generalization results obtained, applied on different areas of different relief, offer specific application ranks for each parameter with great precision, in contrast with DTMs obtained directly in each scale.
TL;DR: The algorithm presented in this paper smoothes the contour line irregularities that generate flat and erroneous triangles in a Delaunay triangulation by moving only the sharp vertex toward the baricenter of the flat triangle.
Abstract: Contour lines are very important features in the representation of quantitative relief over a wide range of scales. As scale is reduced, contour lines should be generalized. One of the generalization routines involves smoothing lineal features. Nevertheless, contour lines are a special class of lineal feature, as they represent a three-dimensional object. Accordingly the generalization should be conducted while taking into account all the contour lines over the map, bearing in mind the three-dimensional object that they represent. The algorithm presented in this paper smoothes the contour line irregularities that generate flat and erroneous triangles in a Delaunay triangulation. Smoothing is achieved by moving only the sharp vertex toward the baricenter of the flat triangle; in an iterative algorithm, this produces a smooth line that does not generate flat triangles.
TL;DR: Bryne and Caquard as discussed by the authors defined some of the key means for representing globalization in both mapmaking and filmmaking discussing local/global, strategic/tactical, data/narrative and unique/multiple perspectives.
Abstract: This paper is an edited version of a written dialogue that took place between the fall of 2008 and the summer of 2009 between a filmmaker (Amelia Bryne) and a cartographer (Sebastien Caquard) around the issue of representing globalization In these conversations, we define some of the key means for representing globalization in both mapmaking and filmmaking discussing local/global, strategic/tactical, data/narrative and unique/multiple perspectives We conclude by emphasizing the potential impact of new media in ushering in hybrid digital products that merge means of representation traditional to filmmaking and cartography