Showing papers in "Cataloging & Classification Quarterly in 2003"
TL;DR: The development of local authority files and thesauri to enhance end-user access, and metadata mapping and crosswalks as a means of providing integrated access to diverse information resources are addressed.
Abstract: SUMMARY Gives an overview of descriptive metadata schemas for art and architecture, including Categories for the Description of Works of Art, Object ID, and the VRA Core Categories. It also focuses on the menu of controlled vocabularies and classification systems needed to populate these metadata schemas, such as the Art & Architecture Thesaurus, ICONCLASS, and others. Addresses the development of local authority files and thesauri to enhance end-user access, and metadata mapping and crosswalks as a means of providing integrated access to diverse information resources.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare two influential attempts at presenting a comprehensive framework of knowledge management: Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi analyze the dynamics of knowledge creation, particularly the importance of tacit knowledge and its conversion into explicit knowledge.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper compares two influential attempts at presenting a comprehensive framework of knowledge management. For each perspective the author examines theoretical foundations, highlights conceptual elements and themes, and discusses the role of information and information management. Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi analyze the dynamics of knowledge creation, particularly the importance of tacit knowledge and its conversion into explicit knowledge. Thomas H. Davenport and Lawrence Prusak focus on the design of organizational processes that enable knowledge generation, codification, and transfer. It is suggested that, to a degree, the concepts and practices of each model reflect the national cultures of their authors–Japan and the United States.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an axiomatic approach for the semantic integration of ontologies, an approach that extends to first order logic, is presented in the Information Flow Framework (IFF), a metalevel framework for organizing the information that appears in digital libraries, distributed databases and ontologies.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper discusses an axiomatic approach for the semantic integration of ontologies, an approach that extends to first order logic, a previous approach1 based on information flow. This axiomatic approach is represented in the Information Flow Framework (IFF), a metalevel framework for organizing the information that appears in digital libraries, distributed databases and ontologies.2 The paper argues that the semantic integration of ontologies is the two-step process of alignment and unification. Ontological alignment consists of the sharing of common terminology and semantics through a mediating ontology. Ontological unification, concentrated in a virtual ontology of community connections, is fusion of the alignment diagram of participant community ontologies–the quotient of the sum of the participant portals modulo the ontological alignment structure.
28 citations
TL;DR: Assuming that a natural language “gateway” requiring no prior knowledge of specific metadata tagging could facilitate cross-repository searching, end-users were engaged in focus group testing of a “namespace” of common categories derived from nine metadata schemes.
Abstract: SUMMARY With the proliferation of digitized resources accessible internationally via Internet and Intranet knowledge bases and a pressing need to develop more sophisticated tools for the identification and retrieval of electronic resources, both general purpose and domain-specific metadata schemes have assumed a particular prominence. This has resulted in a growing number of online repositories that must be accessed using terminology that would be considered unfamiliar to most searchers. Assuming that a natural language “gateway” requiring no prior knowledge of specific metadata tagging could facilitate cross-repository searching, end-users were engaged in focus group testing of a “namespace” of common categories derived from nine metadata schemes. Findings and their implications within an international context are presented.
23 citations
TL;DR: Discusses problems related to accessing multiple collections using a single retrieval language and argues for the use of general classifications to provide access to collections nationally and internationally.
Abstract: SUMMARY Discusses problems related to accessing multiple collections using a single retrieval language. Surveys the concepts of interoperability and switching language. Finds that mapping between more indexing languages always will be an approximation. Surveys the issues related to general classification and contrasts that to special classifications. Argues for the use of general classifications to provide access to collections nationally and internationally.
22 citations
TL;DR: A project that adapts DDC for use in a feminist/women's issues context to demonstrate an approach that works and how the methodology could be used for particular contexts by country, ethnicity, perspective or other defining factors.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper addresses the process of adapting to a particular culture or context a classification that has grown out of western culture to become a global standard. The authors use a project that adapts DDC for use in a feminist/women's issues context to demonstrate an approach that works. The project is particularly useful as an interdisciplinary example. Discussion consists of four parts: (1) definition of the problem indicating the need for adaptation and efforts to date; (2) description of the methodology developed for creating an expansion; (3) description of the interface developed for actually doing the work, with its potential for a distributed group to work on it together (could even be internationally distributed); and (4) generalization of how the methodology could be used for particular contexts by country, ethnicity, perspective or other defining factors.
22 citations
TL;DR: KICAT as mentioned in this paper is a large collection of books, articles, periodicals, and other materials from the Kinsey Institute, including monographs, journals and reprints, manuscripts, and audiovisual materials that represent all discip...
Abstract: SUMMARY Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey's landmark research in the 1940s and 1950s made his name synonymous with the scientific study of sexuality. The extensive resources collected by Kinsey and his research team provided a foundation of library and special collections at the Kinsey Institute, located on the Bloomington campus of Indiana University. A library of books, articles, periodicals, and other materials is valuable to scholars and users only if the materials are organized with a practical classification scheme and retrievable by unique subject headings. In the 1960s the Institute librarians applied the Dewey classification system to the realm of sexuality. In the 1970s the Kinsey Institute developed a monograph of controlled vocabulary, Sexual Nomenclature: A Thesaurus, for cataloging the diverse materials at the Institute. Now more than 95,000 items are available via KICAT, the online database, consisting of monographs, journals and reprints, manuscripts, and audiovisual materials that represent all discip...
22 citations
TL;DR: The catalog of the Bodleian Library at Oxford as discussed by the authors is a bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleyian Library to the near present.
Abstract: From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic-reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of the work has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of the work, finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, kinship terms and concepts from native speakers of fourteen languages were collected and analyzed to find differences between their terms and structures and those used in English, and they identified the source of possible lack of mapping between the domain of kinship in the fourteen languages studied and the LCC and DDC.
Abstract: SUMMARY The authors describe the difficulties of translating classifications from a source language and culture to another language and culture. To demonstrate these problems, kinship terms and concepts from native speakers of fourteen languages were collected and analyzed to find differences between their terms and structures and those used in English. Using the representations of kinship terms in the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) and the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) as examples, the authors identified the source of possible lack of mapping between the domain of kinship in the fourteen languages studied and the LCC and DDC. Finally, some preliminary suggestions for how to make translated classifications more linguistically and culturally hospitable are offered.
17 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the research done to date on lexical patterns is provided, a pilot study investigating the impact of language varieties is presented, and applications of this work outside the discipline of terminology are considered.
Abstract: SUMMARY As part of their work, terminologists need to find “knowledge-rich contexts,” which are contexts that provide information about semantic relations between concepts in specialized domains One way of finding these contexts is to search for lexical patterns that have the potential to reveal underlying semantic relations Consequently, terminology researchers are in the process of compiling inventories of useful lexical patterns so that these can be programmed into specialized information retrieval tools However, one factor that has not yet been addressed is the impact that different language varieties can have on these lexical patterns This paper provides an overview of the research done to date on lexical patterns, presents a pilot study investigating the impact of language varieties, and considers applications of this work outside the discipline of terminology
15 citations
TL;DR: It can be difficult for catalogers to assign broader terms consistently to different works and without consistency the gathering function of those terms may not be realized.
Abstract: The principle of specificity for subject headings provides a clear advantage to many researchers for the precision it brings to subject searching. However, for some researchers very specific subject headings hinder an efficient and comprehensive search. An appropriate broader heading, especially when made narrower in scope by the addition of subheadings, can benefit researchers by providing generic access to their topic. Assigning both specific and generic subject headings to a work would enhance the subject accessibility for the diverse approaches and research needs of different catalog users. However, it can be difficult for catalogers to assign broader terms consistently to different works and without consistency the gathering function of those terms may not be realized.
TL;DR: The evolution of archival descriptive standards, beginning in the late 1970s, is described within the context of the development of the archival profession.
Abstract: SUMMARY Studies of professions emphasize various meansby which an occupation increases its authority over areas of activity within its jurisdiction. Development of standards and codification of knowledge are important stages in professionalization for any occupation. As technology became a more prevalent component of library bibliographic access, archivists began to seek ways to develop standards for archival description that would support information exchange and allow archives and manuscripts collections to be included in bibliographic utilities. This article describes the evolution of archival descriptive standards, beginning in the late 1970s, within the context of the development of the archival profession.
TL;DR: This article will focus on the development of modern Anglo-American rare book cataloging, highlighting special access points that often appear to exist outside the mainstream of library cataloging.
Abstract: SUMMARY Rare book cataloging codes and practices have been shaped by a constant interplay between the tradition of descriptive bibliography and the evolution of library cataloging codes. At the same time, technological changes, such as the emergence of bibliographic databases and online catalogs, have led to promises of increased flexibility and usability in records for rare books. This article will focus on the development of modern Anglo-American rare book cataloging, highlighting special access points that often appear to exist outside the mainstream of library cataloging. By focusing on the treatment of several “hallmarks” of rare book records in codes published during the second half of the twentieth century, the development of rare book cataloging and its relationship to the traditions of bibliography and general library emerge.
TL;DR: The cataloging community is, and should be, front and center in those discussions as discussed by the authors, and why metadata issues are central to discussions about the evolution of library services, particularly digital library services.
Abstract: SUMMARY Provides an introductory overview to the subject of metadata, which considers why metadata issues are central to discussions about the evolution of library services-particularly digital library services-and why the cataloging community is, and should be, front and center in those discussions.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the products of text mining and data mining could be made more useful if the features of a faceted scheme for subject classification are incorporated into text mining techniques and products.
Abstract: SUMMARY Discusses the importance of knowledge organization in the context of the information overload caused by the vast quantities of data and information accessible on internal and external networks of an organization. Defines the characteristics of a knowledge-based product. Elaborates on the techniques and applications of text mining in developing knowledge products. Presents two approaches, as case studies, to the making of knowledge products: (1) steps and processes in the planning, designing and development of a composite multilingual multimedia CD product, with the potential international, inter-cultural end users in view, and (2) application of natural language processing software in text mining. Using a text mining software, it is possible to link concept terms from a processed text to a related thesaurus, glossary, schedules of a classification scheme, and facet structured subject representations. Concludes that the products of text mining and data mining could be made more useful if the featur...
TL;DR: This study examines the quality of Korean cataloging records in OCLC's WorldCat by evaluating records in terms of specific errors, error frequency, areas where errors occur frequently, and errors that could inhibit record retrieval.
Abstract: For decades, the issue of quality control in cataloging records has been discussed, in particular in bibliographic control in the shared databases for various languages, but no earlier studies assess the quality of Korean cataloging records in the databases. This study examines the quality of Korean cataloging records in OCLC's WorldCat by evaluating records in terms of specific errors, error frequency, areas where errors occur frequently, and errors that could inhibit record retrieval. The results of the current study also are compared with the results of the study of the quality of Chinese-language cataloging records in order to identify shared error patterns. Similarities were found in the error rates and error types. Based on the results, the author proposes some recommendations on how to maintain quality in cataloging Korean-language records.
TL;DR: The opportunities for libraries to contribute to the proposed global “Semantic Web” are explored and new opportunities for using these records in the digital world are described, including mapping with Dublin Core metadata.
Abstract: SUMMARY Explores the opportunities for libraries to contribute to the proposed global “Semantic Web.” Library name and subject authority files, including work that IFLA has done related to a new view of “Universal Bibliographic Control” in the Internet environment and the work underway in the U.S. and Europe, are making a reality of the virtual international authority file on the Web. The bibliographic and authority records created according to AACR2 reflect standards for metadata that libraries have provided for years. New opportunities for using these records in the digital world are described (interoperability), including mapping with Dublin Core metadata. AACR2 recently updated Chapter 9 on Electronic Resources. That process and highlights of the changes are described, including Library of Congress' rule interpretations.
TL;DR: The steps in building a metadata repository, including modeling the information needs of your community, selecting and adapting a metadata standard, documenting your metadata, populating the database, and sharing your metadata with other repositories and metadata initiatives are covered.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper covers the steps in building a metadata repository, including modeling the information needs of your community, selecting and adapting a metadata standard, documenting your metadata, populating the database, and sharing your metadata with other repositories and metadata initiatives. In addition, advances and options that can be applied to metadata for multimedia, particularly video, are presented.
TL;DR: An account of the development of music classifications, cataloguing codes, and subject heading lists in the United States is presented.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper presents an account of the development of music classifications, cataloguing codes, and subject heading lists in the United States It also discusses pertinent activities within the Music Library Association, particularly the efforts of Eva Judd O'Meara, music librarian at Yale University from 1924 to 1952
TL;DR: The intended and unintended effects of three standards-the MARC format, ISBD, and AACR are discussed and strategies for solving the seemingly insoluble problems of cataloging the Internet are suggested.
Abstract: SUMMARY Examines the achievements in bibliographic control of the last thirty years and the strides made toward Universal Bibliographic Control. Discusses the intended and unintended effects of three standards-the MARC format, ISBD, and AACR. Analyzes the types of resources in cyberspace to be organized and their similarities to and differences from documents librarians already know. Suggests strategies for solving the seemingly insoluble problems of cataloging the Internet and predicts how metadata will evolve.
TL;DR: A history of classification and bibliographic control of government information is, by necessity, a tangled tale that involves the complex evolution of governments, the regularization of official publishing, along with the growth of professional librarianship as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: SUMMARY A history of classification and bibliographic control of government information is, by necessity, a tangled tale that involves the complex evolution of governments, the regularization of official publishing, along with the growth of professional librarianship. For the purposes of this article, the main argument will draw its narrative largely from the historic evolution of bibliographic control and U.S. government information during the nineteenth century. The standards and practices developed in the United States during this period remain a common framework for the discussion of any government in the world. It is further argued that these bibliographic arrangements remained in play until the 1980s when the advent of distributed computer networks began to undermine the traditions of what had largely been a print culture.
TL;DR: This paper reviews the resources and means needed to advance information access and dissemination across language boundaries in the twenty-first century, and focuses on the central role of human language technologies in the information society.
Abstract: SUMMARY The role of linguistics in information access,1 extraction and dissemination is essential. Radical changes in the techniques of information and communication at the end of the twentieth century have had a significant effect on the function of the linguistic paradigm and its applications in all forms of communication. The introduction of new technical means have deeply changed the possibilities for the distribution of information. In this situation, what is the role of the linguistic paradigm and its practical applications, i.e., natural language processing (NLP) techniques when applied to information access? What solutions can linguistics offer in human computer interaction, extraction and management? Many fields show the relevance of the linguistic paradigm through the various technologies that require NLP, such as document and message understanding, information detection, extraction, and retrieval, question and answer, cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), text summarization, filtering, a...
TL;DR: In 1990, the American Library Association published its Guidelines on Subject Access to Individual Works of Fiction, Drama, Etc. as mentioned in this paper, which stated that works of imagination have a value such that they deserve to be accessed in more or less the same manner that non-fic-tion works are accessed, through aboutness as well as whatness.
Abstract: In 1990, the American Library Association published its Guidelines on Subject Access to Individual Works of Fiction, Drama, Etc. Neither the 1990 Guidelines nor the work's subsequent 2000 edition is terribly concerned with explaining why increased subject access to works of imaginative literature has come to be needed now more than in the baker's century after Cutter first allowed for such access. Inherent to the 1990 Guidelines is the notion that works of imagination have a value such that they deserve to be accessed in more or less the same manner that nonfic-tion works are accessed, through aboutness as well as whatness. The paper purports that the origins of this change in cataloging policy are far from humble, that they can in fact be located in a broad swath of social historiography and literary criticism.
TL;DR: The Law Classification Schedule at the Library of Congress has been under development since the late 1930s and has continued to the present as discussed by the authors and has been published over the past thirty-five years.
Abstract: SUMMARY The creation of a law classification schedule at the Library of Congress has been under development since the late 1930s and has continued to the present. The law schedules have been published over the past thirty-five years. Class K delineates all laws and legal systems on global, regional, and jurisdictional levels and provides links between historical and religious systems as well. This article also discusses historical and political aspects of the development of law classification.
TL;DR: This paper compares the representation of national and international agricultural economic information in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the Library of Congress Classification (LCC).
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper compares the representation of national and international agricultural economic information in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the Library of Congress Classification (LCC). While LCC presents geographically-specific information within a larger context of agriculture as a field of study, NAICS presents agriculture as part of the overall depiction of economic activity in and between countries. To facilitate statistical aggregation and cross-comparison, NAICS has normalized economic activity by presenting it as a series of abstract activities that can be uniformly measured across different countries and regions. This rigorous standardization of economic data, while effective for statistical analysis, threatens to diminish the specific national, cultural and social contexts in which such data must be interpreted.
TL;DR: It is argued that AACR2 should continue to be used for describing selected Web-based resources for cataloging electronic resources, and other metadata standards, particularly the Dublin Core, are compared.
Abstract: SUMMARY Changes in the environment in which the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition (AACR2), currently operates are examined, including the growth in electronic publishing and use of the Internet, and the development and increasing use of a range of other metadata standards, such as the Dublin Core. AACR2 and other metadata standards, particularly the Dublin Core, are compared. It is argued that AACR2 should continue to be used for describing selected Web-based resources. Criteria for deciding whether to use AACR2 or another metadata standard are defined, drawing on the experiences of two Brisbane universities in developing mechanisms for providing access to electronic resources. Five options are evaluated: catalog only (direct entry); catalog only (indirect entry); subject gateway only; catalog and subject gateway combined; and shared databases, such as CORC. The option chosen by the two universities is identified and explained. Revisions to the rules in AACR2 for cataloging electronic resou...
TL;DR: Sara Shatford Layne as mentioned in this paper discusses her career in cataloging and her work in several areas of cataloging theory, including cataloging, seriality and the serial "work".
Abstract: Sara Shatford Layne discusses her career in cataloging and her work in several areas of cataloging theory. Topics covered include the intellectual attractions of cataloging, seriality and the serial “work,” development of revised Chapter 12 of AACR, subject access to visual images, OPAC design, and cataloging education.
TL;DR: The research done over a bibliographic database is described to show the impact the specificity of the knowledge organising tools may have on information retrieval (IR) for two multilingual Universal Decimal Classification based thesauri having different degrees of specificity.
Abstract: SUMMARY The article describes the research done over a bibliographic database in order to show the impact the specificity of the knowledge organising tools may have on information retrieval (IR). For this purpose two multilingual Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) based thesauri having different degrees of specificity are considered. Issues of harmonising a classificatory structure with a thesaurus structure are introduced, and significant aspects of information retrieval in a multilingual environment are examined in an extensive manner. Aspects of complementarity are discussed with particular emphasis on the real impact produced on IR by alternative search facilities. Finally, a number of conclusions are formulated as they arise from the study.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the history of Alaska Native languages and language loss as it has unfolded within the broad spectrum of socio-cultural forces affecting Alaska Native cultures, and suggest that the legacy of language loss has been substantial.
Abstract: SUMMARY During the past thirty years, scholars in many fields have written voluminously on the maintenance and significance of Native languages among ethnic minorities. Language endangerment and erosion is viewed as a tragic phenomenon on a global level. Yet, it is in the circum-polar North that these losses have been especially poignantly felt. This essay will address those aspects of the history of Alaska Native languages and language loss as it has unfolded within the broad spectrum of socio-cultural forces affecting Alaska Native cultures. Evidence suggests that the legacy of language loss has been substantial. Throughout the spectrum of Alaska Native cultures, this tragedy is felt profoundly as it has brought about a sense of irreplaceable loss and left many questions unanswered. Have the outside forces working within been the primary causes of this erosion or, perhaps, have the victims of this tragedy also played a role of enablers in this process? The recognition of this condition has triggered str...
TL;DR: This article will examine how maps were organized in early collections and some of the advice provided for catalogers of map collections from the end of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth.
Abstract: SUMMARY Although maps have been used for thousands of years, they have not been maintained or organized as well as printed books until relatively recently Maps were often treated as ephemeral material Early attempts at map cataloging are much more scattered than book cataloging, and printed catalogs of early libraries often omitted the mention of maps It was only after map use became commonplace and thematic maps increased in number that cataloging and classification attempts began in earnest The classification and cataloging of maps started to come together in the early part of the twentieth century This article will examine how maps were organized in early collections and some of the advice provided for catalogers of map collections from the end of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth