Showing papers in "Cell in 2001"

TL;DR: The authors regret the inability to cite all of the primary literature contributing to this review due to length considerations, but wish to thank F. Chan, T. Migone, and J. Wang for insightful comments on the manuscript.

TL;DR: The transcription factor XBP1, a target of ATF6, is identified as a mammalian substrate of such an unconventional mRNA splicing system and it is shown that only the spliced form of X BP1 can activate the UPR efficiently.

TL;DR: Direct modulation of recombinant enzyme activity by graded hypoxia, iron chelation, and cobaltous ions mirrors the characteristics of HIF induction in vivo, fulfilling requirements for these enzymes being oxygen sensors that regulate HIF.

TL;DR: Elevated levels of serum cholesterol are probably unique through the hepatic LDL receptor pathway, as evi-in being sufficient to drive the development of athero-denced by the fact that lack of functional LDL receptors sclerosis in humans and experimental animals, even in is responsible for the massive accumulation of LDL in the absence of other known risk factors.

TL;DR: It is shown that rare cells that home to bone marrow can LTR primary and secondary recipients, and this finding may contribute to clinical treatment of genetic disease or tissue repair.

TL;DR: It is proposed that hSir2, the human homolog of the S. cerevisiae Sir2 protein known to be involved in cell aging and in the response to DNA damage, binds and deacetylates the p53 protein with a specificity for its C-terminal Lys382 residue.

TL;DR: The last 5 years of the millennium have witnessed a dramatic increase in understanding of the biology of regulated energy balance and body weight, and insights from the sequencing of the human genome and the coming advances in proteomics are likely to fuel the next wave of progress.

TL;DR: Dendritic cells are adept at endocytosis and express relatively low levels of surface MHC class I and II products and costimu-latory molecules, but can take up antigen tive responses critical for resistance to infections and but do not present it efficiently to T cells.

TL;DR: It is reported that LRP5, encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, affects bone mass accrual during growth and is important for the establishment of peak bone mass.

TL;DR: It is shown that mammalian Sir2alpha physically interacts with p53 and attenuates p53-mediated functions, and Nicotinamide inhibits an NAD-dependent p53 deacetylation induced by Sir2 alpha, and also enhances the p53 acetylation levels in vivo.

TL;DR: The structure of telomeres, the protective DNA-protein complexes at eukaryotic chromosomal ends, and several molecular mechanisms involved in telomere functions are described.

TL;DR: It is shown that inactivation of genes related to RNAi pathway genes, a homolog of Drosophila Dicer (dcr-1), and two homologs of rde-1 (alg-1 and alg-2), cause heterochronic phenotypes similar to lin-4 and let-7 mutations.

TL;DR: Animal genomes contain an abundance of small genes that produce regulatory RNAs of about 22 nucleotides in length, and these microRNAs are diverse in sequence and expression patterns, suggesting that they may participate in a wide range of genetic regulatory pathways.

TL;DR: In vivo data assign a crucial role for pericentric H3-K9 methylation in protecting genome stability, and define the Suv39h HMTases as important epigenetic regulators for mammalian development.

TL;DR: A detailed analysis of the patterns of expression of T1Rs and T2Rs is presented, thus providing a view of the representation of sweet and bitter taste at the periphery.

TL;DR: Supported in part by a Specialized Center of Research in Hypertension and NIH K08 awards (to A. G. and D. S. G.) and a grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

TL;DR: It is shown that Tsg101 protein, which functions in vacuolar protein sorting (Vps), is required for HIV-1 budding, and that retroviruses bud by appropriating cellular machinery normally used in the Vps pathway to form multivesicular bodies.

TL;DR: Analysis of small interfering RNAs produced during RNAi in C. elegans revealed a substantial fraction that cannot derive directly from input dsRNA, and appeared to derive from the action of a cellular RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) on mRNAs that are being targeted by the RNAi mechanism.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that ubiquitination serves as a signal for sorting into the multivesicular body pathway and proposed that ESCRT-I represents a conserved component of the endosomal sorting machinery that functions in both yeast and mammalian cells to couple ubiquitin modification to protein sorting and receptor downregulation in the MVB pathway.

TL;DR: It is shown that beta-catenin is required genetically downstream of tabby/downless and upstream of bmp and shh in placode formation and is essential for fate decisions of skin stem cells: in the absence of beta-Catenin, stem cells fail to differentiate into follicular keratinocytes, but instead adopt an epidermal fate.

TL;DR: The crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus core RNAP complexed with Rif explains the effects of Rif on RNAP function and indicates that the inhibitor acts by directly blocking the path of the elongating RNA when the transcript becomes 2 to 3 nt in length.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the RNAi reaction comprises at least four sequential steps: ATP-dependent processing of double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), incorporation of siRNAs into an inactive approximately 360 kDa protein/RNA complex, ATP- dependent unwinding of the siRNA duplex to generate an active complex, and ATP-independent recognition and cleavage of the RNA target.

TL;DR: Whereas phosphorylation clearly Spain lies at the heart of many signal transduction pathways, has been expanded re-translational modification of proteins, are conserved cently by the discovery of an enzymatic function for throughout evolution and influence most aspects of cel-hemoglobin.

TL;DR: A novel paradigm of sex steroid action on osteoblasts, osteocytes, embryonic fibroblasts, and HeLa cells involving activation of a Src/Shc/ERK signaling pathway and attenuating apoptosis is demonstrated, providing proof of principle for the development of function-specific-as opposed to tissue-selective-and gender-neutral pharmacotherapeutics.

TL;DR: Cross-repressive interactions between class I and class II proteins appear to refine and maintain these progenitor domains, which generate a distinct class of postmitotic neurons in the ventral third of the neural tube.

TL;DR: It is concluded that translational dysregulation of mRNAs normally associated with FMRP may be the proximal cause of fragile X syndrome, and candidate genes relevant to this phenotype are identified.

TL;DR: Analysis of clock proteins in m CRY-deficient mice shows that the mCRYs are necessary for stabilizing phosphorylated mPER2 and for the nuclear accumulation of mPER1, mper2, and CKIepsilon, and provides in vivo evidence that casein kinase I delta is a second clock relevant kinase.

TL;DR: The combination of regulated addition and continuous replacement of synaptic receptors can stabilize long-term changes in synaptic efficacy and may serve as a general model for how surface receptor number is established and maintained.

TL;DR: This work was supported by a Lutheran Fellowship and an NIH predoctoral training grant GM07149 to T.B.R. and by NIH grants CA59717, AG09521, HD 18179, and HL65572 to H.M. Reid.

TL;DR: The steady-state migration of imDCs into both nonlymphoid and lymphoid tissues, and their ability to actively sample self-antigens suggest thatImDCs may play critical roles in peripheral tolerance by inducing CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells, and strongly supports the concept of functionally different DC subsets or lineages.