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Showing papers in "Chemical Engineering in 1985"


Journal Article
TL;DR: The hazards associated with operation of process facilities have been known for years as discussed by the authors, and many organizations, both public and private, have developed codes and standards for these facilities based on experience, and companies in design, engineering and construction, and production perform safety reviews on new facilities and general safety audits on existing ones.
Abstract: The hazards associated with operation of process facilities have been known for years. Based on experience, many organizations, both public and private, have developed codes and standards for these facilities. In addition, companies in design, engineering and construction, and production perform safety reviews on new facilities and general safety audits on existing ones. Surely, all of the above are valuable. However, as new technology is developed and plants are scaled up to larger sizes, the potential for injury or property damage also increases. Often, unforeseen hazards are either ''designed'' into new facilities, due to lack of information, or created in existing ones, due to changes in process conditions or operating procedures. For these reasons, hazard identification within the chemical process industries (CPI) focuses on methods that can systematically examine interactions of people and equipment.

25 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate the pressure drop for gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes within an accuracy of about + or - 30% via a general correlation, which applies to all flow patterns, except dispersed flow.
Abstract: Friction pressure drop for gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes can be estimated within an accuracy of about + or - 30% via a general correlation, which applies to all flow patterns, except dispersed flow.

19 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the concept of exergy analysis is used to formulate an ideal model for distillation, one that will be applicable to real systems, since exergy provides a comparable base for all energy forms.
Abstract: An ideal model is described to determine minimum energy requirements and perhaps other system parameters. The concept of exergy analysis is used here to formulate an ideal model for distillation, one that will be applicable to real systems, since exergy provides a comparable base for all energy forms. The analysis is used not only for ranking various setups according to overall results, but to provide comparisons for each section of the system. The paper examines binary mixtures, and characterizes distillation.

19 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, a procede utilise un reactif catalytique pour oxyder selectivement le sulfure d'hydrogene present dans les courants gazeux en soufre elementaire.
Abstract: Ce procede utilise un reactif catalytique pour oxyder selectivement le sulfure d'hydrogene present dans les courants gazeux en soufre elementaire. Ce procede est a la fois economique et valable pour l'environnement. Le reactif l'ARI 310 est une solution diluee de fer avec un chelatant organique dans l'eau

15 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the potential for energy saving through the use of membrane separation is enormous compared with other separation techniques, particularly evaporation, and some of the membranes and equipment available are discussed and analyzed.
Abstract: Membrane separation is discussed and analyzed in this paper. The analysis reviews the basic principles, suggests approaches to design, and briefly discusses some of the membranes and equipment available. The potential for energy saving through the use of membrane separation is enormous compared with other separation techniques, particularly evaporation. The author describes the evaporative methods in some detail. The reverse osmosis system (RO) is also described. In lowerpressure ultrafiltration systems, the energy savings are greater using this option. RO may have advantages over evaporation in terms of product quality, and because RO is not a thermal process, it can be used to concentrate temperature-sensitive materials without loss of quality.

11 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors construire un modele mathematique fondamental base sur la chimie de base and sur la cinetique, construite un modelle modelle mathematical model.
Abstract: Comment construire un modele mathematique fondamental base sur la chimie de base et sur la cinetique

11 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a new method is presented to integrate diesels, turbines, refrigeration machines and other such systems into the total process to effect large energy savings, and paybacks are typically short term, and the method is equally effective for new and retrofit applications.
Abstract: A new method is presented to integrate diesels, turbines, refrigeration machines and other such systems into the total process to effect large energy savings. Paybacks are typically short term, and the method is equally effective for new and retrofit applications. A previous article on this subject is discussed which describes a powerful procedure for combining heat exchanger networks (HENs) into process plants, resulting in large savings in operating costs. The article explained and demonstrated that when it is correctly done, combination of the HENs yields a twofold advantage over incorrectly integrated designs: correct designs are often structurally simpler and make best use of energy and capital.

9 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a tableau permet de comparer les couts estimes and les prix d'achat de 1980 a 1982, pour un certain nombre d'echangeurs donne les specifications.
Abstract: Application de la methode de calcul exposee dans la 1ere partie. Un tableau permet de comparer les couts estimes et les prix d'achat de 1980 a 1982, pour un certain nombre d'echangeurs dont on donne les specifications

8 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extrapoler un agitateur lorsque les systemes ne sont pas geometriquement semblables, i.e., they do not have semblability.
Abstract: Comment extrapoler un agitateur lorsque les systemes ne sont pas geometriquement semblables

7 citations



Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the principles of cryogenics are examined in detail and it is shown that practically no disturbing chemical reactions occur in cryogenic processes and that cooling and liquefaction are the most economically and technically important physical reactions occurring at cryogenic temperatures.
Abstract: The principles of cryogenics are examined in this paper. This technology and its applications involve mainly physical rather than chemical reactions. The author notes that practically no disturbing chemical reactions occur in cryogenic processes. Among the most economically and technically important physical reactions occurring at cryogenic temperatures are the cooling and liquefaction of gases, and the distillation and franctional condensation of liquefied-gas mixtures to yield pure-component streams. Cooling and liquefaction are the basis of every cryogenic process.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Rapport de synthese des communications presentees a conference internationale sur les sables asphaltiques and le petrole lourd tenue a Long Beach en juillet 1985.
Abstract: Rapport de synthese des communications presentees a une conference internationale sur les sables asphaltiques et le petrole lourd tenue a Long Beach en juillet 1985

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the fabrication manuelle de sept diagrammes a partir des donnees obtenues avec un program d'ordinateur is described, and a description of the fabrication process is given.
Abstract: Description de la fabrication manuelle de sept diagrammes a partir des donnees obtenues avec un programme d'ordinateur

Journal Article
TL;DR: Une soupape de surete pour decompresser un recipient pouvant etre expose a un incendie peut etre dimensionnee differemment en raison de lincompatibilite entre les codes applicables.
Abstract: Une soupape de surete pour decompresser un recipient pouvant etre expose a un incendie peut etre dimensionnee differemment en raison de l'incompatibilite entre les codes applicables. Resume de ces variations et criteres d'evaluation des correlations pertinentes

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a systeme de mesure de la temperature a l'interieur d'un four rotatif en utilisant des capteurs IR places.
Abstract: Description d'un systeme de mesure de la temperature a l'interieur d'un four rotatif en utilisant des capteurs IR places a l'exterieur de celui-ci

Journal Article
TL;DR: Le beton de soufre, ou le soufre fondu remplace le ciment, est un materiau a haute resistance, prise rapide, economique, avec une bonne resistance aux acides, qui trouve de nombreuses utilisations dans les usines chimiques.
Abstract: Le beton de soufre, ou le soufre fondu remplace le ciment, est un materiau a haute resistance, prise rapide, economique, avec une bonne resistance aux acides, qui trouve de nombreuses utilisations dans les usines chimiques. Afin de lui assurer un bon comportement, des precautions sont necessaires au cours de sa mise en œuvre et sa mise en place

Journal Article
TL;DR: Recommendations for the design of containment facilities involving r-DNA are itemized from guidelines which are based on existing approaches to containment of pathogenic organisms.
Abstract: Guidelines have been established by the National Institute of Health for the containment levels required for r-DNA work involving more than 10 liters of culture. Recommendations for the design of containment facilities involving r-DNA are itemized from these guidelines which are based on existing approaches to containment of pathogenic organisms.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a method for estimating costs that takes into account numerous parameters is presented, and an exchanger price estimated by this method can be escalated for a date beyond 1982 by means of an escalation index.
Abstract: This paper illustrates a method for estimating costs that takes into account numerous parameters. An exchanger price estimated by this method can be escalated for a date beyond 1982 by means of an escalation index. An escalation index that is specific to heat exchangers can be formulated when price quotations more current than those of this method's base date are readily available. The paper presents an example worksheet which illustrates the method in the estimation of the f.o.b. cost of a finned-multitube exchanger to be purchased in September 1984. Accuracy of estimates is reviewed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a set of celles which dechargent automatiquement les solides peuvent etre alimentees avec 10 ou 20% de solides a des vitesses atteignant 1000 gallons/mn.
Abstract: Ces centrifugeuses sont garnies de disque coniques qui multiplient leur surface de sedimentation. Caracteristiques des divers types. Celles qui dechargent automatiquement les solides peuvent etre alimentees avec 10 ou 20% de solides a des vitesses atteignant 1000 gallons/mn

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a liste des procedes autorises par l'EPA dans des regions specifiques concerning l'elimination de materiaux contamines par les PCB is presented.
Abstract: Liste des procedes autorises par l'EPA dans des regions specifiques. Reglementation courante de l'EPA concernant l'elimination de materiaux contamines par les PCB

Journal Article
TL;DR: What the chemical plant design engineers must provide to the control-system supplier, so that it can put together a complete control system, is explained, and the procedures by which plant designers can evaluate the proposals from various control- system suppliers and choose the one best suited for them are explained.
Abstract: Recent developments in microprocessor technology have made it possible to design control schemes far different from the traditional ones. Instead of large control rooms whose walls are lined with instruments, displays, annunciators, and so on, major plants can now be run by a few operators seated at video display terminals. Instead of trying to keep track of hundreds of instruments, these operators are concerned mainly with process parameters that are out of limits, or are trending in that direction. The control system selects these items and calls the operators' attention to them, using color, flashing displays, etc. This article explains what the chemical plant design engineers must provide to the control-system supplier, so that it can put together a complete control system, and provide the plant designers with a proposal and bid. The article then goes into the procedures by which plant designers can evaluate the proposals from various control-system suppliers and choose the one best suited for them.


Journal Article
TL;DR: Amelioration de la conception des pompes centrifuges de facon a reduire la frequence des pannes as mentioned in this paper was proposed to reduce the frequence of panses.
Abstract: Amelioration de la conception des pompes centrifuges de facon a reduire la frequence des pannes

Journal Article
TL;DR: Application d'un systeme de commande integre utilisant une structure hierarchique a plusieurs niveaux, aux problemes d'optimisation et d'information as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Application d'un systeme de commande integre utilisant une structure hierarchique a plusieurs niveaux, aux problemes d'optimisation et d'information

Journal Article
TL;DR: On graphiquement les couts de huits appareils (agitateurs, convoyeurs a vis, filtres, echangeurs de chaleur, pompes centrifuges, convoyes a bande, cuves) permet l'extrapolation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: On presente graphiquement les couts de huits appareils (agitateurs, convoyeurs a vis, filtres, echangeurs de chaleur, pompes centrifuges, convoyeurs a bande, cuves), ce qui permet l'extrapolation

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure for making the preliminary design of a distillation column and for analyzing column design and performance is described, which follows the steps of Hengstebeck's derivation for a simple, single-feed fractionator.
Abstract: The article describes a procedure which provides the means for making the preliminary design of a distillation column and for analyzing column design and performance. Its development follows the steps of Hengstebeck's derivation for a simple, single-feed fractionator. For each feed, all the light nonkeys introduced end up in the rising vapor, and all the heavy nonkeys in the descending liquid. A useful set of guidelines on the applications of the procedure is presented.


Journal Article
TL;DR: Application du diagramme de Mc Cabe et Thiele aux colonnes a alimentation multiple, a un ou plusieurs soutirages lateraux and a un or plusieur points d'apport ou d'elimination de chaleur.
Abstract: Application du diagramme de Mc Cabe et Thiele aux colonnes a alimentation multiple, a un ou plusieurs soutirages lateraux et a un ou plusieurs points d'apport ou d'elimination de chaleur. Bien que cette methode soit developpee pour les melanges binaires, elle peut etre adaptee aux melanges complexes

Journal Article
TL;DR: Unipol PP as mentioned in this paper is a gasphase, fluid-bed route that couples Union Carbide's Unipol technology for making polyethylene with Shell Chemical Company's superhigh-activity catalyst.
Abstract: This article describes the design and operation of Unipol PP, a gasphase, fluid-bed route that couples Union Carbide's Unipol technology for making polyethylene with Shell Chemical Company's superhigh-activity catalyst. Unipol features up to 10-15% lower investment and operating costs than technologies currently being licensed. The technique can produce a complete line of homopolymers, random copolymers and impact copolymers. In addition, because of its broad operating range, many new and improved products can be made. These include: controlled-rheology resins; ultrahigh melt-flow grades; random copolymers and terpolymers having improved clarity and processability; impact copolymers with precisely tailored impact/stiffness characteristics; and thermoplastic polyolefins. Unipol PP technology is one of the safest and cleanest for polypropylene manufacture.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the axial fan design itself can cause poor flow distribution and inefficiency, which can be checked by means of the fan's performance curve and whether the pitch of fan blades is fixed or variable.
Abstract: Minimizing fan energy costs and maximizing fan efficiency is the subject of this paper. Blade design itself can cause poor flow distribution and inefficiency. A basic design criterion is that a blade should produce uniform flow over the entire plane of the fan. Also an inherent problem with the axial fan is swirl -- the tangential deflection of exit-flow caused by the effect of torque. Swirl can be prevented with an inexpensive hub component. Basic efficiency can be checked by means of the fan's performance curve. Generally, fewer blades translate into higher axial-fan efficiency. A crowded inboard area creates hub turbulence which lessens efficiency. Whether the pitch of fan blades is fixed or variable also affects energy consumption. Power savings of 50% per year or more can be realized by replacing fixed-pitch, continuously operating fans with fans whose blade pitch or speed is automatically varied.