Showing papers in "ChemInform in 2017"
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors dealt with the chemical modification of wood by such methods as etherification, esterification, and thermoplasticization of wood, with emphasis on recent and new research in these fields.
Abstract: This chapter deals with the chemical modification of wood by such methods as etherification, esterification, and thermoplasticization of wood, with emphasis on recent and new research in these fields. Most of the research in the area of chemical modification of wood was conducted for improving either its dimensional stability or its biological resistance. Wood is made up primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Etherification of wood can be conducted by reacting wood with alkyl halides, acrylonitrile (AN), epoxides, β-propiolactone (acid conditions), aldehydes, and dimethyl sulfate. Benzylation of wood has been carried out with wood meal in order to convert wood to thermoplastic materials. The products of oligoesterification consist of oligoesterified woods and viscous liquids consisting mainly of polymerizable free oligoesters. Water absorption and thickness swelling showed a tendency to increase with an increase in the wood content due to the increase in the remaining hydrophilic hydroxyl groups in the wood matrix.
26 citations
21 citations
TL;DR: Solid lubricants are any solid material that reduces friction and mechanical interactions between surfaces in relative motion against the action of a load as discussed by the authors, and are used as a dry film or as an additive in a liquid to provide enhanced lubrication for many different types of applications.
Abstract: Solid lubricants are considered to be any solid material that reduces friction and mechanical interactions between surfaces in relative motion against the action of a load. Solid lubricants, used as a dry film or as an additive in a liquid, provide enhanced lubrication for many different types of applications. Graphite is most effective for applications involving high-temperature and high load-carrying situations. The effects of the lamellar structure of graphite can be observed when sliding conditions are applied onto metal surfaces. There are many types and sources of graphite. Graphite is characterized by two main groupings: natural and synthetic. Secondary synthetic graphite is derived from primary graphite that has been used for the fabrication of electrodes. Graphite possesses the necessary yield strength for successful lubrication. Molybdenum disulfide is the second significant solid lubricant widely used in industry. Boron nitride is a ceramic lubricant with interesting and unique properties. Polytetrafluoroethylene has been in use as a lubricant since the early 1940s.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review covers work published in the calendar year 2012 on novel reaction chemistry and new ring synthetic methods for isoxazoles, isoxoxolines, oxazolines and oxadiazoles.
Abstract: This review covers work published in the calendar year 2012. Novel reaction chemistry and new ring synthetic methods for isoxazoles, isoxazolines, isoxazolidines, oxazoles, oxazolines, oxazolidines, and oxadiazoles are reviewed.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the most common heterogeneously catalyzed reactions are the catalytic hydrogenations of organic functional groups, however, there are other synthetically useful reactions which can be promoted by heterogeneous catalysts.
Abstract: For the synthetic chemist the most common heterogeneously catalyzed reactions are the catalytic hydrogenations of organic functional groups. There are, however, a number of other synthetically useful reactions which can be promoted by heterogeneous catalysts. We have been studying some of these over the past several years in order to expand our understanding of such reactions and to make them more attractive to the synthetic chemist. These reactions along with some data on enantioselective heterogeneous catalysis, are discussed in order to illustrate the variety of synthetically useful reactions which can be run over heterogeneous catalysts and how the catalysts can be modified to enhance reaction selectivity.
5 citations
4 citations
TL;DR: High temperature is an important means for inorganic syntheses of novel compounds, materials, and high-temperature phases as discussed by the authors, and various important aspects in high temperature inorganic synthesis, along with their recent progress, such as preparation of rare earth compounds and materials at high temperature, sol-gel process, and precursors in hightemperature synthesis.
Abstract: High temperature is an important means for inorganic syntheses of novel compounds, materials, and high-temperature phases. In this chapter, we highlight the various important aspects in high-temperature inorganic synthesis, along with their recent progress, such as preparation of rare earth compounds and materials at high temperature, sol–gel process, and precursors in high-temperature synthesis; self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of some important materials; high temperature preparation of metal vapor and active molecules used in cryosynthesis; and high temperature electrolysis in molten salt system, following a brief introduction to the basic high-temperature techniques and methods, types, and characters of high-temperature synthetic reactions.
4 citations
TL;DR: A brief introduction of the techniques and methods for attainment and measurement of low temperature and vacuum, and their application in inorganic synthesis at low or ultralow temperature can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Synthesis and separation at low temperature have been widely used in generation of novel low-temperature inorganic compounds and materials. This chapter starts with a brief introduction of the techniques and methods for attainment and measurement of low temperature and vacuum, and their application in inorganic synthesis at low or ultralow temperature. This follows detailed descriptions of the synthetic routes and separation of inorganics at low temperatures and/or under cryogenic condition, such as synthesis and purification of volatile inorganic compounds, formation of noble gas compounds under cryogenic conditions, freeze drying synthesis of inorganic materials, inorganic synthesis in liquid ammonia, and cryosynthesis of unusual inorganic compounds.
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative fate analysis for a compound can be conducted by using the properties of the compounds that can predict transport and transformation, such as the compound's water solubility, vapor pressure, photolytic half-life, octanol water partitioning coefficient, adsorption partitioning coefficients, and biodegradation kinetic coefficient.
Abstract: Treatability studies enhance the chance of choosing an optimal remediation technology and provide pertinent data required for implementation of the selected technology. This chapter discusses general issues associated with bioremediation treatability studies for polluted soil. A qualitative fate analysis for a compound can be conducted by using the properties of the compounds that can predict transport and transformation. These properties include the compound's water solubility, vapor pressure, photolytic half-life, octanol water partitioning coefficient, adsorption partitioning coefficient, and biodegradation kinetic coefficient. Killed controls inhibit microorganisms so that biodegradation cannot occur. Microbial inhibition can be accomplished by gassing the soil with a toxic gas or mixing the soil with a toxic salt such as mercuric chloride, cadmium, or formaldehyde. Bioremediation screening-level studies are designed to determine if a technology has any chance of successfully bioremediating a contaminated site. They often consist of simple analyses and have little resemblance to the full-scale installation that will ultimately remediate the site.