Showing papers in "China Report in 1990"

Ladakh's Trade Relations with Tibet under the Dogras:

Abstract: On account of its geographical contiguity with Eastern Turkestan in the north and Tibet in the east and its direct linkage with the ’silk route’, Ladakh developed into an important transit emporium of multilateral trade between India, Central Asia and Tibet. Leh was the starting point of a trade route that followed the course of the Indus upstream and passed through Demchok, Gartok and Lake Mansarowar to reach Shigatse and Lhasa. Its cultural affinity with Tibet in terms of religion, language, dress and food habits facilitated the exchange of men and material between Ladakh and Tibet. The political, economic and cultural history of Ladakh is intertwined with that of Western Tibet which was the main source for the supply of shawl-wool. Ladakhis engaged in regular trade with the adjoining areas of Guge, Rudok and Gartok in Western Tibet over which Ladakh exercised intermittent control. Western Tibet was more closely tied to Ladakh and the adjoining areas of Lahoul, Spiti and Koonawar politically, economically and culturally. It was connected with Eastern Turkestan by the Leh-Yarkand trade route that passed through the Karakoram Pass. Gartok was the main training mart of Western Tibet, where a trade fair was held each year during the summer months. Merchants from neighbouring areas of Ladakh, Koonawar, Rampur, Kumaon, East Turkestan and even from as far as the Russian dominions, attended this fair to exchange their wares for local raw materials such as borax, salt, shawl-wool and gold.’ 1

The Chinese Woman in the Construction of Western Feminism: A Case Study

Abstract: Nothing is less certain than the truth' about China accordintg to some Viennese professor, or anyone else here in the West.1

Special Education and Research on Developmentally Delayed Children in China

Abstract: Attending to the effects of developmental delay is one of the most important problems for medicine and education in contemporary society. The degree to which attention is paid to developmental delay reflects a nation's level of civilisation. Until several years ago, research on developmental delay was minimal in China. Yet, there have been dramatic changes and significant developments since China's so-called "Cultural Revolution" (1966-76). By examining the changes that have occurred, we may be able to learn about the future for education (and specifically special education) in China.

The PRC at Forty: Women and the Land Question in China

Abstract: The mak contrsst between these two statements is not to be found in the differing social backgrounds of women themselves, but in the policies and practices adopted for the elimination of women’s inequality and their liberation from familial and extrafamilial oppression during the last forty years. Land reform, carried out in much of the liberated areas of China prior to 1949, swept over most of the countryside in 1950-52. It involved redistribution of land from landlords and, to a lesser extent, from rich peasants, to small and landless peasants. Thus 700 million mu* of land covering approximately 44 per cent of

Chinese Revolution and Foreign Relations: 1911–1949

Abstract: Modem China has undergone a tortuous process in dealing with foreign countries. Before the Opium War, China was a feudal country. When the doors of this ancient country were forced open by the bombardment of the British cannons, capitalist influence flooded in like a swift current, bringing misery and humiliation to the Chinese nation, leading the whole society, step by step, into the position of a semi-colony. By the early twentieth century, China had signed unequal treaties with almost every capitalist country in the world. By these unqual treaties, Chinese territory was ceded, harbours forcibly occupied, tariff sovereignty seized, financial lifelines manipulated, and economic rights to railways and mines snatched. Foreign powers' intluence extended throughout the country, state sovereignty was torn to pieces, the national economy was depressed, and people were living in untold misery and suffering. These historical facts of more than half a century have proved that foreign invasion and oppression by the feudal rulers of the country were the fundamental reasons for China's povertv and backwardness. The only way, therefore, to turn China into a sovereign, integrated, strong and prosperous country, was to rid it of the shackles o f foreign oppression, and make it an independent country. Foreign invasion had another impact on China. Chinese society had for a long time been stagnant due to its self-sufficiency and its policy of closing its doors t o the outside world. thus limiting information about new productive torccs. This oppressive situation finally ended with the invasion of the foreign powers. The advanced production technology of the foreign capitalists stimulated the developnient of Chinese national capitalism. And Chinese liberal intellectuals. intluenced by enlightened Western thought and culture, began to demand a change in the status quo, and campaigned for a new economic formation. In these two ways, foreign invasion helped promote factors conducive to social revolution in China.

Foreign Tourism in China, in Australia, and between Australia and China: Some Observations and Comparisons

Abstract: The Australian tourist experience provides some basis for comparison with China and trends in tourism between Australia and China provide a useful case study of the difficulties which China faces in attracting foreign tourists. These aspects are discussed in this paper which also examines trends in foreign tourism to China from the main international sources and identifies tourism policy problems in China which require attention. -Author

The Elusive Triangle: Tibet in India-China Relations—A Brief Conspectus

Abstract: 1’he scope of this brief exercise is vast: perhaps a little too vast and ambitious. It may therefore be useful if the principal strands woven into the narrative are presented in a summary statement. This has been attempted in a few opening paragraphs. In its long and chequered annals, Tibet’s links with India and China date back almost to the dawn of her recorded history. They rested largely on close Buddhist ties: Tibetan lamaism is an offshoot of the Mahayana school of Buddhism and the Dalai Lama, a Bodhisatva. Moreover, the Tibetan script was based on Devanagari, the language itself leaning heavily on Sanskrit. In the event, traffic in the learned panditas who travelled to and fro with loads of religious texts made India, for the average Tibetan, a sacred land, a land of pilgrimage. In sum, the ties between India and Tibet were spiritual bonds, with