Showing papers in "Cladistics in 1989"

TL;DR: In this article, two new indices, already in use in Hennig86, and explaining their interpretation are presented. The consistency index, which measures the consistency of a character to a tree, has been widely and successfully employed, but might be capable of some improvement for certain applications.

TL;DR: New algorithms for both ordered and unordered characters are presented to reconstruct character evolution under the uncertain‐resolution interpretation of polytomies, which allow the cladogram to resolve itself so as to be favourable for the character whose evolution is being reconstructed.

TL;DR: Additional applications of the bootstrap are proposed which provide useful information about phylogeny even when many clades are found not to be supported with confidence, and the distinction between hypotheses about membership in particular clades and hypotheses about entire topologies is discussed.

TL;DR: Some transitions do not accord with the results: long‐term polygyny evidently did not evolve directly from a “rudimentary‐caste‐containing” stage, and a stage of tasteless nest sharing may not have occurred.

TL;DR: Each method is capable of distorting relative differences between taxa, but segment‐coding produces the least amount of distortion, provided the range of variation of the character is divided into a sufficient number of character states.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the DNA hybridization approach remains the best and most cost‐effective guide to phylogenetic relationships over its useful range, and serious flaws in certain recent attempts to apply the method to specific cases among primates and birds are demonstrated.

TL;DR: This article argued that the appropriateness of the three different interpretations of widespread taxa (Assumptions 0, 1 and 2) depends on the cladistic relationships of the widespread taxon, and on the spatial arrangement of the areas of endemism.

TL;DR: Cladistics has developed relatively free from entangling controversies about evolutionary models, most of which impinge upon systematics at the species level or at sub-specific levels and the initial question is whether these notions apply to species and, if so, in what way.

TL;DR: 18S ribosomal RNA sequences from 11 echinoderms are analysed using parsimony to investigate phylogenetic relationships and compared with well‐established morphological phylogenies to discover at what evolutionary distance the two approaches start to produce incongruent results.

TL;DR: A phylogenetic test in which amounts of discrete character change relative to an outgroup are compared between sister taxa is provided, which provides conceptual improvements regarding monophyly, equal age of taxa, and distribution of homoplasy.

TL;DR: The best fit estimate of the retrospective information content of a classification is argued to be the proportion of the maximal sum of informative subgroups to which each included taxon is assigned.

TL;DR: The proposed hypothesis‐independent method of weighting cladistir characters, based on character compatibility, is used in two fashions, to generate cladograms, and to select from multiple minimum length cladograms.

TL;DR: In both these studies, character polarity, as specified by the ontogenetic criterion, was evaluated by romparison to polarity as inferred from particular phylogenies.

TL;DR: A multivariatc model for taxa and characters is presented that represents taxa as points in an ordination space such that shared derived character states define groups of taxa or regions in this space.

TL;DR: A manual cladistic analysis, subsequently expanded with a PAUP computer analysis, was performed on 21 genera of the monophyletic taxon Pandaloidea, and the genus Pandalopsis was synonymized with “Pandalus”.

TL;DR: The analysis suggests that both terrestrial and freshwater species within this family have evolved from a marine ancestor, and the cladogram suggests that Antiponemetes is paraphyletic, and it is combined with Argonemertes to form a monophyletic genus.

TL;DR: The cladistic analysis, applying parsimony methods to the unweighted data set, yielded 25 equally parsimonious trees, each with a consistency index of 0.57.

TL;DR: An algorithm has been found for calculation of the expected mean, variance and skewness for random binary data with up to 13 OTUs, based on the number of characters representing each type of partition of the OTUs.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that in Tristiridae differentiation of thephallic complex preceded differentiation of external morphology and that characters from the phallic complex arc less conservative than those from the external morphology.

TL;DR: The single most parsimonious cladogram from the combined data supported the monophyly of the Agaricales and made little difference whether or not the transition-transversion bias was taken into account in the phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data.