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Showing papers in "Classical World in 1998"


MonographDOI
TL;DR: Gutas as mentioned in this paper explores the major social, political and ideological factors that occasioned the unprecedented translation movement from Greek into Arabic in Baghdad, the newly founded capital of the Arab dynasty of the 'Abbasids', during the first two centuries of their rule.
Abstract: From the middle of the eighth century to the tenth century, almost all non-literary and non-historical secular Greek books, including such diverse topics as astrology, alchemy, physics, botany and medicine, that were not available throughout the eastern Byzantine Empire and the Near East, were translated into Arabic. Greek Thought, Arabic Culture explores the major social, political and ideological factors that occasioned the unprecedented translation movement from Greek into Arabic in Baghdad, the newly founded capital of the Arab dynasty of the 'Abbasids', during the first two centuries of their rule. Dimitri Gutas draws upon the preceding historical and philological scholarship in Greco-Arabic studies and the study of medieval translations of secular Greek works into Arabic and analyses the social and historical reasons for this phenomenon. Dimitri Gutas provides a stimulating, erudite and well-documented survey of this key movement in the transmission of ancient Greek culture to the Middle Ages.

565 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparative illustrations show the symptoms in ancient Egyptian and modern patients, and the criteria by which ancient Egyptian doctors made their diagnosis - many still valid today - are highlighted.

400 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of Plato's moral philosophy, from the Socratic dialogues to its fullest exposition in the Republic, is discussed, and a brief and selective discussion of the Statesmen, Philebus, and Laws is included.
Abstract: This book expounds and examines Plato's answer to the normative question, 'how ought we to live?' It discusses Plato's conception of the virtues; his views about the connection between these and happiness; and the account of reason, desire, and motivation that underlies his arguments about the virtues. Irwin traces the development of Plato's moral philosophy, from the Socratic dialogues to its fullest exposition in the Republic. He discusses Plato's reasons for abandoning or modifying some aspects of Socratic ethics, and for believing that he preserves Socrates' essential insights. A brief and selective discussion of the Statesmen, Philebus, and Laws is included. Plato's answer to the epistemological question 'how can we know how we ought to live?' is also discussed. His views on knowledge, belief, and inquiry, and his theory of forms, are examined in so far as they are relevant to his ethical views. This book expands the discussion in Plato's Moral Theory (OUP, 1977) to provide an introduction to all important aspects of Plato's ethical thought. A fuller account of the main questions is given, and recent controversies in the interpretation of Plato's ethics are discussed. The book does not presuppose knowledge of Greek, or any extensive knowledge of Plato.

307 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a model for the interpretation of the meaning of the word "dream" in the context of metaphorical narratives of the human imagination, and discuss the two Gregorys and Ascetic Dreaming.
Abstract: AcknowledgmentsAbbreviationPt. IImages and Concepts of DreamingCh. 1Figurations of Dream14Ch. 2Theories of Dreams39Ch. 3Interpretation of Dreams74Ch. 4Dreams and Therapy106Pt. IIDreamersCh. 5Hermas and the Shepherd131Ch. 6Perpetua and Her Diary of Dreams148Ch. 7Aelius Aristides and The Sacred Tales184Ch. 8Jerome and His Dreams205Ch. 9The Two Gregorys and Ascetic Dreaming232Bibliography255Index271

141 citations


MonographDOI
TL;DR: The Satyricon, the oldest surviving work of prose fiction, is in many respects an arrestingly modern ancient novel but the inclusion within it of thirty short poems and two long ones introduces an alien feature in need of investigation.
Abstract: The ancient novel, previously relegated to the margins of literary study, has recently taken its place at centre stage. Petronius' Satyricon, the oldest surviving work of prose fiction, is in many respects an arrestingly modern ancient novel but the inclusion within it of thirty short poems and two long ones introduces an alien feature in need of investigation. In this study, Catherine Connors draws on developments in Latin literary criticism to take a comprehensive approach to the Satyricon's poems, reminiscences of poetic texts, and the figure of the poet, assessing the ways in which they fragment and refashion established literary forms into a new amalgam of prose fiction. This book will be of interest to students of Latin literature, Neronian culture, and the early history of the novel. All Latin and Greek is translated.

102 citations



BookDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the New Dynasts: Their Early Years of Power 3. The Restoration of the Empire 4. The Home Front Domestic Problems 5. The Final Years of the British Empire.
Abstract: Preface. Introduction. 1. The Imperial Context 2. The New Dynasts: Their Early Years of Power 3. The Restoration of the Empire 4. The Home Front Domestic Problems 5. The Final Years

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model of agricultural change in the Roman suburbium and agricultural development in central Italy is described in this paper, with a focus on marketing and urbanisation in a pre-industrial economy.
Abstract: Introduction: Rome and Italy 1. The metropolitan city in a pre-industrial economy 2. The demographic burden 3. A model of agricultural change 4. The transformation of the Roman suburbium 5. Agricultural development in central Italy 6. Exploiting the margins 7. Marketing and urbanisation Conclusion Bibliography Index.

96 citations





MonographDOI
TL;DR: The role of women in the formation of these associations was discussed in this paper, where women sat in ancient synagogues in Egypt and the roles of women were discussed in the community of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Abstract: Contents. Preface. Contributors. Abbreviations. Dedication. 1. Voluntary Associations: An Overview S.G. Wilson 2. Collegia and Thiasoi John S. Kloppenborg 3. Philosophiai: Graeco-Roman, Judean, and Christian Steve N. Mason 4. Ecclesia and Voluntary Associations Wayne O. McCready 5. The Collegia and Roman Law Wendy Cotter 6. Early synagogues as collegia Peter Richardson 7. Philo and the Clubs and Associations of Alexandria Torrey Seland 8. Graeco-Roman Voluntary Associations and the Damascus Document, A Sociological Analysis Sandra Walker Ramisch 9. Voluntary Association and Networks: Aelius Aristides Harold Remus 10. The Mysteries of Mithras Roger Beck 11. The Place of Cult in Voluntary Associations and Christian Churches on Delos B. Hudson McLean 12. Jewish Voluntary Associations in Egypt and the Roles of Women Peter Richardson and Valerie Heuchan 13. Evidence for Women in the Community of the Dead Sea Scrolls Eileen Schuller 14. Where Women Sat in Ancient Synagogues Sharon Lea Mattila Works Cited

BookDOI
TL;DR: Fantham as mentioned in this paper provides a survey of the evolving generic traditions of Greek and Roman elegy, and situates Ovid's composite poem in its Augustan literary and historical context.
Abstract: Book IV of the Fasti, Ovid's celebration of the Roman calendar and its associated legends, is the book of April and honours the festivals of Venus, Cybele, Ceres, and their cult, as well as the traditional date of the foundation of Rome and many religious and civic anniversaries. Elaine Fantham accompanies her commentary with a revised text and an extended introduction. Besides including surveys of language, style, versification, and textual transmission, the introduction looks at the shifting generic traditions of Greek and Roman elegy, and situates Ovid's composite poem in its Augustan literary and historical context. Other sections explain the recurring religious, astronomical and dynastic material of the Fasti. It has been a particular concern to relate features of Book IV to the other books of the Fasti and to Ovid's other elegiac works, and the Metamorphoses.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive and nuanced look at one of the most captivating mythic figures of all time can be found in this paper, which examines the major representations of Medea in myth, art, and ancient and contemporary literature, as well as the philosophical, psychological, and cultural questions these portrayals raise.
Abstract: From the dawn of European literature, the figure of Medea--best known as the helpmate of Jason and murderer of her own children--has inspired artists in all fields throughout all centuries. Euripides, Seneca, Corneille, Delacroix, Anouilh, Pasolini, Maria Callas, Martha Graham, Samuel Barber, and Diana Rigg are among the many who have given Medea life on stage, film, and canvas, through music and dance, from ancient Greek drama to Broadway. In seeking to understand the powerful hold Medea has had on our imaginations for nearly three millennia, a group of renowned scholars here examines the major representations of Medea in myth, art, and ancient and contemporary literature, as well as the philosophical, psychological, and cultural questions these portrayals raise. The result is a comprehensive and nuanced look at one of the most captivating mythic figures of all time.Unlike most mythic figures, whose attributes remain constant throughout mythology, Medea is continually changing in the wide variety of stories that circulated during antiquity. She appears as enchantress, helper- maiden, infanticide, fratricide, kidnapper, founder of cities, and foreigner. Not only does Medea's checkered career illuminate the opposing concepts of self and other, it also suggests the disturbing possibility of otherness within self. In addition to the editors, the contributors include Fritz Graf, Nita Krevans, Jan Bremmer, Dolores M. O'Higgins, Deborah Boedeker, Carole E. Newlands, John M. Dillon, Martha C. Nussbaum, Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood, and Marianne McDonald.

MonographDOI
TL;DR: Montserrat and Nacktleben as discussed by the authors described a body's trajectory through time in the early Christian world. But their focus was on the body as a sign and not the body itself.
Abstract: List of plates, List of figures, List of journal abbreviations, Notes on Contributors, Acknowledgements, 1. Introduction, Dominic Montserrat, Part I: Perfect Bodies, Imperfect Bodies, 2. Disabling Bodies, Nicholas Vlahogiannis, 3. The Dynamics of Beauty in Classical Greece, Richard Hawley, Part II: Bodies and Signs in Latin Literature, 4. Exuvias effigiemque: Dido, Aeneas and the body as sign, Angus Bowie, 5. Bodies in Flux: Ovid's Metamorphoses, Penelope Murray, Part III: Modifying the Early Christian Body, 6. Bodies and blood: Late Antique debate on martyrdom, virginity, and resurrection, Gillian Clark, 7. Reading the Disjointed Body in Coptic: from physical modification to textual fragmentation, Terry Wilfong, Part IV: The Ancient Body's Trajectory through Time, 8. The Irresistible Body and the Seduction of Archaeology, Lynn Meskell, 9. Unidentified Human Remains: mummies and the erotics of biography, Dominic Montserrat, 10. Nacktleben, Jane Stevenson


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the work of all three great tragedians and approached them from a variety of perspectives on history and theory, including poststructuralism and Marxism, to coordinate theoretically informed readings of tragedy with a renewed attention to the pressure of material history within those texts.
Abstract: In this book, some of the foremost scholars of Greek drama explore the work of all three great tragedians and approach them from a variety of perspectives on history and theory, including poststructuralism and Marxism. They investigate the possibilities for coordinating theoretically informed readings of tragedy with a renewed attention to the pressure of material history within those texts. The collection thus represents a response within classics to "New Historicism" and the debates it has generated within related literary disciplines.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Language of Hektor: Trojan Kleos as mentioned in this paper is a translation of the language of Achilles and Strife from the Greek language of Strife to the English language of hektor.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Kosmos and Clamour: Assembling the Troops Chapter 4 Face-to-Face: Fighting Talk and Talking Trojan Chapter 5 The Language of Hektor: Trojan Kleos Chapter 6 Strife and the Language of Achilles Chapter 7 Conclusion Chapter 8 Bibliography Chapter 9 Index

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors collected together 14 articles by leading authorities covering history, the law, mythology, literature, and religion in Graeco-Roman antiquity, reflecting 20 years of scholarship, and the detailed and substantial introduction has been written by Gillian Clark, an expert in the field, lecturer in classics, University of Liverpool and author of Women in Late Antiquity.
Abstract: This volume collects together 14 articles by leading authorities covering history, the law, mythology, literature, and religion in Graeco-Roman antiquity, reflecting 20 years of scholarship. The majority of articles have been updated to take account of the latest discoveries and developments, and the detailed and substantial introduction has been written by Gillian Clark, an expert in the field, lecturer in classics, University of Liverpool and author of Women in Late Antiquity . This book is intended for 1st/2nd/3rd year undergraduates and sixth form students of classics, women's studies, literature, history, sociology.




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the way in which law integrated with other aspects of life in ancient Greece and revealed a number of different pathways between law and political, social, and economic life in Greek societies.
Abstract: This volume explores the way in which law integrated with other aspects of life in ancient Greece. The papers collected here reveal a number of different pathways between law and political, social, and economic life in Greek societies. Emanating from several scholarly traditions, they offer a range of contrasting but complementary insights rarely collected together. What emerges clearly is that law in Greece only takes on its full meaning in a broadly political context. Dynamic tensions govern the relationships between this semi-autonomous legal arena and other spheres of life. An ideology of equality before the law was juxtaposed with a practical reality of individuals' unequal abilities to cope with it. It is hard to draw firm lines between the settlement of cases in court and the spill-over of legal actions into the agora, the streets, the fields, and the houses. Hence it is hardly surprising if justice can all too easily give way to justification.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors reconstructs the trial of Socrates, especially the case raised by the accusers, based on Xenophon's Memorabilia and a pseudo-Platonic dialogue between Socrates and Anytus.
Abstract: This study reconstructs the trial of Socrates, especially, the case raised by the accusers. The first part discusses the sources, in particular, the evaluation by Xenophon’s Memorabilia. The second part of the study reconstructs the trial based on a new assessment of sources. The third part discusses the political aspects of the trial, arguing that having raised political accusations against Socrates was not necessarily a violation of the amnesty of 403. Moreover, a prosopographical study of the social circle around Socrates shows that a high number of his “friends” were citizens who had joined the oligarchic revolution 411 and 404-403 and had been convicted of treason and / or impiety. Finally, a pseudo-Platonic dialogue between Socrates and Anytus in which Socrates has to admit that democracy is the best constitution is presented.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a collection of genuine and doubtful fragments and testimonias on music and cosmogony, and a list of genuine fragments and testimonies on number and number.
Abstract: Part I. Introduction: 1. Life and writings 2. Authenticity Part II. Philolaus' Philosophy: 3. Limiters and unlimiteds 4. Number and Harmonia 5. Philolaus' use of archai and the method of hypothesis Part III. Genuine Fragments and Testimonia: 6. Basic principles 7. Epistemology 8. Cosmogony 9. Astronomy 10. Embryology and medicine 11. Soul and psychic faculties 12. Miscellaneous genuine fragments and testimonia Part IV. Spurious or Doubtful Fragments and Testimonia: 13. The world soul 14. Fragments and testimonia on number 15. Fragments and testimonia on music 16. Gods and angles 17. Fragments and testimonia on cosmology 18. Fragments on soul 19. Miscellaneous fragments and testimonia Bibliography Indexes.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cremna, a ruined city of southern Turkey, has one of the most spectacular sites in Asia Minor, high in the Taurus mountains as mentioned in this paper, where Roman forces staged a major siege of the city, and recaptured it in AD 278.
Abstract: Cremna, a ruined city of southern Turkey, has one of the most spectacular sites in Asia Minor, high in the Taurus mountains. For long a stronghold of hellenised Pisidians, Cremna was re-founded as a veteran colony by the emperor Augustus. From the age of Hadrian until the early third century ad the colony enjoyed a boom in public buildings, whose remains still adorn the site. Disaster struck in the late third century when Cremna became the centre for a regional insurrection against Roman rule. Roman forces staged a major siege of the city, and recaptured it in AD 278. A bishopric in Late Antiquity, Cremna was abandoned in the sixth or seventh century. This book gives a detailed reconstruction of Cremna's life and history, based on an intensive survey of the archaeological remains between 1985 and 1987. There is a lively account of the survey itself. The book also traces the story of the rediscovery of the site in 1833 and the contributions of early travellers and archaeologists. There is a full study of the public building programme of Cremna from the first century BC to the third century AD; of the aqueduct, water supply and domestic housing; and of church building in Late Antiquity. The highlight of the archaeological survey was the discovery of numerous remains of the Roman siege of AD 278. The siege of Cremna demonstrates classical techniques of Roman siege warfare, which hitherto were best known from Josephus' account of the Jewish Revolt in AD 66-73. Cremna in Pisidia is written in a style accessible to general readers as well as to specialists. It is not only a definitive account of an important city of the Roman East. It is also a case study exploring many of the common characteristics of civic life in the Roman world.