Showing papers in "Clinical Microbiology and Infection in 2016"

TL;DR: The negative impact of antibiotic resistance on patients, the healthcare system and society is discussed and antibiotic treatment guidelines favouring increasingly broad-spectrum empiric therapy are discussed.

TL;DR: The ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB) is a large-scale, randomized, placebo-controlled study that aims to provide real-time information on the safe and effective use of antibiotics in the treatment of central nervous system disorders.

TL;DR: No single commercial test can be used as a stand-alone test for diagnosing CDI as a result of inadequate positive predictive values at low CDI prevalence, so the use of a two-step algorithm is recommended.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of poultry meat on salmonellosis at a global scale and the main problems that could hinder the success of Salmonella control measures at animal production level.

TL;DR: Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.

TL;DR: The results indicate the importance of bacterial surveillance studies and show a marked decrease of methicillin resistance from 69% in 2005 to 44.6% in 2014 was observed for Staphylococcus aureus.

TL;DR: Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract reflect the combinations of medications that people ingest, and the bacterial composition of the gut varied with the type of NSAID ingested.

TL;DR: This study provides further evidence that the biofilm phenotype represents a significant clinical entity, and that isolates with this phenotype differentially respond to antifungal therapy in vitro, and shows that greater clinical understanding is required with respect to Candida biofilm infections and the implications of isolate heterogeneity.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant organisms in PJIs has increased in the recent years and the observed trends have important implications for the management of PJIs and prophylaxis in joint replacements.

TL;DR: It is shown that Mucorales quantitative PCR could not only confirm the mucormycosis diagnosis when other mycological arguments were present but could also anticipate this diagnosis.

TL;DR: A review of recent findings about TTV discusses the main hurdles in translating them into clinical diagnostics and identifies anthropogenic pollution and functional immune competence in immunosuppressed individuals.

TL;DR: The possible reasons for underascertainment of cryptosporidiosis and the importance of accurate diagnosis in clinical management are explored, the epidemiology of human cryptosporaidiosis is explored, and key messages from recent outbreaks are highlighted to highlight important interventions and emerging public health issues.

TL;DR: The composition and diversity of microbiota in the normal adult human conjunctiva were characterized using high-throughput sequencing and a framework for investigating potential roles played by the diverse microbiota in disease related with the ocular surface was provided.

TL;DR: The results serve as a reference describing key features of current paediatric IPD strains in the USA after PCV13 implementation.

TL;DR: The consistent observation of specific human ExPEC lineages in poultry or poultry products, and rarely in other meat commodities, supports the hypothesis that there may be a poultry reservoir for human Ex PEC and contributes to the relevance to public health, food animal production and food safety.

TL;DR: An overview of the implications of C. butyricum for human health, from the beneficial to the pathogenic, and focuses on pathogenic strains associated with the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis.

TL;DR: The key elements of the World Health Organization's first-ever global health sector strategy for addressing the viral hepatitis pandemic are summarized and the opportunities for preventative and treatment interventions are reviewed.

TL;DR: Overall the population structure of C. auris showed evidence of geographical clustering by all the three techniques analysed, and Evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS as a typing method for this yeast is warranted.

TL;DR: Characteristics of long-acting antibiotics could represent an opportunity for the management of ABSSSI and could profoundly modify theManagement of these infections by reducing or in some cases eliminating both costs and risks of hospitalization.

TL;DR: Some difference in the intestinal microbial ecosystem of obese children compared with the lean ones and a significant association between number of Lactobacillus spp.

TL;DR: This review focuses on bacterial emerging diseases and explores factors involved in their emergence as well as future challenges, and identified 26 major emerging and reemerging infectious diseases of bacterial origin.

TL;DR: Aerococci have often been misidentified as streptococci in microbiology laboratories, leading to an underestimation of these bacteria as causes of human infections, and an increased awareness of aerococci and the introduction of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has led to an increased isolation.

TL;DR: Strong differences in uptake, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory response were observed between primary cells and their corresponding cell lines, demonstrating that cell lines reflect only partially the functions and physiology of primary cells.

TL;DR: Use of a definitive therapy with at least two antibiotics displaying in vitro activity against the KPC-Kp isolates was the most important determinant of favourable outcome, whilst isolation of colistin-resistant strains was associated with death in septic patients with KPC -Kp infection.

TL;DR: Hypervirulent clones (CC23K1, CC86K2, CC65K2 and CC380K2) were infrequent among K. pneumoniae isolates causing bacteraemia in this geographical area, and a hypermucoviscous phenotype as determined with the string test is not enough to recognize these clones.

TL;DR: The prevalence of HAdV species, the frequencies of persistence in the GI tract and reactivations post transplant indicated a correlation of intestinal H adenoviruses shedding pre-transplant with high risk of invasive infection.

TL;DR: WGS-based antimicrobial phenotype prediction was an informative alternative to BDT for invasive pneumococci and correctly predicted penicillin-binding protein types and common resistance determinants.

TL;DR: Progress across a range of trials is discussed, together with prospects for isolating individual molecular mediators from helminths that may offer defined new therapies for inflammatory conditions.

TL;DR: A full understanding of the HCV-mediated tumourigenic process is required to elucidate if pro-oncogenic signatures may persist after virus clearance, and to identify novel tools for HCC prevention and therapy.

TL;DR: The Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AFST) of the ESCMID European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptible Testing (EUCAST) has determined breakpoints for isavuconazole and Aspergillus and for itraconazole, and a new document summarizing existing and new minimum inhibitory concentration ranges for quality control strains is released.