Showing papers in "Cognition in 1992"

TL;DR: This paper provides a tutorial introduction to numerical cognition, with a review of essential findings and current points of debate, and proposes a triple-code model, which assumes that numbers are mentally manipulated in an arabic, verbal or analogical magnitude code depending on the requested mental operation.

TL;DR: The preverbal system of counting and arithmetic reasoning revealed by experiments on numerical representations in animals is described and a model of the fact retrieval process accounts for the salient features of the reaction time differences and error patterns revealed by experiment on mental arithmetic.

TL;DR: A computer model that implements the spreading-activation theory of conceptually driven lemma retrieval is shown to be able to account for many basic findings on the time course of object naming, object categorization, and word categorization in the picture-word interference paradigm.

TL;DR: This article provides a tutorial review of the area of cognitive arithmetic, discussing the four basic empirical effects that characterize the evidence on cognitive arithmetic: the effects of problem size or difficulty, errors, relatedness, and strategies of processing.

TL;DR: It is found that whereas autistic children perform very poorly on tests of the concept, believes, they are at or near ceiling on comparable tasks that test understanding of pictorial representation, which supports the existence of a specialized cognitive mechanism, which subserves the development of folk psychological notions, and which is dissociably damaged in autism.

TL;DR: This paper introduces a special issue of Cognition on lexical access in speech production by outlining some core issues that have been or still have to be addressed in the accessing process, and discusses the controversial question whether phonological encoding can affect lexical selection.

TL;DR: Cognitive neuropsychological research on acquired dyscalculia is discussed, surveying issues of current interest, and illustrating the ways in which analyses of acquired deficits can contribute to an understanding of normal processing are illustrated.

TL;DR: Some initial production priming explorations are reported that support the hypothesis that lemmas are buffered in longer utterances before they are phonologically specified, and a reconciliation of modular and interactive accounts of these stages is suggested.

TL;DR: The results strongly support social contract theory, contradict availability theory, and cannot be accounted for by pragmatic reasoning schema theory, which lacks the pragmatic concepts of perspectives and cheating detection.

TL;DR: People universally recognize facial expressions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and perhaps, surprise, suggesting a perceptual mechanism tuned to the facial configuration displaying each emotion.

TL;DR: The most striking is a decrease of frequency with numerical magnitude, with local increases for reference numerals such as 10, 12, 15, 20, 50 or 100, which reveals the frequent confound of two experimental variables: numerical magnitude and numeral frequency.

TL;DR: An elaboration of Levelt's (1989) model in which these processes interact with the grammatical encoder and the mental lexicon is presented, and the consequences of decomposition for processing models are addressed.

TL;DR: It is supposed that generative language evolved, perhaps from H. habilis on, as a system of manual gestures, but switched to a predominantly vocal system with H. sapiens sapiens, and the subsequent "cultural explosion" can be attributed to the freeing of the hands from primary involvement in language, so that they could be exploited, along with generativity, for manufacture, art, and other activities.

TL;DR: Based on longitudinal data from impaired and unimpaired monolingual German-speaking children, a striking, statistically significant correlation is found: plural affixes that are used in overregularizations, namely -n or -s, are left out within compounds, showing that even impaired children are sensitive to the distinction between regular and irregular morphology.

TL;DR: The authors first review Galton's observations, and then present their own, and discuss the relevance of these visuo-spatial representations of numbers in relation to contemporary debates on number representation and calculation.

TL;DR: Findings provide evidence that the emergence of numerical reasoning does not depend upon the prior development of a verbal counting ability or upon cultural experience with numbers.

TL;DR: It is concluded that people try to construct a mental model of the premises but, if there is a believable conclusion consistent with the first model they produce, then they fail to construct alternative models.

TL;DR: A minimalist interpretation of available data on phonological errors is proposed that involves variable loss of information in transmission between processing subsystems and is shown to be inadequately grounded.

TL;DR: The objective is to comment on some plausible mutual implications of generally attested pathologies and normal models of lexical retrieval for production, particularly with respect to the roles of semantic and syntactic categories.

TL;DR: Five error elicitation experiments were carried out using sets of tongue-twisters based on pairs of confusable target consonants to test the hypothesis that similarity in position within the syllable provides an adequate description of the position constraints on segmental interaction errors in American English.

TL;DR: It is argued that detailed and comprehensive models of phonological encoding cannot be derived solely on the basis of error analyses and instead of using the properties of errors to draw inferences about the generation of correct word forms, future research should directly investigate the normal process of phonology encoding.

TL;DR: Results showed that infants discriminate the voices of the individual talkers, although discriminating one mixed group of talkers from another is too difficult for them.

TL;DR: The "problem of three prisoners", a counterintuitive teaser, is analyzed and a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the probability of the target event, following observation of new data, is proposed.

TL;DR: The results suggest that the perception of musical time is not veridical but "warped" by the structural representation, which may provide a natural basis for performance evaluation: expected timing patterns sound more or less regular, unexpected ones irregular.

TL;DR: It was found that even 7-year-olds could use metaconceptual criteria such as the range, empirical consistency, and logical consistency of theories when the theories did not violate their beliefs, demonstrating that even young children share some of the cognitive underpinnings of scientific rationality that scientists do.

TL;DR: The data support models of sentence parsing that postulate that the parsing of a sentence is based upon structurally based principles and the influence of semantic or pragmatic information makes itself felt only after the initial parsing decision has been made.

TL;DR: A simpler explanation of the phenomena is proposed: subjects in the selection task consider only those cards that are explicitly represented in their models of the conditional, and so insight into the task depends on constructing fully explicit models.

TL;DR: Landau, Jones and Smith (1992) (hereafter LJS) clarify the position taken by Landau, Smith, and Jones (1988), and briefly describe results from several subsequent papers, which are in agreement with LJS's restriction of the projection of word meaning on the basis of shape to cases of count nouns referring to rigid objects.

TL;DR: It is established that Johnson-Laird and Byrne cannot provide a complete account of deontic reasoning, even in the selection task, without taking account of preferences, and so of subjective utility in the technical sense.