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Showing papers in "Communication Theory in 2011"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the theory of parental mediation, which has evolved to consider how parents utilize interpersonal communication to mitigate the negative effects that they believe communication media have on their children, and suggest L. Vygotsky's social development theory as a means of rethinking the role of children's agency in the interactions between parents and children.
Abstract: This article describes the theory of parental mediation, which has evolved to consider how parents utilize interpersonal communication to mitigate the negative effects that they believe communication media have on their children. I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this theory as employed in the sociopsychologically rooted media effects literature as well as sociocultural ethnographic research on family media uses. To account for the emotional work that digital media have introduced into contemporary family life, I review interpersonal communication scholarship based on sociologist A. R. Hochschild's (1977, 1989) work on emotions, and suggest L. Vygotsky's (1978) social development theory as a means of rethinking the role of children's agency in the interactions between parents and children that new media affords. The article concludes by suggesting that in addition to the strategies of active, restrictive, and co-viewing as parental mediation strategies, future research needs to consider the emergent strategy of participatory learning that involves parents and children interacting together with and through digital media.

418 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzed citation patterns of 20,736 scholarly articles in five communication journals with special attention to the 200 most frequently cited papers in an effort to provide an alternative six-stage model of cumulative media effects theories for the period 1956-2005.
Abstract: The literature of media effects is frequently characterized as a three-stage progression initially embracing a theory of strong effects followed by a repudiation of earlier work and new model of minimal effects followed by yet another repudiation and a rediscovery of strong effects. We argue that although this dramatic and somewhat romantic simplification may be pedagogically useful in introductory courses, it may prove a significant impediment to further theoretical refinement and progress in advanced scholarship. We analyze the citation patterns of 20,736 scholarly articles in five communication journals with special attention to the 200 most frequently cited papers in an effort to provide an alternative six-stage model of, we argue, cumulative media effects theories for the period 1956–2005.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors used Giddens' notion of structuration as an overarching framework to identify public measures that distill and report user information as a pivotal mechanism that coordinates and directs the behaviors of both media providers and media users, thus promoting the duality of media.
Abstract: Digital media offer countless options that compete for a limited supply of public attention. The patterns of use that emerge in this environment have important social implications, yet the factors that shape attendance are not well integrated into a single theoretical model. This article posits such a theory using Giddens’s notion of structuration as an overarching framework. It identifies public measures that distill and report user information as a pivotal mechanism that coordinates and directs the behaviors of both media providers and media users, thus promoting the duality of media. The theory is then used to understand evolving patterns of public attention in the digital media environment.

155 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced the concept of audience interactivity, a compound feature-oriented construct that subsumes medium and human interactivity in the context of online newspapers, and examined the relationships between the motives, audience interactivities, gratifications obtained (GO), attitude toward the online newspaper, and repeat visit intention.
Abstract: This study introduced the concept of “audience interactivity,” a compound feature-oriented construct that subsumes medium and human interactivity in the context of online newspapers. By examining the relationships between the motives, audience interactivity, gratifications obtained (GO), attitude toward the online newspaper, and repeat visit intention, this study established “audience interactivity” as an intervening factor in the gratification-seeking process. Four primary gratification-seeking motives were identified, and each motive had distinctive effect on two subdimensions of audience interactivity (i.e., medium vs. human interactivity). In turn, medium and human interactivity had effects on one or more dimensions of GO, which contributed to shaping attitude toward the online newspaper and repeat visit intention. Some limitations and practical implications are discussed.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of virtual along with the philosophical traditions it invokes has received sparse attention in the communication literature, even though the term "virtual" is used so readily to refer to new information and communication technologies (ICTs) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The concept of the virtual along with the philosophical traditions it invokes has received sparse attention in the communication literature, even though the term “virtual” is used so readily to refer to new information and communication technologies (ICTs). In this article, we argue that philosophies of the virtual that dichotomize reality/representation, although perhaps sufficient for analyzing human–computer interfaces through the 21st century, are inadequate for developing theoretical approaches to understanding location-based technologies. We thus summarize different philosophies of the virtual to propose a theoretical framework for the study of locative technologies. We do so to open up an understanding of the practical effects of locative technologies in lived experience and use examples of that experience to show motivations for shifts in theory.

61 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the history of communication studies that is developed from the stateof-research and from the socology of science, and that meetsthedemandsofintersubjectivity is provided.
Abstract: unster, 48143 M¨ unster, Germany Our study provides a model for the history of communication studies that is developed from thestateofresearchandfromthesociologyofscience,andthatmeetsthedemandsofintersubjectivity. The model provides a system of categories for research and helps to systematically and transparently analyze the development of communication studies. After discussing traditional biographical, institutional, and intellectual approaches in German and U.S.American historiography of communication studies, we develop a model that integrates the existing perspectives and also considers influences from the constellation of surrounding disciplines and relevant fields of society. Finally, we demonstrate by means of a study on the history of critical theory in German communication studies how the model can be applied.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the wake of Hurricane Ike, this article surveyed 691 Houston area residents to investigate these differences and contrast them with similar data collected following Hurricane Katrina, finding that socioeconomic status did not predict informational needs or preparations for the storm.
Abstract: Previous research in crisis and risk communication has suggested differences across demographic groups in informational needs and response, including the presence of knowledge gaps. In the wake of Hurricane Ike, the current study surveyed 691 Houston area residents to investigate these differences and contrast them with similar data collected following Hurricane Katrina. The results suggest narrowing knowledge gaps, as socioeconomic status did not predict informational needs or preparations for the storm. Differencesin these needs were still detected across sex and ethnicity. A substantive body of media effects research has examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and access to mediated information. Although dozens of studies have provided evidence for the knowledge gap hypothesis in public affairs, news, and technical information, few have attempted to examine knowledge gaps related to major public health issues, and almost none have explored the phenomenon in the context of an immediate crisis or disaster. Events such as Hurricane Katrina, the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, and repeated flooding in the Midwestern United States all emphasize the need to explore and understand knowledge gaps in issues of public healthandrisk.Socialscientistsandotherscholarsinthepasthavepossiblyoverstated the importance of socioeconomic status, while ignoring relevant cultural factors. The current study seeks to extend knowledge gap to include some demographic considerations independent of socioeconomic status or education, and illustrates this theoreticalextensioninthecontextofarecentnaturaldisaster.Itoffersthatknowledge gaps can be expected during major disasters affecting historically underserved populations, thus rendering at-risk subpopulations especially vulnerable to knowledge

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors propose that public spheres vary along two axes, scale and content, and propose a map of the public sphere that enables social analysts from different traditions as well as social activists utilizing different approaches to see their projects in relation to or in tension with one another.
Abstract: Harnessing public sphere scholarship inspired by Habermas along with civil public spheres and Arendtian political public spheres, this article proposes that public spheres vary along two axes, scale and content. Scholarship describing the multiplicity of publics has significantly advanced our understanding of the public sphere in recent decades, but public spheres are multiple in patterned ways. They may be face-to-face or symbolic and mediated, and they may be political or civic in orientation. An examination of the social movement organizations of “the gay community” demonstrates how the map of the public sphere enables social analysts from different traditions as well as social activists utilizing different approaches to see their projects in relation to or in tension with one another. Une cartographie de la variete des spheres publiques S’appuyant sur la litterature sur la sphere publique inspiree d’Habermas ainsi que sur celle sur les spheres publiques civiles et les spheres publiques politiques de Arendt, cet article propose que les spheres publiques varient selon deux axes, ceux de l’echelle et du contenu. La litterature qui decrit la multiplicite des publics a considerablement fait avancer notre comprehension de la sphere publique dans les dernieres decennies, mais la multiplicite des spheres publiques suit certaines tendances. Elles peuvent etre en face a face ou symboliques et mediees, et elles peuvent etre d’orientation politique ou civique. Un examen des organisations de mouvement social de ≪ la communaute gaie ≫ demontre comment la carte des spheres publiques permet aux analystes sociaux de differentes traditions ainsi qu’aux activistes sociaux utilisant differentes approches de voir leurs projets en relation ou en tension les uns avec les autres. Die Vielfalt der Offentlichkeiten Inspiriert durch die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten von Habermas zu Offentlichkeiten und zu burgerlichen Offentlichkeiten ebenso wie den politischen Offentlichkeiten von Arendt, folgen wir in diesem Artikel der Annahme, dass Offentlichkeiten entlang zweier Achsen variieren, namlich Ausmas und Inhalt. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, die die Vielfalt von Publika beschreiben, haben unser Verstandnis von Offentlichkeiten in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten erweitert. Dennoch sind Offentlichkeiten auf ihre Art vielfaltig. Sie konnen face-to-face oder symbolisch und mediatisiert sein, und sie konnen politisch oder burgerlich orientiert sein. Wir untersuchen verschiedene Bewegungsorganisationen der ,,homosexuellen Gemeinschaft“ um zu zeigen, wie eine Karte der Offentlichkeiten es moglich macht, dass Sozialanalytiker verschiedenster Traditionen wie auch Sozialaktivisten mit verschiedenen Herangehensweisen ihre Projekte in Beziehung oder auch im Kontrast zueinander sehen konnen. Mapeando la Variedad de los Espacios Publicos Resumen Utilizando los estudios de la esfera publica inspirada por Habermas junto a las esferas civiles publicas y las esferas politicas publicas de Arendt, este manuscrito propone que las esferas publicas varian a traves de dos ejes, aquellos de escala y contenido. Los estudios describiendo la multiplicidad de publicos han avanzado significativamente nuestro entendimiento de las esferas publicas en decadas recientes, pero las esferas publicas son multiples en formas pautadas. Ellas pueden ser cara a cara o simbolicas y mediadas, y pueden ser politicas o civiles en orientacion. Una examinacion de las organizaciones de movimientos sociales de ”la comunidad homosexual” demuestra como el mapa de las esferas publicas permite a los analistas sociales de tradiciones diferentes asi como a activistas sociales utilizando distintos enfoques, ver sus proyectos en relacion o en tension uno con el otro.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors bring into conversation work in surveillance studies, critical media studies, RTV, and new media, emphasizing the necessity of seeing connections between types of surveilled subjectivity in popular media as these contribute to a larger ethos about surveillance, subjectivity, data, and our engagement with the world.
Abstract: Aligning reality TV (RTV) with social networking sites (SNSs) enables the development of a geneology in the use of surveillance for displays of the self. By moving from "older" media such as TV to "newer" such as SNSs, we gain insight into how issues at stake for critical scholars studying surveillance practices shift when the spaces (and practices) of surveillance change. We bring into conversation work in surveillance studies, critical media studies, RTV, and new media, emphasizing the necessity of seeing connections between types of surveilled subjectivity in popular media as these contribute to a larger ethos about surveillance, subjectivity, data, and our engagement with the world. We suggest that Facebook brackets practices for synthesizing the contextualizing.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the very existence of risks in our lives is constituted and signified through storied explanations, expectations, and evaluations of potentially significant but uncertain experiences through time, and illustrate these ideas with an analysis of news reporting on several contemporary risks.
Abstract: Narrative plays a prominent role in interpretations and explanations of social reality, particularly in our efforts to understand uncertainties in time, such as social constructions of risk. This article synthesizes narrative and problematic integration theory as a way to illuminate the construction of risk. We argue that the very existence of risks in our lives is constituted and signified through storied explanations, expectations, and evaluations of potentially significant but uncertain experiences through time. We illustrate these ideas with an analysis of news reporting on several contemporary risks and offer alternative understandings to complete the argument that, as social constructions, risks can be understood and lived in multiple ways.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that automatic priming processes are a more parsimonious account for these effects and discuss initial support for these assumptions and distills priming insights into concrete propositions.
Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated how the use of avatars influences perception and behavior in virtual environments. However, the contributions of this research remain scattered as different studies use different theories. This article argues that automatic priming processes are a more parsimonious account for these effects. This perspective assumes that individuals are unconsciously influenced by what they observe. Therefore, avatar features (e.g., dark uniforms) will activate related associations stored in memory (e.g., aggressiveness). These associations will guide subsequent perceptions and behaviors. The article discusses initial support for these assumptions and distills priming insights into concrete propositions. This article also identifies the previous theoretical groupings connected to the effects of perceiving and operating avatars and contrasts their assumptions against the automaticity perspective. Combiner l’influence de la perception et de l’operation d’avatars selon le modele de l’automaticite des effets d’amorcage Des etudes recentes ont demontre comment l’utilisation d’avatars influence la perception et le comportement dans les environnements virtuels. Cependant, les contributions de ces recherches restent dispersees puisque differentes etudes s’appuient sur des theories differentes. Cet article soutient que les processus automatiques d’amorcage constituent une explication plus parcimonieuse de ces effets. Cette perspective presume que les individus sont inconsciemment influences par ce qu’ils observent. Par consequent, des caracteristiques des avatars (p. ex. leurs uniformes fonces) declencheront des associations qui y sont liees et qui sont emmagasinees dans la memoire (p. ex. l’agressivite). Ces associations guideront les perceptions et les comportements subsequents. Cet article discute le soutien initial de ces hypotheses et transforme des idees d’amorcage en propositions concretes. L’article identifie egalement les precedents groupements theoriques lies aux effets de la perception et de l’operation d’avatars et il contraste leurs hypotheses avec celles de la perspective de l’automaticite. Der Einfluss der Wahrnehmung von Avataren und das Handeln als Avatar vor dem Hintergrund des Automatizitatsmodells von Priming-Effekten Neuere Studien haben gezeigt, wie der Einsatz von Avataren die Wahrnehmung und das Verhalten in virtuellen Umgebungen beeinflusst. Nichtsdestotrotz bleibt der Beitrag dieser Forschung eher vereinzelt, da in den Studien unterschiedliche Theorien zum Einsatz kommen. Dieser Aufsatz folgt der Argumentation, dass diese Effekte als automatische Primingprozesse dargestellt werden konnen. Diese Perspektive besagt, dass Personen durch das, was sie beobachten, unterbewusst beeinflusst werden. Avatareigenschaften (z.B. dunkle Uniformen) aktivieren also verwandte Assoziationen, die im Gedachtnis gespeichert sind (z.B. Aggressivitat). Diese Assoziationen leiten wiederum die folgenden Wahrnehmungen und Verhaltensweisen. Der Aufsatz diskutiert erste Hinweise, dass diese Annahmen zutreffen und erarbeitet konkrete Propositionen. Auserdem identifizieren wir die bisherigen theoretischen Verortungen, die mit den Wirkungen der Wahrnehmung und dem Einsatz von Avataren verbunden sind und kontrastieren diese Annahmen mit der Automatizitatssichtweise. Integrando la Influencia de los Avatares Percibidos y Operantes bajo el Modelo de Automaticidad de los Efectos Desencadenantes Resumen Los estudios recientes han demostrado como el uso de los avatares influencia la percepcion y el comportamiento en los contextos virtuales. Sin embargo, las contribuciones de esta investigacion permanecen dispersas dado que diferentes estudios usan diferentes teorias. Este ensayo arguye que los procesos automaticos de desencadenamiento son una explicacion mas parsimoniosa de estos efectos. Esta perspectiva asume que los individuos son inconscientemente influenciados por lo que ellos observan. Entonces, las caracteristicas del avatar (a saber, los uniformes oscuros) activaran las asociaciones almacenadas en la memoria (a saber, la agresividad). Estas asociaciones guiaran las percepciones y los comportamientos subsecuentes. Este ensayo discute el apoyo inicial de estas suposiciones y extrae los entendimientos sobre el desencadenamiento en proposiciones concretas. Este ensayo identifica tambien las agrupaciones teoricas previas conectadas con los efectos de la percepcion y operacion de los avatares y contrasta sus suposiciones contra la perspectiva de la automaticidad.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article analyzed the gendered performance at the Beijing Olympics by looking at the elite cheerleaders and Olympic misses, including medal and country presenters at the Olympic and Paralympic opening and closing ceremonies.
Abstract: This article analyzes the gendered performance at the Beijing Olympics by looking at the elite cheerleaders and Olympic misses, including medal and country presenters at the Olympic and Paralympic opening and closing ceremonies. Drawing upon participant observation, unstructured interviews, media reports, and blogs, this article argues that the paradoxical construction of Chinese women stands for the broader context of Chinese modernity. The seeming paradoxes of tradition and modernity, and Oriental femininity and Occidental sexuality perpetuate old and produce new gender politics in China. The internally contradictory hybrid representation of gender in contemporary China contributes to feminist communication theory by illustrating not only uneven processes of modernity but also the continuing importance of gender in nationalist politics. L’accomplissement du genre aux Olympiques de Pekin : la construction des demoiselles olympiques et des meneuses de claque Cet article analyse l’accomplissement du genre aux Olympiques de Pekin en etudiant les meneuses de claque d’elite et les demoiselles olympiques, notamment les presentatrices de medailles et les presentatrices de pays aux ceremonies d’ouverture et de cloture des Olympiques et des Paralympiques. La demoiselle olympique etait souvent decrite comme un symbole de la « beaute orientale » incarnant la tradition chinoise ; quant a la meneuse de claque, elle representait pour Pekin la modernite de la Chine et son adoption d’une culture mondiale. A partir d’observations participantes, d’entretiens non structures, de compte rendus mediatiques et de blogues, cet article affirme que la construction paradoxale des femmes chinoises illustre le contexte plus large de la modernite chinoise. Les paradoxes apparents entre tradition et modernite et entre feminite orientale et sexualite occidentale perpetuent de vieilles politiques du genre en Chine et en creent de nouvelles. Cette representation hybride et interieurement contradictoire du genre dans la Chine contemporaine contribue a la recherche feministe en communication en illustrant non seulement des mecanismes inegaux de modernite mais aussi l’importance continue du genre dans les politiques nationalistes. Mots cles : Olympiques de Pekin, meneuses de claque, demoiselles olympiques, corps disciplines, femmes chinoises, beaute orientale, corps sexualise, hybridite, nation, genre Die geschlechtsspezifische Darbietung bei den Olympischen Spielen in Peking: Die Konstruktion von olympischen Damen und Cheerleadern Der Aufsatz analysiert die geschlechtsspezifische Darstellung bei den Olympischen Spielen in Peking mittels einer Betrachtung der Cheerleader-Elite und die olympischen Damen, einschlieslich derjenigen, die bei der Eroffnungs- und Schlussfeier der Olympischen und Paralympischen Spiele die Medaillen uberreichten und die Teilnehmerlander prasentierten. Wahrend die olympische Dame oft als Symbol der ,,orientalischen Schonheit“ und Verkorperung der chinesischen Tradition prasentiert wurde, reprasentiert der Cheerleader die Modernitat Chinas und zelebriert diese als Zeichen der Ubernahme einer globalen Kultur. Basierend auf Beobachtungen der TeilnehmerInnen, unstrukturierten Interviews, Medienberichten und Blogs, argumentieren wir in diesem Artikel, dass diese gegensatzliche Konstruktion chinesischer Frauen fur den erweiterten Kontext der chinesischen Moderne steht. Die scheinbaren Gegensatze zwischen Tradition und Moderne, in Form von orientalischer Weiblichkeit und okzidentaler Sexualitat manifestiert die Geschlechterpolitik in China, erschafft gleichzeitig aber auch eine neue. Diese in sich gegensatzliche hybride Reprasentation von Geschlecht im heutigen China leistet ihren Beitrag zur feministischen Kommunikationstheorie, indem nicht nur der unausgeglichene Prozess der Modernitat aufgezeigt wird, sondern auch die fortwahrende Bedeutung von Geschlecht in der nationalen Politik. Schlusselbegriffe: Olympische Spiele in Peking, Cheerleader, olympische Damen, disziplinierte Korper, chinesische Frauen, orientalische Schonheit, sexualisierter Korper, Hybriditat, Nation, Geschlecht El Representacion de Genero en las Olimpiadas de Beijing: La Construccion de las Senoritas Olimpicas y las Porristas Resumen: Este ensayo analiza la representacion de genero en las Olimpiadas de Beijing mirando a la elite de porristas y a las senoritas Olimpicas, incluyendo a los presentadores de medallas y de pais en las Olimpiadas and en la apertura Paralimpica y las Ceremonias de Clausura. Mientras que la senorita Olimpica fue reportada a menudo como un simbolo de la “belleza Oriental” que representa la tradicion China, una porrista fue considerada por Beijing como representativa de la modernidad de China y la adopcion de la cultura global. Haciendo uso de observaciones participativas, entrevistas no estructuradas, reportes de los medios y bitacoras, este articulo arguye que la construccion paradojica de las mujeres Chinas representa el contexto mas amplio de la modernidad China. Las paradojas aparentes entre la tradicion y la modernidad, lo Oriental y lo femenino y la sexualidad Occidental perpetuan viejas y producen nuevas politicas de genero en China. La contradiccion interna de la representacion hibrida de genero en la China contemporanea contribuye a la teoria de comunicacion feminista, ilustrando no solo los procesos desiguales sino tambien la importancia del genero en las politicas nacionales. Palabras claves: Olimpiadas de Beijing, Porristas, Senoritas Olimpicas, Cuerpo Disciplinado, Mujeres Chinas, Belleza Oriental, Sexualizacion del Cuerpo, hibridez, nacion, genero

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the rhetorical production of culture enacts a kind of tropicalization, a troping that imbues rhetorical scenes with an indelibly Latina/o ethos, which accents everyday material forms in East Harlem and demonstrates productive forms of cultural citizenship.
Abstract: By critically engaging various forms of cultural production/material culture in El Barrio/East Harlem, New York, this article challenges communication scholars to explore the relationship between agency and identity, expanding our theoretical understandings of rhetorical agency in Latina/o contexts. This article argues that everyday spaces evidence a tactical, tropicalized rhetorical agency that underwrites cultural citizenship in El Barrio. Casitas, gardens, flags, and murals “make do” with the fissures of the built environment to craft literal and figurative spaces for/of a diasporic and unofficial Nuyorican culture. The rhetorical production of culture enacts a kind of tropicalization—a troping that imbues rhetorical scenes with an indelibly Latina/o ethos—which accents everyday material forms in East Harlem and demonstrates productive forms of cultural citizenship. La tropicalisation d’East Harlem : agentivite rhetorique, citoyennete culturelle et production culturelle « nuyoricaine » En traitant d’un point de vue critique differentes formes de production culturelle ou culture materielle dans El Barrio/East Harlem, a New York, cet article met les chercheurs en communication au defi d’explorer le lien entre agentivite et identite, developpant ainsi notre comprehension theorique de l’agentivite rhetorique en contextes latino-americains. Ce texte affirme que les espaces quotidiens attestent d’une agentivite rhetorique tactique et tropicalisee qui soutient la citoyennete culturelle dans El Barrio. Les casitas, les jardins, les drapeaux et les murales « font avec » les fissures de l’environnement bâti pour produire des espaces litteraux et figuratifs de, et pour, une culture « nuyoricaine » diasporique et non officielle. La production rhetorique de la culture met en pratique une sorte de tropicalisation (un trope qui impregne des scenes rhetoriques d’un ethos latino-americain indelebile), ce qui accentue les formes materielles dans East Harlem et demontre des formes productives de citoyennete culturelle. Mots cles : agentivite rhetorique, culture nuyoricaine, etudes latino-americaines, tropicalisation, citoyennete culturelle, communication urbaine East Harlem wird tropisch: Rhetorische Agentschaft, kulturelle Burgerschaft und nuyorikanische Kulturschaffung Am Beispiel der Kulturschaffung/materiellen Kunst in El Barrio/East Harlem, New York, halten wir in unserem Artikel KommunikationswissenschaftlerInnen dazu an, die Beziehung zwischen Agentschaft und Identitat durch die Erweiterung unseres theoretischen Verstandnisses von rhetorischer Agentschaft auf den Kontext der/des Latina/o, kritisch zu untersuchen. Wir argumentieren, dass alltagliche Raume ein Beweis fur eine planvolle, tropikalisierte rhetorische Agentschaft sind, welche die kulturelle Burgerschaft in El Barrio aufzeigen. In Form von Wohnungen, Garten, Fahnen und Wandbilder werden in den Lucken der bebauten Umwelt reale und figurative Raume fur eine diasporische und inoffizielle nuyorikanische Kultur erschaffen. Diese rhetorische Kulturproduktion verkorpert eine Form der Tropikalisierung – die Farbung rhetorischer Szenen mit einem bleibenden Latina/o-Ethos – welcher die alltaglichen Dinge in East Harlem betont und produktive Formen kultureller Burgerschaft verdeutlicht. Schlusselbegriffe: rhetorische Agentschaft, nuyorikanische Kultur, Lateinamerika-Studien, Tropikalisierung, kulturelle Burgerschaft, urbane Kommunikation La Tropicalizacion del Este de Harlem: La Agencia Retorica, la Ciudadania Cultural, y la Neoyorquizacion de la Produccion Cultural Resumen Mediante la participacion critica en varias formas de produccion culturales/ materiales de cultura en El Barrio/Este de Harlem, en Nueva York, este ensayo desafia a los eruditos de la comunicacion a explorar la relacion entre la agencia y la identidad, y expande nuestro entendimiento teorico de la agencia retorica en los contextos Latinos. Este ensayo arguye que los espacios diarios evidencian una tactica, agencia retorica tropicalizada que asegura la ciudadania cultural en El Barrio. Casitas, jardines, banderas, y murales “se arreglan” con las fisuras del medio ambiente construido para hacer espacios literales y figurativos para/de una cultura de diaspora no oficial Neoyorquina. La produccion retorica de cultura representa un cierto tipo de tropicalizacion—un tropo imbuido de escenas retoricas con una etica indeleblemente Latina/o—que acentua las formas materiales diarias del Este de Harlem y demuestra formas productivas de ciudadania cultural. Palabras claves: agencia retorica, cultura Neoyorquina, Estudios de Latinas/os, tropicalizacion, ciudadania cultural, comunicacion urbana

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using qualitiative interviewing, the authors exposes the performative moments of the Latina/o-White hybrid social actor (i.e., individuals born of one White parent and one Latina parent).
Abstract: Using qualitiative interviewing, this article exposes the performative moments of the Latina/o-White hybrid social actor (i.e., individuals born of one White parent and one Latina/o parent). This study draws on performance studies theories and concepts to demonstrate how these individuals work within and outside the limitations of today's U.S. discourse on race and ethnicity. Finding four major themes (i.e., ritual disciplines, body as text, language as text, and institutes of identity), this article provides the tensions of the participants' mixed positionality yet also points to the imaginative possibilities that can come through communicating such an identity. Les fluctuations raciales dans les entretiens qualitatifs : le ≪ comment ≫ d’une identite hybride latino-blanc ou latina-blanche Par des entretiens qualitatifs, cet article revele les moments performatifs de l’acteur social hybride latino-blanc ou de l’actrice sociale hybride latina-blanche (c.-a-d. des individus nes d’un parent blanc et d’un parent latino). L’etude puise dans les theories et les concepts des performance studies pour demontrer comment ces individus travaillent a l’interieur et en-dehors des limites du discours americain d’aujourd’hui sur la race et l’ethnicite. A partir de quatre themes principaux (les disciplines rituelles, le corps comme texte, la langue comme texte et les institutions d’identite), l’article presente les tensions des positionnalites mixtes des participants mais cite aussi les possibilites imaginatives qui peuvent apparaitre dans la communication de cette identite. Qualitative Interviews zu rassischen Bewegungen: Das “Wie” einer Latina/o-Weisen-Hybrididentitat Mittels qualitativer Interviews beleuchten wir in diesem Aufsatz die performativen Momente eines spezifischen sozialen Akteurs, namlich solcher Personen, die einen weisen und einen Latina/o-Elternteil haben (Latina/o-Weisen-Hybrid). Die Studie bedient sich Theorien und Konzepten der Performanzstudien, um zu zeigen, wie diese Personen heute innerhalb und auserhalb der Grenzen des U.S.-amerikanischen Diskurses zu Rasse und Ethnizitat arbeiten. Gefunden wurden vier grose Themen (Rituelle Gepflogenheiten, Korper als Text, Sprache als Text und Einrichtungen der Identitat) mittels derer dieser Aufsatz das Spannungsfeld der vermischten Positionen der Teilnehmer, aber auch die imaginativen Moglichkeiten, die durch die Kommunikation einer solchen Identitat hervortreten, aufzeigt. Las Entrevistas Cualitativas de las Fluctuaciones Raciales: El Como de la Identidad Hibrida Latina/o-Blanca Resumen Usando entrevistas cualitativas, este ensayo expone los momentos de performance del actor social hibrido Latina/o -Blanco (a saber, individuos nacidos de un padre Blanco y uno Latina/o). Este estudio toma de las teorias y los conceptos de los estudios de la performance para demostrar como estos individuos trabajan dentro y afuera de las limitaciones del discurso racial y etnico de los Estados Unidos hoy. Encontrando cuatro temas mayores (a saber, el ritual de las disciplinas, el cuerpo como texto, el lenguaje como texto y los institutos de la identidad), este ensayo provee de las tensiones de los participantes de posicion mixta y apunta aun a las posibilidades imaginativas que pueden venir a traves de esa identidad.

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TL;DR: The authors argue that the possibility of becoming cosmopolitan subjects is contingent upon discursive encounters with others and relational experience; no cosmopolitan yearning, or, a situated but characteristically thin cosmopolitanism arises from the experience of the actual conditions of transnational lives, unequal relations of power, and discourses of exclusion and inclusion.
Abstract: Based on empirical research on transnational Asian women in London, this study interrogates the notion of cosmopolitanism and challenges the general assumptions of cosmopolitan identity formation as intersected with the media. Are they becoming cosmopolitan subjects? Can they afford a cosmopolitan identity? It argues that the possibility of becoming cosmopolitan subjects is contingent upon discursive encounters with Others and relational experience; no cosmopolitan yearning, or, a situated but characteristically thin cosmopolitanism, arises from the experience of the actual conditions of transnational lives, unequal relations of power, and discourses of exclusion and inclusion. Rather, a more cosmopolitan sense of style, eager exploration of global Others, and heightened motivations emerged through the increasing experience of the media imaginary among women while inhabiting in their homeland, embracing the world at a reflexive distance.

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TL;DR: Gunaratne as discussed by the authors argues that attention to the role of community, as conceived by J. Dewey (1927/1954), might help move (counter)public sphere theory away from a Eurocentric and toward a humanocentric (S. Gunaratne, 2005, 2006) framework.
Abstract: Although counterpublics have been well theorized by N. Fraser (1992) and M. Warner (2002), little research has been carried out along the lines of J. Habermas's (1962/1989/1991) original study, examining their “structural transformation.” Working class history might be used as a method to understand the interaction between the state-corporate nexus and counterpublics. Through an overview of Jewish working-class history in the United States, I demonstrate that counterpublics and their media are shaped in relation to the state and commercial interests, and community activity. I argue that attention to the role of community, as conceived by J. Dewey (1927/1954), might help us move (counter)public sphere theory away from a Eurocentric and toward a humanocentric (S. Gunaratne, 2005, 2006) framework.

Journal ArticleDOI
Juan Pinon1
TL;DR: A critical examination of Betty's adaptation process sheds light on the disjuncture between global television distribution trends and national television markets' business cultures as mentioned in this paper, revealing how Latina/o producers' involvement reveals how their hybrid subjectivities position them in the industry as cultural translators building a bridge to mainstream and global audiences.
Abstract: A critical examination of Betty's adaptation process sheds light on the disjuncture between global television distribution trends and national television markets' business cultures. The process of bringing the “ugly duckling” format to the English-language mainstream media market can be better understood as symptomatic of the larger changes taking place within the U.S. television industry, but also as the crucial intervention of Latina/o producers with their cultural and symbolic leverage to make the project possible. In pushing the project forward, Latina/o producers' involvement reveals how their hybrid subjectivities position them in the industry as cultural translators building a bridge to mainstream and global audiences. Ugly Betty et l’emergence des producteurs latino-americains a titre de traducteurs culturels Un examen critique du mecanisme d’adaptation d’Ugly Betty apporte un eclairage a la deconnexion entre les tendances mondiales de distribution televisuelle et les cultures professionnelles des marches televisuels nationaux. Le mecanisme par lequel le format du « vilain petit canard » est amene au marche mediatique grand public de langue anglaise peut etre mieux compris comme etant symptomatique des changements plus larges qui prennent place dans l’industrie televisuelle americaine, mais aussi par l’intervention cruciale des producteurs et productrices latino-americains dont l’avantage culturel et symbolique rend le projet possible. En faisant avancer le projet, l’implication des producteurs latino-americains permet de comprendre comment leurs subjectivites hybrides les positionnent, dans l’industrie, a titre de traducteurs culturels qui bâtissent un pont vers le grand public mondial. Mots cles : histoire de la diffusion et programmation, diffusion, communication professionnelle, etudes chicano/latino-americaines, etudes cinematographiques et culturelles ,,Alles Betty“ und die Rolle des Latina/o-Produzenten als kulturelle Mittler Eine kritische Analyse des Anpassungsprozesses von Betty beleuchtet die Abgrenzung zwischen globalen Trends des Fernsehvertriebs und nationalen Geschaftskulturen des Fernsehmarkts. Der Prozess, bei dem das Format des ,,Hasslichen Entleins“ in den englischsprachigen Mainstream-Markt gebracht wurde, zeigt zum einen, dass in der U.S.-amerikanischen Fernsehindustrie grosere Umbruche stattfinden, zum anderen aber auch die Bedeutung des Engagements von Latina/o-Produzenten und ihr kulturelles und symbolisches Kapitel, um dieses Projekt zu ermoglichen. Dieses Engagement verdeutlicht, wie sich Latina/o-Produzenten mit ihrer hybriden Perspektive innerhalb der Industrie als kulturelle Mittler positionieren und eine Brucke zwischen dem Mainstream-Publikum und dem globalen Publikum bauen. Schlusselbegriffe: Rundfunkgeschichte und Programmgestaltung, Rundfunk, Geschaftskommunikation, Chicano/Latino-Wissenschaft, Kino- und Kulturstudien ”Ugly Betty y la Emergencia de los Productores Latinos como Traductores Culturales ” Resumen Una examinacion critica del proceso de adaptacion de Betty arroja luz sobre la disyuncion entre las tendencias de distribucion de la television global y las culturas de negocios de los mercados de television nacionales. El proceso de traer el formato del “patito feo” al mercado dominante de los medios de habla inglesa puede ser mejor entendido como sintomatico de los cambios mayores que tienen lugar dentro de la industria televisiva de los Estados Unidos, pero tambien por la intervencion crucial de los productores latinos con su influencia cultural y simbolica para hacer este proyecto posible. Al empujar al proyecto hacia delante, la participacion de los productores latinos revela como sus subjetividades hibridas los posicionan en la industria como traductores culturales construyendo un puente entre las audiencias dominantes y globales. Palabras claves: Historia y Programacion de la Television, Television, Comunicacion y Negocios, Estudios Chicano/Latinos, Cine y Estudios Culturales.

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TL;DR: The authors presents media scholars with an argument for why a focus on media, globalization, and the environmental is urgently needed and a path for how a translocal approach to its study can be elaborated.
Abstract: What place does the Earth have in global media studies? In the study of media and globalization, despite the careful treatment of such issues as cultural imperialism, civil society, postcolonialism, identity, cultural hybridity, representation, and so on, there has been little focus on the environment. Looking specifically at the underlying but largely unrecognized discourses about the environment privileged by corporate media and circulated through local mediascapes and ideoscapes, this article presents media scholars with an argument for why a focus on media, globalization, and the environmental is urgently needed and a path for how a translocal approach to its study can be elaborated.

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TL;DR: The authors compared a project in the Chicago sociology tradition to concepts from Bourdieu's field theory and practical reason to further understand how individuals experience media and political systems, and their results advance theory in the midrange between macro-level structures and micro-level subjectivity.
Abstract: To further understanding of how individuals experience media and political systems, this article compares a project in the Chicago sociology tradition to concepts from Bourdieu's field theory and practical reason. Limited life history documents from Chicago working-class and more-advantaged young adults illustrate two interactionist concepts, subjective posture, one's stance toward media and politics, and subjective affluence, the range of empowerment the postures reveal. A stance as individual consumer, primarily in pursuit of entertainment, crossed over class lines, but elite participants had higher subjective affluence, with agency as political actors influencing others. The similarities illustrate an aspect of Bourdieu's habitus, and their class differences illustrate distinctions in symbolic power. The results advance theory in the midrange between macrolevel structures and microlevel subjectivity. Posture subjective et opulence subjective : les jeunes adultes de Chicago, la raison pratique et la theorie des champs, et les systemes mediatiques et politiques americains Pour mieux comprendre comment les individus connaissent les systemes mediatiques et politiques, cet article compare un projet s’inscrivant dans la tradition sociologique de l’Ecole de Chicago a des concepts tires de la theorie des champs et de la raison pratique de Bourdieu. Des documents sur l’histoire de vie limitee de jeunes adultes de classes populaires et plus avantages illustrent deux concepts interactionnistes : la posture subjective, soit l’attitude d’une personne envers les medias et la politique, et l’opulence subjective, soit la gamme de controle possible de sa destinee, que revelent les postures. Une posture de consommateur individuel, essentiellement en quete de divertissement, traversait les classes, mais les participants d’elite possedaient une opulence sujective plus grande et une agentivite en tant qu’acteurs politiques qui en influencent d’autres. Les similitudes illustrent un aspect de l’habitus de Bourdieu et les differences de classe illustrent des distinctions en matiere de pouvoir symbolique. Les resultats developpent la theorie du milieu entre les structures du plan macro et la subjectivite du plan micro. Mots cles : Bourdieu, sociologie de Chicago, medias comparatifs, theorie des champs, interactionnisme, technique des histoires de vie, systemes mediatiques, culture politique, subjectivite, theorie de la raison pratique Subjektive Haltung und subjektiver Wohlstand: Junge Erwachsene in Chicago, praktische Vernunft- und Feldtheorie und das U.S.-amerikanische Medien- und Politiksystem Um besser verstehen zu konnen, wie Menschen das Medien- und politische System erfahren, vergleichen wir in diesem Aufsatz ein Projekt in der Tradition der Chicagoer Soziologie mit Konzepten aus Bourdieus Feldtheorie und der Theorie der praktischen Vernunft. Historische Dokumente zum umgrenzten Leben junger Erwachsene der Arbeiter- und Mittelklasse in Chicago zeigen zwei interaktionistische Konzepte, namlich zum einen die eigene Haltung zu Medien und Politik, und zum anderen den subjektiven Wohlstand als das Ausmas des Empowerments, das diese Haltungen preisgeben. Mit einer Haltung als individueller Konsument, der primar das Ziel der Unterhaltung verfolgt, wurden Klassengrenzen uberschritten. Teilnehmer der oberen Schichten zeigten allerdings mit der Agentschaft als politische Akteure, die andere beeinflusst, einen hoheren subjektiven Wohlstand. Die Gemeinsamkeiten bezeichnen einen Aspekt von Bourdieus Habitus-Konzept, wahrend ihre Klassenunterschiede Unterscheidungen in symbolischer Macht verdeutlichen. Die Ergebnisse erweitern die Theorie auf mittlerer Ebene zwischen Makroebenenstrukturen und Mikroebenensubjektivitat. Schlusselbegriffe: Bourdieu, Soziologie der Chicagoer Schule, vergleichende Medien, Feldtheorie, Interaktionismus, Technik der Lebensgeschichte, Mediensysteme, politische Kultur, Subjektivitat, Theorie der praktischen Vernunft La Postura Subjetiva y la Afluencia Subjetiva: Los Jovenes Adultos de Chicago, la Razon Practica & la Teoria de Campo, y los Medios Estadounidenses y los Sistemas Politicos Resumen Para entender mas como los individuos experimentan a los medios y a los sistemas politicos, este ensayo compara un proyecto en la tradicion sociologica de Chicago con los conceptos de la teoria de campo de Bourdieu y la razon practica. Limitados documentos de la historia de vida de la clase trabajadora de Chicago y de jovenes adultos mas ventajosos ilustran los conceptos interaccionistas, la postura subjetiva, la postura de uno hacia los medios y los politicos, y la afluencia subjetiva, la gama de otorgamiento de poder que las posturas revelan. Una postura como consumidor individual, en busqueda primeramente de entretenimiento, cruzo las lineas sociales, pero los participantes de elite tuvieron una afluencia subjetiva mayor, con la agencia como actores politicos influenciando a los otros. Las similitudes ilustran un aspecto del habitus de Bourdieu, y sus diferencias de clase ilustran las distinciones en el poder simbolico. Los resultados avanzan la teoria de la gama del medio entre las estructuras de nivel macro y la subjetividad a nivel micro. Palabras claves: Bourdieu, la sociologia de Chicago, medios comparativos, teoria de campo, interaccionismo, tecnica de historia de vida, sistema de los medios, cultura politica, subjetividad, teoria de la razon practica

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TL;DR: The authors argues for the relevance of the work of Carl Seashore to the history of communication research in the United States and provides an important corrective to contemporary histories of the field by exploring this history.
Abstract: This article argues for the relevance of the work of Carl Seashore to the history of communication research in the United States. A psychologist at the University of Iowa in the early 20th century, Seashore's laboratory took up questions regarding the psychology of music and art with direct relevance to communication studies and influenced such important figures as Wilbur Schramm and Kurt Lewin. Exploring this history offers a more robust picture of the history of experimental communication research in the United States and provides an important corrective to contemporary histories of the field.

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TL;DR: A critical discourse analysis and transnational feminist approach traces the production, circulation, and discourse of the music, press reception, and production of Juanes's celebrity and philantrophic/political efforts as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The landscape of Latin American celebrity representation, typically understood through the theoretical lens of cross-over, is undergoing significant shifts. The Colombian rockero Juanes's career, press reception, and participation in the transnational public sphere have established him as a celebrity diplomat. Read against the star texts of previous cross-overs, Juanes's economic success and the international attention his political efforts have garnered suggest a dynamic shift in the agency and representational strategies available to Latin American celebrities. His ability to succeed in this realm is contingent on a performance of hegemonic heterosexual masculinity. A critical discourse analysis and transnational feminist approach traces the production, circulation, and discourse of the music, press reception, and production of Juanes's celebrity and philantrophic/political efforts. El rock star perfecto? : Une theorisation de Juanes et des nouvelles directions dans la celebrite hybride Le panorama de la representation des celebrites latino-americaines, generalement compris a travers la lentille theorique de l’hybridite (crossover), est en pleine transformation. La carriere du rocker colombien Juanes, de meme que sa reception journalistique et sa participation a la sphere publique transnationale, l’ont impose comme etant une celebrite diplomate. Lu dans le contexte des textes de celebrites hybrides precedents, le succes economique de Juanes et l’attention internationale qu’ont attiree ses efforts politiques suggerent un changement dynamique dans l’agentivite et les strategies representationnelles a la disposition des celebrites latino-americaines. Son aptitude a reussir dans ce domaine depend de l’accomplissement d’une masculinite heterosexuelle hegemonique. Une analyse discursive critique couplee a une approche feministe transnationale reconstitue la production, la circulation et le discours de la musique, de la reception journalistique et de la production de la celebrite de Juanes et de ses efforts philantropiques et politiques. Mots cles : culture populaire, musique et communication, etudes latino-americaines El Rock Star Perfecto? Theoretische Ausfuhrungen zu Juanes und neue Wege von Crossover-Prominenten Die Art und Weise der Darstellung von lateinamerikanischen Prominenten, typischerweise mittels der theoretischen Annahmen des Crossover beschrieben, befindet sich gerade im Umbruch. Seine Karriere, die Darstellung in der Presse und seine Teilhabe an der transnationalen offentlichen Sphare erlauben es, den kolumbianischen Rockstar Juanes als einen prominenten Diplomaten zu bezeichnen. Im Gegensatz zu Stars des bisherigen Crossovers, deuten Juanes‘okonomischer Erfolg und die internationale Aufmerksamkeit, die sein politisches Engagement auf sich gezogen hat, auf eine dynamische Verschiebung bezuglich der Agentschaft und der reprasentativen Strategien hin, die lateinamerikanischen Prominenten zur Verfugung stehen. Seine Darstellung von hegemonischer heterosexueller Mannlichkeit befahigt ihn, auf diesem Gebiet erfolgreich zu sein. Eine kritische Diskursanalyse und transnationale feministische Ansatze zeichnen die Produktion, die Verbreitung und den Diskurs der Musik, des Presseechos und der Erschaffung von Juanes als Prominenten sowie seine philantropischen/politischen Bemuhungen nach. Schlusselbegriffe: Popularkultur, Musik und Kommunikation, Latino-Studien, Lateinamerika-Studien La Estrella de Rock Perfecta?: Teorizando sobre Juanes y las Nuevas Direcciones en el Cruce de la Celebridad Resumen El paisaje de la representacion de la celebridad Latino Americana, comprendido tipicamente a traves de las lentes del cruce, esta sufriendo cambios significativos. La carrera del roquero Colombiano Juanes, la recepcion de la prensa y la participacion en la esfera publica transnacional lo han establecido como una celebridad diplomatica. Leido contra los textos de las estrellas de previos cruces, el exito economico de Juanes y la atencion internacional que sus esfuerzos politicos han cosechado sugieren un cambio dinamico en la agencia y las estrategias de representacion disponibles para las celebridades Latino Americanas. Su habilidad para triunfar en esta esfera esta supeditado a la representacion heterosexual masculina hegemonica. Un analisis critico de discurso y un enfoque trasnacional feminista examina la produccion, la circulacion y el discurso de la musica, la recepcion de la prensa y la produccion de la celebridad de Juanes y los esfuerzos filantropicos/ politicos. Palabras claves: Cultura Popular, Musica y Comunicacion, Estudios Latinos, Estudios de Latino America