Showing papers in "Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis in 1975"
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis for the rapid determination of nitrate-N in plant extracts is described. And the complex formed by nitration of salicylic acid under highly acidic conditions absorbs maximally at 410 nm in basic (pH>12) solutions.
Abstract: An analysis is described for the rapid determination of nitrate‐N in plant extracts. The complex formed by nitration of salicylic acid under highly acidic conditions absorbs maximally at 410 nm in basic (pH>12) solutions. Absorbance of the chromophore is directly proportional to the amount of nitrate‐N present. Ammonium, nitrite, and chloride ions do not interfere.
2,870 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide with the addition of lithium sulphate to elevate the digestion temperature and selenium as catalyst is described, which is suitable for the determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and most mineral ions.
Abstract: A digestion mixture suitable for the decomposition of soil and plant materials is described. This is based on sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as oxidants with the addition of lithium sulphate to elevate the digestion temperature and selenium as catalyst. The subsequent solution is suitable for the determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and most mineral ions. A series of tests have been carried out to determine optimum conditions and check elemental recoveries and the procedure is compared with alternative systems.
1,249 citations
TL;DR: In some species practically all of the oxalic acid is tied up as Ca-oxalate as discussed by the authors, which is a strong chelating agent and once reacted with Ca it becomes somewhat...
Abstract: Calcium oxalate crystals were described in plant cells as early as 1865. Numerous accounts are found in the literature indicating that crystals occur in some species more abundantly than others and none occur in some plant species. The crystals have been observed and analyzed by transmitted light microscopy, polarized light microscopy, electron microprobe and by mechanical and chemical means. Plants that accumulate large quantities of oxalic acid generally tend to contain large quantities of Ca‐oxalate crystals which are insoluble in water, alkalies and organic acids. In some species practically all of the oxalic acid is tied up as Ca‐oxalate. Calcium oxalate crystals occur as mono and trihydrate salts in many crystalline forms. Crystals occur as united molecules called druses and sphaerites or as elongated crystals called styloids and raphids. Solitary crystals of different shapes and sizes may also be present. Oxalic acid is a strong chelating agent and once reacted with Ca it becomes somewhat ...
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that plant species and soils respond differently to heavy metals and show the necessity for proper quantity and balance of heavy metals in soils for plant growth, and that heavy metals are often added indiscriminantly to soils in pesticides, fertilizers, manures, sewage sludges and mine wastes, causing an imbalance in nutrient elements in soils.
Abstract: Heavy metals are often added indiscriminantly to soils in pesticides, fertilizers, manures, sewage sludges, and mine wastes, causing an imbalance in nutrient elements in soils. Heavy‐metal toxicity causes plant stress in various degrees dependent on the tolerance of the plant to a specific heavy metal. The objectives of this study were (i) to show that plant species and soils respond differently to heavy metals and (ii) to show the necessity for proper quantity and balance of heavy metals in soils for plant growth. Three Fe‐inefficient and three Fe‐efficient selections of soybean, corn, and tomato were grown on two alkaline soils with Cu and Zn ranging from 14 to 340 and Mn from 20 to 480 kg/ha. Heavy‐metal toxicity caused Fe deficiency to develop in these plants. The Fe‐inefficient T3238fer tomato and ys1/ys1 corn developed Fe deficiency on all treatments and both soils. T3238FER tomato (Fe‐efficient) did not develop heavy metal toxicity symptoms on any treatment or soil. The soybean varieties a...
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a solid-state bromide electrode was used in direct potentiometric determination of inorganic bromides in soil and plant extracts, and the extraction procedure gave over 94% bromid recovery from soil samples.
Abstract: A solid‐state bromide electrode was used in direct potentiometric determination of inorganic bromide in soil and plant extracts. The extraction procedure gave over 94% bromide recovery from soil samples. Results were similar to those obtained with X‐ray diffraction method for bromide determination in carnation plants.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Calcium requirements for peanuts are discussed and a detailed discussion of the requirements for each species is presented, along with an analysis of the available resources for peanuts.
Abstract: (1975). Calcium requirements for peanuts. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 299-313.
37 citations
TL;DR: The use of soil mixtures for the experimental control of container soil water relations is discussed in this paper, relative to the extrapolation of container experiments to the field, and the use of a soil mixture for experimental control is also discussed.
Abstract: Container soil water relations are reviewed relative to the extrapolation of container experiments to the field. The use of soil mixtures for the experimental control of container soil water relations is also discussed.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, lead uptake by the above ground portion of soybean plants was found to be inversely related to soil cation exchange capacity and pH, while available soil phosphorus levels did not influence lead uptake.
Abstract: Lead uptake by the above‐ground portion of soybean plants was found to be inversely related to soil cation exchange capacity and pH, while available soil phosphorus levels did not influence lead uptake. Lead extracted from the soil with the Bray P1 reagent was highly correlated with lead accumulation in both soybean and corn. Evidence is also presented that lead accumulation in soybeans is related to the degree to which the total sorptive capacity of the soil for Pb is satisfied.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, lead uptake by four-week-old corn shoots grown in Fb-amended soils was found to be dependent upon the level of Pb in the soil relative to the soil's capacity to sorb Pb.
Abstract: Lead uptake by four‐week‐old corn shoots grown in Fb‐amended soils was found to be dependent upon the level of Pb in the soil relative to the soil's capacity to sorb Pb. At a given level of added Pb, lead uptake by plants was found to decrease with an increase in soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and available phosphorus.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, field and greenhouse experiments were conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam soil containing 0.28 ppm hot water-soluble (hws) B. Application of B increased plant growth about 3-fold under greenhouse conditions, while in the field experiment B increased the yield of broccoli and cauliflower by about 20%.
Abstract: Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam soil containing 0.28 ppm hot‐water‐soluble (hws) B. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower grown without added B showed B deficiency symptoms in the form of yellowing of leaves and in the case of cauliflower purplish colored inward curled leaf edges were also noted under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions, however, only broccoli showed symptoms of B deficiency in the form of browning of older leaf edges. Application of B increased plant growth about 3‐fold under greenhouse conditions, while in the field experiment B increased the yield of broccoli and cauliflower by about 20%. The decreased yields of broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower with B deficiency leaf disorders under greenhouse conditions were associated with plant tissue B concentrations of 2.4, 6.6 and 4.2 ppm, respectively, in the three crops. Under field conditions, B deficiency symptoms in broccoli, and reduced yields in broccoli a...
26 citations
TL;DR: Calcium nutrition and quality in fruit crops and soil science and Plant Analysis: Vol.
Abstract: (1975). Calcium nutrition and quality in fruit crops. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 233-244.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used phosphorus sorption isotherms to estimate phosphorus fertilizer rates on a phosphorus fixing Alfic Fragiorthod soil from north Idaho, and found that five rates ranging from 0-584 kg/ha corresponded to sorption equilibrium solution levels from 0.06 to 0.20 ppm P.
Abstract: Phosphorus sorption isotherms were used to estimate phosphorus fertilizer rates on a phosphorus fixing Alfic Fragiorthod soil from north Idaho. Five rates ranging from 0–584 kg/ha corresponded to sorption equilibrium solution levels from 0.06 to 0.20 ppm P. Yield of sweet corn (variety Spancross) grown two successive years was related to the sorption equilibrium solution P level. Whole plant weight, weight of ears, number of ears, and ear size approached maximum when the sorption equilibrium solution P level was near 0.13 ppm. The P content of leaves at early tassel stage increased with increasing sorption equilibrium solution P in a nearly straight line relationship. The leaves contained 0.27% P when the sorption equilibrium solution P was 0.13 ppm, the level producing maximum yield. The 0.20 ppm P resulted in 0.41% P in corn leaves.
TL;DR: In this article, an automatic CHN analyzer was used to determine the organic and inorganic carbon content of soils, and the results showed that at 500°C complete oxidation of soil organic matter occurs without appreciable decomposition of carbonates.
Abstract: Differential thermal analysis shows that in soils organic matter and carbonates react in very different temperature ranges. An automatic CHN Analyzer was therefore used to determine the organic and inorganic carbon content of soils. At 500°C complete oxidation of soil organic matter occurs without appreciable decomposition of carbonates. Because only elemental carbon is determined, interferences due to weight losses from structural water in clays are eliminated. Decomposition of carbonates begins above 500° and always is concluded before 1100°C. Total organic and inorganic carbon in soils thus may be determined by running replicates at 500° and 1100°C with the Analyzer.
TL;DR: In this paper, the half-life of 2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine in three soils varied from 43 to 77 days at 10 C and from 9 to 16 days at 20 C. The Q10 values were highest in coarse textured soils.
Abstract: The half‐life of 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)‐pyridine in three soils varied from 43 to 77 days at 10 C and from 9 to 16 days at 20 C. The Q10 values were highest in coarse textured soils.
TL;DR: A two‐year‐old stand of Vernal alfalfa established in 45‐cm rows was used to study changes in elemental composition in fertilized (F) and nonfertilized (NF) herbage at different growth stages.
Abstract: A two‐year‐old stand of Vernal alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) established in 45‐cm rows was used to study changes in elemental composition in fertilized (F) and nonfertilized (NF) herbage at differen...
TL;DR: In this article, an automatic technique for analysis of various soil extracts for phosphate content using Technicon "AutoAnalyzer"; equipment was developed for analyzing Truog, Bray and Olsen soil extracts and for phosphate fractions separated by the Chang and Jackson procedure.
Abstract: Automatic techniques have been developed for analysis of various soil extracts for phosphate content using Technicon “AutoAnalyzer”; equipment. Manifold arrangements for Truog, Bray and Olsen soil extracts and for phosphate fractions separated by the Chang and Jackson procedure are described. The colour development manifold based on the molybdate ‐antimony ‐ ascorbic acid method of Murphy and Riley gave a linear calibration over the range 0 ‐ 1.2μg P/ml. Automatic measurements were as accurate as manual methods.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 0.5N HC1 plus 0.05N A1C13 reagent using a 1:5 soil: extractant ratio by volume and an extraction period of 5 minutes has been proposed for Cu.
Abstract: A 0.5N HC1 plus 0.05N A1C13 reagent using a 1:5 soil: extractant ratio by volume and an extraction period of 5 minutes has been proposed for Cu. For meaningful analyses, concentrations of 0.01 ug Cu/ml were required for direct aspiration. With instrumentation short of this requirement a single complexing‐organic reagent consisting of 2 g APDC(ammonium‐1‐pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) dissolved in 600 ml 95% ethanol and then mixed with 400 ml n‐butyl acetate has been developed. This reagent renders the method expeditious, increases storage stability for APDC up to 6 months, and provides improved separation of organic phase and extractant. The method has been tested on soils from numerous field experiments and correlated with crop response using wheat, soybeans, and sorghum on organic soils (Histosols) and wheat on mineral soils (Ultisols). The probability of crop responses to Cu and extractable Cu has been formulated and applied in practice.
TL;DR: An acid brown podzolic (pH 4.0) soil of wide distribution in Ireland was limed with Ca(OH)2 to pH values of 5.2 and 7.4 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An acid brown podzolic (pH 4.0) soil of wide distribution in Ireland was limed with Ca(OH)2 to pH values of 5.2 and 7.4. With each increment of lime significant increases in growth and F uptake by Italian ryegrass occurred, the increases being greatest with the first increment. Increasing soil pH resulted in decreased extractable aluminum and iron as well as exchangeable hydrogen. Available P as measured by various extractants increased with increasing soil pH. The relative performance of three P fertilizers, superphosphate, phospal and basic slag was affected by liming. Basic slag was more effective than superphosphate at pH 4.0, was as effective at pH 5.2 and was less effective at pH 7.4. Phospal was poorest at each pH level. While growth and P uptake increased with increasing P levels the relative responses to the three fertilizers decreased with increasing soil pH.
TL;DR: A review of the literature on the occurence of blossom-end rot is presented next as well as a summary of the factors which influence the disorder as discussed by the authors, and an attempt is made to present a conciliatory picture of the apparently divergent data and ideas found in the literature sampled for review.
Abstract: Absorption, transport and redistribution of calcium in higher plants is summarized. Requeriments and roles of the element both at the molecular and physiological level are discussed. A review of the literature on the occurence of blossom‐end rot is presented next as well as a summary of the factors which influence the disorder. After drawing the conclusion that lack of calcium in the fruit is the immediate cause of blossom‐end rot an attempt is made to present a conciliatory picture of the apparently divergent data and ideas found in the literature sampled for review.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was initiated to evaluate K, Ca, and Mg balances as influenced by seasonal variation, age of plants, and rates of K application, and significant yield response to applied K was observed.
Abstract: Maximum yields of corn depends on adequate and balanced supplies of essential nutrients. In order to elucidate some of the factors which influence yields, a study was initiated to evaluate K, Ca, and Mg balances as influenced by seasonal variation, age of plants, and rates of K application. Corn was grown three consecutive years on a Hartsells loam at three levels of applied K. Significant yield response to applied K was observed. The level of response to K was dependent upon weather conditions. Fertilizer K, age, and yearly variation resulted in significant changes in the sum of the cations (K+Ca+Mg), and the K/Ca, K/Mg, and K/(Ca+Mg) ratios in corn leaf tissue. Grain yield and K concentration in corn tissue increased while the tissue concentration of Ca and Mg decreased as a result of K application.
TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of five soil Zn extractants: dilute acid (HCl + H2SO4) mixture; DTPA•(NH4) 2CO3, pH 7.3; dithizone; NH4OAc, pH 4.6; 0.2N MgCl2.
Abstract: Twenty surface soil samples were collected from Nainital Tarai (foothills of Himalya) where “Khaira”; disease (Zn deficiency of rice) is prevalent. Rice (Oryza sativa L. variety IR‐8) was grown in pots for 8 weeks after transplanting. Experiments were conducted to determine the suitability of five soil Zn extractants: dilute acid (HCl + H2SO4) mixture; DTPA‐(NH4) 2CO3, pH 7.3; dithizone; NH4OAc, pH 4.6; and 2N MgCl2 to predict Zn deficiency. Critical values for soil available Zn were established for rice by the old and new Cate and Nelson procedures1. Zinc extracted from the soils with dithizone; NH4OAc, pH 4.6; 0.2N MgCl2. and DTPA‐(NH4) 2CO3 pH 7.3 was significantly correlated with the uptake of Zn by the rice plants. The correlation between Zn extracted with the dilute acid (HCl + H2SO4) mixture and plant Zn was not statistically significant. The ex‐tractants which extracted greater quantities of Zn gave higher critical values and vice versa. It is concluded that all extracting solutions excep...
TL;DR: Changes in other mineral elements in the plant parts were smaller, and some minerals remained relatively constant throughout the life cycle of the plant, which should aid in understanding mineral distribution and movement in various corn plant parts.
Abstract: Corn (Zea mays L.) plants, grown in nutrient solutions, were harvested regularly from seedlings to maturity and separated into leaves, roots, sheaths, stalks, tassels, husks, cobs, and kernels (where applicable). Each of these plant parts was analyzed for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, B, Cu, and Zn. Marked decreases in P and K were noted in all plant parts with age, except that K increased in tassels. Changes in other mineral elements in the plant parts were smaller, and some minerals remained relatively constant throughout the life cycle of the plant. This information should aid in understanding mineral distribution and movement in various corn plant parts.
TL;DR: In this article, the optimum soil water content for the growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat in greenhouse benches was determined through a combination of soil amendment, soil depth, and irrigation frequency.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum soil water content for the growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. in greenhouse benches. Soil water content was controlled through a combination of soil amendment, soil depth, and irrigation frequency. Seven different soil depths and four different soil mixtures were combined into 28 different soil water content treatments ranging from about 50 to 95% pore saturation. Growth generally increased as soil water content increased up to about 90% pore saturation.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of yearly applications of beeffeedlot manure on denitrification in an irrigated silty clay loam soil (pH 7.0) were studied in the field.
Abstract: Effects of yearly applications of beef‐feedlot manure on denitrification in an irrigated silty clay loam soil (pH 7.0) were studied in the field. Mass balance calculations could not account for large quantities of N. Plots that had received 85 cumulative t/ha (metric) of dry manure (1.0% N) had 2830 kg/ha of unaccountable N loss after two years. Plots that had received the highest manure treatment (1043 cumulative t/ha) had the least unaccountable N loss (700 kg/ha). Relative to control plots, one meter soil profile distributions showed increased total N and organic C at depths of 50 cm in plots that had received 522 and 687 t/ha/yr of manure, respectively, after two years. Indirect evidence in manured soil of reducing conditions necessary for denitrification was found in increased soil solution concentrations of Fe and Mn, and lowered O2 and increased CH4 concentrations in the soil atmosphere. Soil and soil solution samples taken in the summer were found to contain NO3‐N. Profile distributions o...
TL;DR: A modified procedure based on methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) extraction of the metal complexes with ammonium pyrollidine dithio carbamate (APDC) has been developed for use on samples digested with HNO3/HCIO4.
Abstract: Some difficulties were met when low levels of Cd and Pb were estimated in plant samples in this laboratory by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). A modified procedure, based on methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) extraction of the metal complexes with ammonium pyrollidine dithio carbamate (APDC), has been developed for use on samples digested with HNO3/HCIO4. The procedure was compared with X‐ray fluorescence and with other AAS methods including those based on dry ashing. Dry ashing gave generally lower values for Cd and Pb. Improvement in conditions of digestion and analysis are described. Of these, the presence of small amounts of Fe in standards and unknown samples increases the stability and reproducibility of absorbance values, especially for cadmium.
TL;DR: In this article, the forage crops corn (Zea Mays), sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum Vulgare Pers. x Sorghum sundanese stapf.), and kenaf (Hybiscus cannabinus L.) were irrigated with municipal effluent at rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm/week on Lakeland fine sand.
Abstract: The forage crops corn (Zea Mays), sorghum‐sudangrass (Sorghum Vulgare Pers. x Sorghum sundanese stapf.), and kenaf (Hybiscus cannabinus L.) were irrigated with municipal effluent at rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm/week on Lakeland fine sand. Plant samples were collected weekly from each plot to measure green weight, dry matter, and nitrogen content. From these data crop nitrogen (kg/ha) was calculated for each week. Finally, uptake of nitrogen was calculated to determine efficiency of nitrogen recovery from the effluent as the crops matured. In all cases efficiency of uptake decreased with increasing application rates, as expected from fertility studies. For corn, efficiency of uptake continued to increase up to harvest. For sorghum‐sudangrass and kenaf a peak was reached at about 50 days after planting, after which efficiency of uptake declined rapidly.
TL;DR: Calcium seems to be required by higher plants (and in parts of higher plants) in variable concentrations and much confusion exists about plant requirements of it and deficiency problems seem to be related to this phenomenon.
Abstract: Calcium seems to be required by higher plants (and in parts of higher plants) in variable concentrations and much confusion exists about plant requirements of it. When most heavy metal concentrations are low, the calcium requirement in plants can also be low. Levels of calcium of 800 or less and up to 2000 ppm of dry weight are adequate under some conditions. Even though the requirement may be low, these levels are not much above critical concentrations and deficiency problems are easily encountered. Some calcium deficiency problems seem to be related to this phenomenon.
TL;DR: Factors affecting the movement of calcium in apple trees and the roles played by xylem and phloem in its distribution to leaves and fruits are discussed in relation to the development of bitter pit.
Abstract: Factors affecting the movement of calcium in apple trees and the roles played by xylem and phloem in its distribution to leaves and fruits are discussed in relation to the development of bitter pit.
TL;DR: The saturation extraction method for measuring available B in soil provided variable results and a narrower range thus making this test more difficult to interpret than tests with the boiling water method as mentioned in this paper, and no close relationship between available soil B and either soil texture or soil pH level was found.
Abstract: The saturation extraction method for measuring available B in soil provided variable results and a narrower range thus making this test more difficult to interpret than tests with the boiling water method. No close relationship between available soil B and either soil texture or soil pH level was found. The available B in soil ranged from 0.16 to 0.95 ppm with the highest level reflecting the recent use of B. The B level in the profiles of three typical sugarbeet‐bean soils ranged from none detectable in the subsoil to 0.54 ppm in the surface soil. A survey of cropped versus uncropped soils showed that, on the average, cropped soil contained two‐thirds as much B as uncropped soil, suggesting that more extensive B deficiencies may occur in the future. Soil test levels for B in a calcareous soil decreased rapidly after B application. In this experiment soil B levels in excess of 1.5 ppm represented a potentially toxic condition for beans while any level above 2.0 ppm represented a definite toxicity...