Showing papers in "Comprehensive Physiology in 1977"

Core Conductor Theory and Cable Properties of Neurons

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Introduction 1.1 Core Conductor Concept 1.2 Perspective 1.3 Comment 1.4 Reviews and Monographs 2 Brief Historical Notes 2.1 Early Electrophysiology 2.2 Electrotonus 2.3 Passive Membrane Electrotonus 2.4 Passive Versus Active Membrane 2.5 Cable Theory 2.6 Core Conductor Concept 2.7 Core Conductor Theory 2.8 Estimation of Membrane Capacitance 2.9 Resting Membrane Resistivitiy 2.10 Passive Cable Parameters of Invertebrate Axons 2.11 Importance of Single Axon Preparations 2.12 Estimation of Parameters for Myelinated Axons 2.13 Space and Voltage Clamp 3 Dendritic Aspects of Neurons 3.1 Axon-Dendrite Contrast 3.2 Microelectrodes in Motoneurons 3.3 Theoretical Neuron Models and Parameters 3.4 Class of Trees Equivalent to Cylinders 3.5 Motoneuron Membrane Resistivity and Dendritic Dominance 3.6 Dendritic Electrotonic Length 3.7 Membrane Potential Transients and Time Constants 3.8 Spatiotemporal Effects with Dendritic Synapses 3.9 Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Shape Index Loci 3.10 Comments on Extracellular Potentials 3.11 Additional Comments and References 4 Cable Equations Defined 4.1 Usual Cable Equation 4.2 Steady-state Cable Equations 4.3 Augmented Cable Equations 4.4 Comment: Cable Versus Wave Equation 4.5 Modified Cable Equation for Tapering Core 4.6 General Solution of Steady-state Cable Equation 4.7 Basic Transient Solutions of Cable Equation 4.8 Solutions Using Separation of Variables 4.9 Fundamental Solution for Instantaneous Point Charge 5 List of Symbols 6 Assumptions and Derivation of Cable Theory 6.1 One Dimensional in Space 6.2 Intracellular Core Resistance 6.3 Ohm's Law for Core Current 6.4 Conservation of Current 6.5 Relation of Membrane Current to Vi 6.6 Effect of Assuming Extracellular Isopotentiality 6.7 Passive Membrane Model 6.8 Resulting Cable Equation for Simple Case 6.9 Physical Meaning of Cable Equation Terms 6.10 Physical Meaning of τ 6.11 Physical Meaning of λ 6.12 Electrotonic Distance, Length, and Decrement 6.13 Effect of Placing Axon in Oil 6.14 Effect of Applied Current 6.15 Comment on Sign Conventions 6.16 Effect of Synaptic Membrane Conductance 6.17 Effect of Active Membrane Properties 7 Input Resistance and Steady Decrement with Distance 7.1 Note on Correspondence with Experiment 7.2 Cable of Semi-infinite Length 7.3 Comments about R∞, G∞, Core Current, and Input Current 7.4 Doubly Infinite Length 7.5 Case of Voltage Clamps at X1 and X2 7.6 Relations Between Axon Parameters 7.7 Finite Length: Effect of Boundary Condition at X= X1 7.8 Sealed End at X= X1: Case of B1 = 0 7.9 Voltage Clamp(V1 = 0) at X = X1: Case of B1 = ∞ 7.10 Semi-infinite Extension at X = X1: Case of B1 = 1 7.11 Input Conductance for Finite Length General Case 7.12 Branches at X = X1 7.13 Comment on Branching Equivalent to a Cylinder 7.14 Comment on Membrane Injury at X = X1 7.15 Comment on Steady Synaptic Input at X= X1 7.16 Case of Input to One Branch of Dendritic Neuron Model 8 Passive Membrane Potential Transients and Time Constants 8.1 Passive Decay Transients 8.2 Time Constant Ratios and Electrotonic Length 8.3 Effect of Large L and Infinite L 8.4 Transient Response to Applied Current Step, for Finite Length 8.5 Applied Current Step with L Large or Infinite 8.6 Voltage Clamp at X = 0, with Infinite L 8.7 Voltage Clamp with Finite Length 8.8 Transient Response to Current Injected at One Branch of Model 9 Relations Between Neuron Model Parameters 9.1 Input Resistance and Membrane Resistivity 9.2 Dendritic Tree Input Resistance and Membrane Resistivity 9.3 Results for Trees Equivalent to Cylinders 9.4 Result for Neuron Equivalent to Cylinder 9.5 Estimation of Motoneuron Parameters

Permeability of the Skin

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Manifestations of Skin Permeability 2 Structure of the Skin 2.1 Relevant Structural Features of the Whole Skin 3 The Stratum Corneum 3.1 Regional Variations in Structure 4 Human Versus Other Mammalian Skin 5 Biophysics of Skin Permeability 5.1 Mathematical Analysis of Skin Permeability 5.2 Steady-State Permeability of Skin—Fick's Law 5.3 Appendageal Diffusion 5.4 Concentration Levels in the Skin 5.5 Regional Variations in Permeability 6 Effect of Solvents and Surfactants 6.1 Water 6.2 Aprotic Solvents 6.3 Surfactants 6.4 Organic Solvents

Heat Exchange Between Human Skin Surface and Thermal Environment

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Body Heat Balance Equations 2 Independent Variables in Human Thermal Environment 21 Ambient Temperature 22 Dew-point Temperature and Ambient Vapor Pressure 23 Air (and Fluid) Movement 24 Mean Radiant Temperature or Effective Radiant Field 25 Clothing Insulation 26 Barometric Pressure 27 Time of Exposure 3 Dependent Physiological Variables in Body Heat Balance Equation 31 Mean Skin Temperature 32 Skin Wettedness 33 Body Heat Storage and Rate Change of Mean Body Temperature 34 Metabolic Energy 4 Sensible Heat Exchange by Radiation and Convection 41 Operative Temperature 42 Clothing in Sensible Heat Exchange 5 Radiation Exchange 51 Mean Radiant Temperature and Effective Radiant Field 52 Direct Evaluation of Effective Radiant Field 53 Solar Radiation 54 Measurement of Radiation Exchange 6 Convective Heat Exchange 61 Heat Transfer Theory 62 Free and Forced Convection 63 Measurement of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient 64 Effect of Barometric Pressure 7 Evaporative Heat Exchange 71 Direct Measurement of Evaporative Heat Loss 72 Maximum Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin Surface 73 The Lewis Relation Between Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients 74 Skin Wettedness vs Efficiency of Evaporative Regulation 8 Special Environments 81 Water Immersion 82 Hyperbaric Helium-Oxygen Atmospheres 9 Rational Temperature Indices of Thermal Environment 91 Operative Temperature 92 Humid Operative Temperature 93 Standard Operative Temperature 94 Standard Humid Operative Temperature 95 Standard Effective Temperature 96 A New Effective Temperature Index 10 Summary

Electrical Transmission: A Functional Analysis and Comparison to Chemical Transmission

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Electrically Mediated Synaptic Transmission 1.1 Electrotonic Synapses 1.2 Rectifying Electrotonic Synapses 1.3 Electrical Inhibition 1.4 Electrical Interactions Across Extracellular Space 2 Functions of Electrotonic Transmission 2.1 Short Latency in Through-conducting Systems 2.2 Reciprocity and Short Latency in Highly Synchronized Systems 2.3 Synchronization in Relay Nuclei and Effector Organs 2.4 Asynchronous Activity and Reciprocal Excitation 2.5 Pathways of Electrotonic Coupling in Synchronization 2.6 Synaptic Control of Degree of Coupling 2.7 Cellular Control of Electrotonic Junctions 2.8 Functions of Electrotonic Junctions in Nonelectrical Communication 3 Some “Unusual” Properties of Chemically Mediated Transmission 3.1 Tonic Release of Transmitter 3.2 PSP's Involving a Conductance Decrease and Cytoplasmic Messengers 3.3 Dual- and Multiple-action Synapses 4 Functional Considerations in Mode of Transmission 4.1 Input-Output Relations of Electrically Excitable Membrane 4.2 Identification of Mode of Transmission 4.3 Properties with Clear Advantages to Either Mode 4.4 Properties with at Most a Modest Advantage to Either Mode 4.5 Evaluation and Prospects

Spinal Neurons and Synapses

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 I. Motoneurons 1.1 A. Alpha Motoneurons 1.2 Gamma Motoneurons 2 II. Interneurons 2.1 A. General Considerations 2.2 B. Functionally Identified Interneuron Systems 3 III. Tract Cells 3.1 General Considerations 3.2 B. Specific Systems 4 IV. Intraspinal Primary Afferents and Presynaptic Modulation 4.1 A. General Considerations 4.2 B. Intrinsic Properties of Intraspinal Afferents 4.3 C. Evidence for the Existence of Primary Afferent Depolarization (PAD) 4.4 D. Afferent Terminals Are Subjected Only to Depolarizing Input 4.5 E. Interneurons Are Involved in the Mechanism of PAD Generation 4.6 F. Possible Mechanisms of PAD Production by Interneurons 4.7 G. Changes in Synaptic Transmission Related to PAD 4.8 H. Possible Mechanisms for Presynaptic Inhibition 4.9 I. Consequences of Presynaptic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission 4.10 J. Organization of PAD 5 V. Concluding Comment

Regional Deposition of Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Clearance Zones in the Respiratory Tract 1.1 Anterior Nares 1.2 Ciliated Nasal Passages 1.3 Nasopharynx, Oral Passages, and Larynx 1.4 Tracheobronchial Tree 1.5 Alevolar Zone 2 Factors Affecting Regional Particle Deposition 2.1 Deposition Mechanisms 2.2 Aerosol Factors 2.3 Respiratory and Flow Factors 2.4 Anatomical Factors 2.5 Physiological Factors 2.6 Environmental Factors 2.7 Effects of Pollutant Gases and Aerosols 2.8 Effects of Chronic Lung Disease 3 Techniques for Measuring Particle Deposition 3.1 Comparison of Particle Contents in Inhaled and Exhaled Air 3.2 External in vivo Measurement of γ-Labeled Particle Retention 3.3 Sacrifice and Dissection by Regions in Experimental Animals 3.4 Deposition in Model Systems and Excised Lungs 4 Experimental Regional Deposition Data 4.1 Deposition in Human Beings 4.2 Deposition in Experimental Animals 5 Predictive Deposition Models 6 Deposition of Ambient Atmospheric Aerosol

Food Additives and Contaminants

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Additives 1.1 Food Additives 1.2 Color Additives 1.3 Feed Additives 1.4 Pesticides 2 Contaminants 2.1 Plant Toxins 2.2 Animal Toxins 2.3 Microbial Toxins 2.4 Organic Industrial Chemicals 2.5 Toxic Elements 3 Summary

Control of Body Temperature

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Development of the Model 2 Controlled System 2.1 Heat Loss to the Environment 2.2 Heat Production 3 Controlling System 3.1 Temperature Sensing System 3.2 Integrating System 3.3 Effector System 3.4 Heat Production — Work and Chill 3.5 Evaporative Heat Loss and Sweating 3.6 Blood Flow — Vasomotor 4 Performance of the Thermoregulation Model for Human Beings at Rest 5 Thermoregulation During Exercise 6 Evaluation of Model Performance

Organization of Invertebrate Motor Systems

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Properties of Muscle 11 Anatomic Organization 12 Contraction Speed 13 Strength and Extent of Contraction 14 Thresholds for Excitation-Contraction Coupling 15 Correlations with Innervation 16 Dependence of Tension on Recent History 2 Motor Neurons and the Motor Unit 21 Motor Neuron Morphology 22 Correlations Between Motor Neuron Morphology and Function 23 Neuromuscular Transmission 24 Excitation-Contraction Coupling 25 Peripheral Motor Unit Organization 26 Matching of Central and Peripheral Properties 27 Ontogeny and Regeneration 3 Reflex Organization 31 Proprioceptive Reflexes 32 Exteroreceptive Reflexes 33 Righting Reflexes 34 Optomotor Reflexes 35 Control of Reflex Excitability 4 Central Organization of Motor Systems 41 Structure of Motor Programs 42 Storage of Motor Programs 43 Release of Motor Programs by Command Elements 44 Central Versus Peripheral Control of Motor Output 45 Development of Pattern-Generating Networks 46 Complex Behavioral Phenomena 5 Conclusion

Structure of the Synapse

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Structure of the Presynaptic Active Zone 2 Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles 3 Vesicle Turnover and Transmitter Metabolism 4 Vesicles and Transmitter in Adrenergic Synapses 5 Ultimate Origin and Fate of Synaptic Vesicles 6 Development and Degeneration of Synaptic Terminals 7 Glial and Schwann Cells Next to Synaptic Terminals 8 Structure of the Postsynaptic Active Zone

Junctional Transmission II. Presynaptic Mechanisms

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 The Quantum Hypothesis 1.1 Binomial and Poisson Statistics 1.2 Experimental Tests of Quantum Hypothesis 1.3 Measurement of Mean Quantum Content 1.4 Measurement of Release Probability and Number of Available Quanta 1.5 Experimental Values of Statistical Release Parameters at Various Junctions 2 Spontaneous Miniature Potentials 3 Synaptic Vesicles 4 Synaptic Delay 5 Depolarization and Release 6 Divalent Cations 6.1 Evoked Release 6.2 Calcium Entry 6.3 Spontaneous Release 7 Facilitation 8 Posttetanic Potentiation 9 Presynaptic Inhibition 10 Conclusion

Altered Permeability of Cell Membranes

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Membrane Theory of Toxicity 2 Heavy Metals — Mercury and its Compounds 2.1 Passive Ion and Water Permeability of Cells 2.2 Carrier-Mediated Ion Transport 2.3 Inhibition of Other Transport Systems 2.4 Environmental Role 3 Organochlorines — DDT and its Metabolites 3.1 Passive Na+ and K+ Permeability of Axolemma 3.2 Active Na+ Transport in Epithelia and Cells 3.3 Inhibition of Other Active Transport Systems 4 Conclusions and Speculations

Cell Culture in Neurobiology

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Introduction 1.1 Primary Cell Cultures 1.2 Cell Lines 1.3 Muscles as Models 2 Techniques 2.1 Primary Cultures 2.2 Cell Lines 3 Cell Form 3.1 Distinctive Cell Shapes 3.2 Development of Cell Form 3.3 Growth Cones 3.4 Factors Affecting Process Formation 4 Resting Membrane Potential 5 Action Potential 5.1 Ionic Determinants 5.2 Developmental Aspects 6 Synaptic Transmission 6.1 Nerve-Muscle Synapses 6.2 Synapses Between Neurons 6.3 Chemosensitivity of Neurons 6.4 Transmitter Metabolism 6.5 Factors Affecting Synapse Formation 7 Summary

Axonal Transport: The Intracellular Traffic of the Neuron

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Anterograde Transport of Protein 1.1 Demonstration of Fast and Slow Components 1.2 Characteristics of the Fast and Slow Components 1.3 Postulated Mechanisms of Transport 1.4 Intermediate Rates of Protein Transport 2 Retrograde Transport of Protein 3 Transport of Materials Other than Protein 3.1 Phospholipids 3.2 Nucleotides and Related Compounds 3.3 Ribonucleic Acid 4 Functions of the Transported Material 4.1 Maintenance and Growth of the Axon 4.2 Renewal of the Plasma Membrane 4.3 Supply of Materials to Nerve Terminals 4.4 Release of Trophic Materials 4.5 Removal of Materials from Nerve Terminals 4.6 Initiation of the Cell Body Response to Axon Injury 4.7 Other Signals to the Cell Body 4.8 Structural Modification in Learning 5 Applications of the Principles of Axonal Transport 5.1 Neuroanatomy 5.2 Neurochemistry 5.3 Neuropathology 6 The Present Status of Axonal Transport: A Summary

Lipid Peroxidation: A Specific form of Cellular Injury

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Chemistry of Lipid Peroxidation 2 Biological Consequences of Lipid Peroxidation 3 Possible Mechanisms in Lipoperoxidative Cell Injury 4 Protective Mechanisms 5 Liver Injury from Carbon Tetrachloride 6 Summary

The Olfactory Bulb: A Simple System in the Mammalian Brain

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Cell Types and Laminae 1.1 Input Fibers 1.2 Principal Neuron 1.3 Intrinsic Neurons 1.4 Periglomerular Cells 1.5 Granule Cells 1.6 Lamination 2 Organization of Olfactory Glomeruli 2.1 Olfactory Nerves 2.2 Synaptic Connections 2.3 Physiological Properties 2.4 Comparative Aspects of Glomerular Organization 3 Organization of External Plexiform Layer 3.1 Synaptic Connections 3.2 Mitral Cell Excitation and Inhibition 3.3 Analysis of Summed Extracellular Potentials 3.4 Reconstruction of Mitral Cell Potentials 3.5 Reconstruction of Granule Cell Potentials 3.6 Dendrodendritic Recurrent Inhibition 4 Organization of Granule Cells 5 Transmitter Substances 6 General Discussion

Ionic Basis of Resting and Action Potentials

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Development of Membrane Theory 1.1 Before Intracellular Recording 1.2 First Intracellular Recordings from Squid Giant Axons 2 Direct Measurement of Ionic Currents in Axon Membranes 2.1 Voltage-clamp Method 2.2 Electrochemical Separation of Ionic Currents 2.3 Pharmacological Separation of Ionic Currents 3 Hodgkin-huxley Model 3.1 Quantitative Analysis of INa and Ik 3.2 Calculations with Hodgkin-Huxley Model 4 Variety of Excitable Cells 4.1 Myelinated Nerve 4.2 Other Axons 4.3 Cell Bodies 4.4 Muscle 5 Ionic Channels 5.1 Sodium Channels 5.2 Potassium Channels 5.3 Calcium Channels 6 Equations of Ionic Hypothesis 6.1 Solving Hodgkin-Huxley Model 6.2 Diffusion of Charged Particles in Electric Field

Physical Principles and Formalisms of Electrical Excitability

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Membrane Potentials and Ionic Fluxes 1.1 Fundamental Concepts 1.2 Two Important Examples of Equilibrium Situations 1.3 Electrodes — the Measurement of Potential Difference 1.4 Quasi-equilibrium Systems 1.5 Ion Transport (the Nernst-Planck Flux Equations) 2 Formal Consequences of Voltage-Dependent Conductances 2.1 The Nature of Electrical Excitability 2.2 Current-Voltage (I-V) Characteristics 8 3 Voltage-Dependent Conductance in Thin Lipid Membranes 3.1 The Unmodified Thin Lipid Membrane 3.2 Nonvoltage-dependent Modifiers 3.3 Voltage-dependent Modifiers

Biochemistry and Physiology of Serotonergic Transmission

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Serotonin Biosynthesis 1.1 Introductory Overview 1.2 Decarboxylation 1.3 Hydroxylation 2 Regulation of Serotonin Biosynthesis 2.1 Introductory Overview 2.2 Availability of Precursor Tryptophan 2.3 Feedback Control of Serotonin Biosynthesis 2.4 Inhibition of Tryptophan Hydroxylase: Serotonin Depletion 2.5 Chlorinated Amphetamines 3 Serotonin Metabolism 3.1 Introductory Overview 3.2 Oxidative Deamination 3.3 Conjugation 3.4 O-Sulfation 3.5 N- and O-Methylation 3.6 Inactivation of Circulating Serotonin 3.7 Pineal Gland 4 Uptake of Serotonin 4.1 Introductory Overview 4.2 Specific Uptake 4.3 Inhibition of Serotonin Uptake 5 Localization of Serotonin 5.1 Methodological Considerations 5.2 Identification of Monoamines 5.3 Serotonin Neurons 5.4 Regeneration of Serotonin Neurons 6 Molluscs 7 Serotonin Receptors, Antagonists, and Synaptic Effects 7.1 Myenteric Plexus 7.2 Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital Waves 7.3 Serotonin Receptor Isolation 8 Conclusion

General Morphology of Neurons and Neuroglia

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Neuronal Shape as A Sign of Function 2 Sizes of Neurons 3 Cytology of Neurons 3.1 Soma or Cell Body 3.2 Dendrites 3.3 Axon 3.4 Synapse 3.5 Neuron Doctrine 4 Neuroglia 4.1 Astrocytes 4.2 Oligodendrocytes 4.3 Microglia 4.4 Schwann Cell

Neuronal Plasticity and the Modification of Behavior

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Strategies in Neuronal Studies of Behavioral Modifications 1.1 Dynamic and Plastic Capabilities of Synaptic Pathways 1.2 Plasticity Hypothesis 1.3 Dynamic Hypothesis 2 Synaptic Mechanisms of Plastic Change: Potentiation and Depression 2.1 Posttetanic Potentiation: Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission Following Use 2.2 Tenotomy: Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission Through Disuse 2.3 Depression of Synaptic Pathways Following Use 2.4 Plastic Capabilities of Electrical and Chemical Synapses 2.5 Plastic Capabilities of the Chemical Synapses of Invertebrates 2.6 Heterosynaptic Facilitation, Depression, and Sprouting 3 Nonsynaptic Mechanisms of Plastic Change 4 Biochemical Aspects of Neuronal Plasticity 5 Morphological Aspects of Neuronal Plasticity 6 Relation of Neuronal Plasticity to Behavioral Modifications 7 Cellular Studies of Behavioral Modifications in the Immature Nervous System 7.1 Development of Connections in the Visual System 7.2 Effects of Light and Pattern Deprivation in Newborn Animals on Functional Interconnections of Cells in the Visual System 8 Cellular Studies of Behavioral Modifications in Mature Animals 8.1 Habituation and Dishabituation 8.2 Flexion Withdrawal in the Cat 8.3 Gill Withdrawal in Aplysia 8.4 Escape Swimming in Crayfish 8.5 Escape Response in the Cockroach 8.6 Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity and Short-Term Habituation 9 Mechanistic Relationships Among Simple Behavioral Modifications 9.1 Relationship of Habituation to Dishabituation 9.2 Relationship of Short- to Long-term Memory 9.3 Relationship of Long-term Sensitization to Behavioral Abnormalities 9.4 Relationship of Habituation to Higher Forms of Learning 10 Complex Behavioral Modifications: Classical Conditioning 10.1 Classical Conditioning in the Isolated Spinal Cord 10.2 Classical Conditioning of the Eye-blink Response 10.3 Classical Conditioning in Simple Invertebrates: Feeding in Gastropod Molluscs 11 Overview

Biochemistry and Physiology of Amino Acid Transmitters

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 How Amino Acids Became Recognized as Neurotransmitters 2 Possible Functions of Free Amino Acids 3 Transmitter Function of γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine 3.1 Inhibitory Action of Amino Acids 3.2 Agents That Block Amino Acid Inhibition 3.3 Synthesis and Storage of γ-Aminobutyric Acid 3.4 Uptake of γ-Aminobutyric Acid 3.5 Release of γ-Aminobutyric Acid 3.6 Synthesis and Storage of Glycine 3.7 Uptake and Release of Glycine 3.8 Summary 4 Transmitter Function of L-Glutamate and Related Amino Acids 4.1 Excitatory Action of Amino Acids 4.2 Distribution of L-glutamate and L-aspartate 4.3 Uptake and Release of L-glutamate 4.4 Summary

Junctional Transmission I. Postsynaptic Mechanisms

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Types of Synapses 2 Postsynaptic Responses at Excitatory Synapses 21 Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential and End-plate Potential 22 Equivalent Electrical Circuit 23 Synaptic Current and End-plate Current 24 Conductance of the Synaptic Membrane During the Transmitter Action 25 Generation of the Action Potential 26 Equilibrium Potential or Reversal Potential 27 Ionic Mechanism of the Excitatory Synapses 28 Specificity of Ion Pathways 29 Elementary Conductance Changes Induced by Acetylcholine Molecules 210 Time Course of the Transmitter Action 211 Action of Transmitter Substances 3 Postsynaptic Responses at Inhibitory Synapses 31 Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential 32 Mode of Action of the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential 33 Ionic Mechanism of the Postsynaptic Inhibition 34 Ion Specificity in the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Membrane 4 Presynaptic Inhibition 5 Amount of Transmitter Released and the Postsynaptic Responses 6 Electrical Transmission Versus Chemical Transmision 61 Synaptic Delay 62 Direction of the Transmission 63 Relative Size of the Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Fibers 64 Inhibition

Bone Storage and Release

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Bone Structure 2 Skeletal Uptake of Foreign Ions: Their Migration and Release 3 Skeletal Metabolism of Selected Airborne Contaminants 3.1 Fluoride 3.2 Lead 4 Summary

Cellular Biology of the Neurosecretory Neuron

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Cytology of Neurosecretory Neurons 2 Neurosecretory Granules 3 Synthesis of Neurosecretion 4 Axonal Transport of Neurosecretory Material 4.1 Phenomenon of Transport 4.2 Rates of Transport 4.3 Effect of Electrical Activity on Transport 4.4 Mechanism of Transport 4.5 Modification of Neurosecretion During Transport 5 Release of Neurosecretory Material 6 Intraneuronal Carrier Proteins 7 Electrophysiology of Neurosecretory Neurons 8 Synaptology 9 Relations with Glial Elements 10 Regeneration of Neurosecretory Neurons 11 Addendum

Chemical Agents in Cigarette Smoke

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Smoking 1.1 Variations in Smoke Composition and Smoking 1.2 Sidestream Smoke Inhalation 2 Oxides of Nitrogen and Reaction Products 3 Other Compounds Containing Nitrogen 3.1 Amines 3.2 Nitrites 3.3 Alkaloids 3.4 Heterocyclics 4 Compounds Containing Oxygen and Sulfur 4.1 Alcohols 4.2 Phenols 4.3 Carbonyl Compounds 4.4 Acids 4.5 Heterocyclics 4.6 Compounds Containing Sulfur 5 Hydrocarbons 5.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkines, and Simple Aromatics 5.2 Poly cyclic Aromatics 6 Effects of Soil Composition or Agricultural Practices on Smoke Composition 6.1 Trace Elements 6.2 Organic Pesticides 7 Biological Contaminants and their Toxic Metabolites in Smoke 7.1 Fungi 7.2 Viruses 8 Summary: The More Hazardous Substances in Smoke

Hepatic and Extrahepatic Mixed-Function Oxidases

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Types of Mixed-Function Oxidase Reactions 2 Characteristics of Microsomal Electron Transport Chain 2.1 Cytochrome P-450 2.2 Substrate-Induced Difference Spectra 2.3 Cytochrome P-450 Reductase 2.4 Reconstituted Microsomal Enzyme Systems 3 Extrahepatic Mixed-Function Oxidase Activity 3.1 Lung 3.2 Kidney 3.3 Gastrointestinal Tract 3.4 Placenta 3.5 Skin 3.6 Adrenals 3.7 Miscellaneous Organs 4 Hepatic and Extrahepatic Mixed-Function Oxidase Activity in Perinatal Period 5 Induction of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Mixed-Function Oxidase Activity 6 Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Mixed-Function Oxidases 7 Mixed-Function Oxidase Activity in Human Beings 7.1 Drug Interactions 8 Conclusion

Junctional Transmission in Smooth Muscle and the Autonomic Nervous System

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Autonomic Synapses 1.1 Electrical Properties of Ganglion Cells 1.2 Regenerative Electrical Activity in Autonomic Neurons 1.3 Release of Acetylcholine at Autonomic Synapses 1.4 Postsynaptic Action of Acetylcholine 1.5 Slow Synaptic Potentials 1.6 Presynaptic Changes in the Release of Acetylcholine 1.7 Auto inhibitory Phenomena 1.8 Varying Synaptic Actions of Different Presynaptic Fibers 2 Autonomic Nerve-Smooth Muscle Transmission 2.1 Electrical Properties of Smooth Muscle 2.2 Action Potentials in Smooth Muscle 2.3 Classification of Smooth Muscles 2.4 Some Comments on the Innervation of Smooth Muscle 2.5 Transmission of Excitation 2.6 Transmission of Inhibition 2.7 Conclusion 3 Cellular Basis of some of the Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System 4 Conclusion

Structural and Metabolic Processes Directly Related to Action Potential Propagation

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Structure 1.1 Optical Properties 1.2 Heat Production 2 Recovery Processes Following Impulse Conduction 2.1 Properties of the Sodium-Potassium Pump 2.2 Recovery Heat 2.3 Oxygen Consumption 2.4 Intrinsic Fluorescence 2.5 Metabolic Intermediates 2.6 Metabolic Control 2.7 Electrical Phenomena Accompanying Recovery 3 Prognosis

Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Mammalian Cells

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Physical and Chemical Events 1.1 Development of Radiation Injury 1.2 The Target Theory 1.3 Direct and Indirect Effects, Radiation Chemistry 2 Effects on Cell Division 2.1 Division Delay 2.2 Mitotic Inhibition (Reproductive Failure) 2.3 Radiation Sensitivity in Different Phases of the Life Cycle 2.4 Chromosomal Damage 2.5 Interphase Death 2.6 Nonlethal Heritable Changes 2.7 Biological Variation in Radiation Sensitivity 2.8 Mechanisms 3 Modification of Radiation Effects 3.1 Physical Factors 3.2 Chemical Radiation Protection and Sensitization 3.3 Oxygen Effect 3.4 Intracellular Recovery Processes 3.5 Repair of Potentially Lethal Damage 3.6 Repair of Sublethal Damage (Split-Dose Recovery) 4 Molecular Repair Processes 4.1 Damage Observed in DNA 4.2 Cellular Repair Systems for DNA Damage 4.3 Repair Activities in Mammalian Cells 4.4 Correlation of DNA Repair with Biological Effects 5 Concluding Remarks 6 Addendum