Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the applicability and applicability of numerical predictions of turbulent flow, and advocate that computational economy, range of applicability, and physical realism are best served by turbulence models in which the magnitudes of two turbulence quantities, the turbulence kinetic energy k and its dissipation rate ϵ, are calculated from transport equations solved simultaneously with those governing the mean flow behaviour.

TL;DR: In this article, a new finite element formulation for convection dominated flows is developed, based on the streamline upwind concept, which provides an accurate multidimensional generalization of optimal one-dimensional upwind schemes.

TL;DR: In this article, the concept of isogeometric analysis is proposed and the basis functions generated from NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) are employed to construct an exact geometric model.

TL;DR: In this paper, a convective modeling procedure is presented which avoids the stability problems of central differencing while remaining free of the inaccuracies of numerical diffusion associated with upstream differencings.

TL;DR: GA's population-based approach and ability to make pair-wise comparison in tournament selection operator are exploited to devise a penalty function approach that does not require any penalty parameter to guide the search towards the constrained optimum.