Showing papers in "Contemporary Management Research in 2015"

Memorable Tourism Experiences: Scale Development

Abstract: This paper presents the findings of a research intended to develop a reliable and valid measurement instrument for memorable tourism experiences from the perspectives of more regular and typical leisure-oriented travellers. The exploratory stage involved data analysis of 100 travel blog narratives and 35 in-depth interviews and the subsequent quantitative stage gathered data through a survey of 700 respondents who had visited some of the major tourist sites in Australia. The study confirmed a reliable and valid MTE instrument having 34 items across the ten experiential dimensions: authentic local experiences; novel experiences; self-beneficial experiences; significant travel experiences; serendipitous and surprising experiences; local hospitality; social interactions; impressive local guides and tour operators; fulfilment of personal travel interests and affective emotions. However, the relative importance of these dimensions can differ according to the destinations and travellers’ demographic characteristics. The results provide important managerial implications for destination marketing efforts. Keywords: Memorable Tourism Experiences (MTEs), Tourist Experience, Instrument Development To cite this document: Lalith Chandralal and Fredy-Roberto Valenzuela, "Memorable Tourism Experiences: Scale Development", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 291-310, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13822

The Impact of Environment Concern and Attitude on Green Purchasing Behavior: Gender as the Moderator

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between environmental concern and attitude towards green purchasing behavior from a Lebanese consumer perspective. This study is based on socialization theory, which suggests that individual behavior is shaped by gender expectation in relation to the cultural context. An online questionnaire was used to collect data from Lebanese consumers with independent purchasing power. A total of 326 complete questionnaires were analyzed in this study. The moderating effect of gender was found to be significant and affect both environmental concern and attitude towards green purchasing behavior. The results of this study provide insights for both practitioners and scholars. The findings revealed that green marketers could benefit from increasing the level of environmental concern and attitude among both males and females. It is recommended that marketers, educators and policymakers understand the uniqueness of each market to promote green behavior. Future studies should examine the new social role of females and how it affects the green behavior. Keywords: Environmental Attitude, Environmental Concern, Gender, Green Purchasing Behavior, ECEA To cite this document: Grace K. Dagher, Omar Itani, and Abdul Nasser Kassar , "The Impact of Environment Concern and Attitude on Green Purchasing Behavior: Gender as The Moderator", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 179-206, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13625

The Impact of Intrinsic Motivation on The Effectiveness of Leadership Style towards on Work Engagement

Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of authoritarian leadership and authentic leadership, which satisfies employees’ needs to different extents, on employees’ engagement with their work. The moderating effect of intrinsic motivation between leadership and work engagement also was tested among Chinese workers in Taiwan. The snowball sampling method was used, and data were collected for 350 subordinate-supervisor dyads. The results of regression analysis indicated that, when controlling for obedience, authoritarian leadership was found to be negatively related to subordinates’ work engagement, but authentic leadership was found to be positively related to work engagement. Intrinsic motivation appears to foster the positive relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement and buffer the adverse impact of authoritarian leadership on work engagement. The theoretical, research, and practical implications of these findings are discussed in this paper. Keywords: Self-Determination Theory, Bicultural Self, Intrinsic Motivation, Work Engagement To cite this document: Chin-Yi Shu, "The Impact of Intrinsic Motivation on The Effectiveness of Leadership Style towards on Work Engagement", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 327-350, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.14043

A Study of the Relationship among Brand Experiences, Self-Concept Congruence, Customer Satisfaction, and Brand Preference

Abstract: To meet the expectation of customers during experience era, it is important to understand their perceptions of different brands. To achieve this, this study aimed to investigate the relationship among brand experiences, self-concept congruence, customer satisfaction, and brand preference. This study used Tablet PC users as the research objects and collected empirical data through online questionnaires. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to validate models, and hierarchical regression was used to test the hypothesis. The results of this study showed that brand experience has a significant positive effect on brand preference, brand experience has a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction, and self-concept congruence has a positive effect on brand preference. In addition, self-concept congruence has positive effect on customer satisfaction and brand preferences. These results show that through a comprehensive brand experience, companies could enhance brand preferences and purchase intentions of customers. Keywords: Brand Experiences, Self-Concept Congruence, Customer Satisfaction, Brand Preference To cite this document: Yi-Ching Tsai, Hui-Chen Chang, and Kung-Chung Ho, "A Study of the Relationship among Brand Experiences, Self-Concept Congruence, Customer Satisfaction, and Brand Preference", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.2, pp.97-116, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.12970

Customer-Based Brand Equity: The Evidence from China

Abstract: Branding is one of the most dominant trends in the global hotel industry. This research aims to focus on customer-based brand equity, and examines whether brand equity influences customers’ repurchase intention in the hotel industry in Zhuhai, China. A sample of 193 valid responses was received through face-to-face surveys of customers who had experienced staying in high-star hotels. The results of the survey were analysed using a linear regression model, and the preliminary results indicate that there was a positive and meaningful relationship between brand equity and repurchase intention. Furthermore, this research contributes both applied and theoretical outcomes with empirical evidence. The paper also outlines the limitations and directions for future research.

Examining How Environmental Concern Affects Purchase Intention: Mediating Role of Perceived Trust and Moderating Role of Perceived Risk

Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the factors affecting the intention to purchase PCTG plastic water bottles. It further elaborates on the relationships among perceived value, perceived risk, trust in the quality of the product, and purchase with the concern of protecting the environment. Another focus of this research was to measure the mediating effect of trust on the relation between perceived value and purchase intention and to test whether perceived risk has any moderating effect on the relation between perceived value and purchase intention. Three hundred valid responses from Hong Kong consumers were used to test the mediation-moderation model. The research findings indicated that trust partially mediates the significant relationship of perceived value with purchase intention. The moderating role of perceived risk was also found to have significant effect on the direct effect between perceived value and purchase intentions, indicating that the relationship between the perceived value and purchase intention is stronger under high perceived risk rather than under low perceived risk. Managerial implications and limitations are also discussed. Keywords: Perceived Value, Perceived Risk, Trust, Purchase Intention, Environmental Concern To cite this document: Man-Lung Jonathan Kwok, Mei-Chi Macy Wong, and Mei Mei Lau, "Examining How Environmental Concern Affects Purchase Intention: Mediating Role of Perceived Trust and Moderating Role of Perceived Risk", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.2, pp.143-152, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13845

Investigating the Role of Government Policy and the Environment on Locals’ Loyalty to Spring Music Festivals

Abstract: This paper explores the importance of government policy and the environment in determining locals’ perceived value of and loyalty to festivals. Although past studies have analyzed attendee loyalty, little research has examined the perspectives of local businesses and residents. Locals with unsatisfactory experiences can hinder festivals from being held. This study applied a structural equation model (SEM) approach to investigate the responses of locals to spring music festivals in southern Taiwan. The results indicated that both government policy and the environment affected perceived value, which consequently influenced loyalty. Implications are drawn for government policy support, festival management, and tourism. Keywords: Festival Loyalty, Festivalscape, Perceived Value, Music Festival To cite this document: Yao-Kuei Lee, Tsai-Lung Liu, Fang-Tsen Chung, and Hsiao-Hui Ho, "Investigating the Role of Government Policy and the Environment on Locals’ Loyalty to Spring Music Festivals ", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.1, pp.35-54, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13791

The Role of "Tone at The Top" and Knowledge of Fraud on Auditors’ Professional Skeptical Behavior

Abstract: Auditors need to be professionally skeptical when they are conducting an audit. Skeptical behavior is especially needed when there are indications of fraud in the audited entity. Without skepticism, fraud is likely to be overlooked, because fraud is usually concealed by the perpetrators. This experimental study aimed to investigate the influence of skeptical attitude, tone at the top, and knowledge of fraud on auditors’ professional skeptical behavior. The study participants were junior auditors, senior auditors, and auditor supervisors. The analysis led to three key findings in this study. First, skeptical attitude, tone at the top, and the auditor’s knowledge of fraud influenced the skeptical behavior of professional auditors. Second, a high tone at the top of the partner’s style played an important role in maintaining and improving auditors’ professional skeptical behavior, particularly for auditors who had a weak skeptical attitude. This result supported the theory of the attitudes–behavior relationship described by Fazio (1990) in the MODE model. Third, auditors’ knowledge about fraud improved their professional skeptical behavior. However, knowledge of fraud did not influence auditors’ professional behavior if those auditors had weak skeptical attitudes and were supervised by a supervisor with a low tone at the top style. Keywords: Tone at The Top, The MODE Model, Professional Skepticism, Knowledge of Fraud To cite this document: Suzy Noviyanti and Lanita Winata, "The Role of "Tone at The Top" and Knowledge of Fraud on Auditors’ Professional Skeptical Behavior", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.1, pp.55-74, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.12239

Spreading Good Words: The Mediating Effect of Brand Loyalty between Role Model Influence and Word of Mouth

Abstract: Many businesses around the world spend millions of dollars every year on celebrity endorsement deals in order to associate their products or brands with some of the biggest names in sport. Indeed, in a crowded media environment, marketers face the challenge of attracting consumers’ attention, and one way of doing this is to use celebrities because they have the ability to break through this media clutter, contribute to brand name recognition, and create meaning for their products. The aim of this study is to examine how sport celebrities acting as role models influence young customers’ behavioral intentions; namely, word-of-mouth behavior and brand loyalty. A convenience sampling was drawn from young adults, with 468 valid responses. Results indicate that endorsements of athlete role models have a positive influence on young adults’ positive word-of-mouth behavior and brand loyalty. Moreover, the study found that brand loyalty partially mediated the relationship between role model influence and positive word of mouth. This study provides useful insights on how young consumers in Hong Kong respond to the use of sport celebrities in marketing programs. Keywords: Sport Celebrities, Word of Mouth, Role Model, Brand Loyalty To cite this document: Mei-Chi Macy Wong, Man-Lung Jonathan Kwok, and Mei Mei Lau, "Spreading Good Words: The Mediating Effect of Brand Loyalty between Role Model Influence and Word of Mouth", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 313-326, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13838

The Moderating Role of Top Management Support in the Link between Csr and Employee Engagement - a Conceptual Framework

Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTIONHuman resources are the ultimate asset of any organization. The efficient workforce determines the effective functioning of the organization. Though there are many ways to generate efficient employees, the need of the hour is to find out one solution which suits for all employees. Recently, employees, along with their employers show concern for human lives. They are very sympathetic to the basic needs of the community. Many organizations are doing these community development activities as a separate function of their businesses and they termed it as corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is inseparable in today's business role. Organizations cannot exist in a vacuum and they need support from various entities.During the business process, organizations tend to affect their entities in various ways (pollution, contamination and so on). In this situation, organizations try to minimize and rectify the effects through various measures and one among them is CSR. It is the way of repaying their stakeholders through some good measures. In spite of this, there are few organizations which do CSR activities in a noble way though they have not caused any harm to the society. CSR yields many benefits to the organizations as well as to the employees. When CSR is channeled through the proper medium it can even influence the positive attitudes among employees, which are less explored by researchers in India. The role of CSR is influenced by the top management. They are the sole authority in drafting the policies for CSR and hence their support is very crucial in bringing out the necessary outcomes among employees.2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Varied definitions of CSRCSR is defined as "the social responsibility of business encompassing the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has on organizations at a given point in time" (Carroll, 1979). One of the business associations such as the Confederation of British Industry considers CSR as beyond their financial performance (Crane, Matten and Spence, 2008). Davis (1973) defines CSR as 'firm's considerations of, and response to, issues beyond narrow economical, technical, and legal requirement of firm'. Though the terminologies vary, from author to author, organizations to organizations, they insist more or less focus on doing good things to the people.2.2 Significant features of CSRThe significance of CSR can be analyzed through its features. Some of its features are voluntary, managing externalities, broader responsibilities, not diverting from economic benefits, values and more than philanthropy. The effectiveness of legal regulation is being questioned and hence, many scholars support the voluntary action of CSR. CSR is more about managing externalities or in other words, companies are investing their 3M - Money, Material and Manpower to protect the environment by doing some activities. Corporations depend on many constituencies such as consumers, employers, suppliers and local communities. So corporation's responsibility is wider, as it has to address all their needs. CSR has to be in line with the organizational functions such as production, HR, marketing, procurement, logistics and finance.The organization should be in a position to fulfill their economic benefits by not exploiting their society. There should be a proper alignment between social and economic responsibilities. CSR is being implemented according to the company's policies and strategies. But in certain cases, it goes beyond that to fulfill their value. Earlier CSR was mainly concerned with its philanthropic approach towards community. But now it goes beyond philanthropic approach to fulfill the societal needs (Crane et al., 2008).2.3 CSR in different sectors and NGOsCorporate Social Responsibility, as indicated by the word "corporate" means the "business world". In any sector, practicing CSR has its own implications. …

Using the Fuzzy Delphi Method to Apply a Model of Knowledge Transfer through International Strategic Alliances in Up-Stream Oil and Gas Sectors

Abstract: The upstream petroleum industry includes associated service businesses such as seismic and drilling contractors, service rig operators, engineering firms and various scientific, technical service and supply companies. These extremely high-tech activities require the continuous inflow of knowledge and technologies for reconfiguring and rebuilding capabilities that fit with the continuous changes in the marketplace for sustaining a competitive advantage. To that end, infrastructures and policy orientations are required to create a conducive environment for knowledge transfer (KT) to enhance knowledge capability. This paper aims to explore how strategic alliances lead to KT that enhances organizational capabilities. We analyze the case of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) to test the fuzzy Delphi model (FDM) framework. We develop a conceptual framework establishing the link between the strategic alliances (SA) and their facilitators for developing the knowledge capabilities of upstream oil and gas companies. We tested the proposed model using FDM to show how international strategic alliances (ISA) in the upstream oil and gas sector transfer knowledge and have positive effects on developing the NIOC’s knowledge capability. Positive outcomes include knowledge acquisition from partners, developing knowledge management techniques and facilitating the implementation of knowledge-based structure, developing high-tech production and exploration methods, increasing investment in innovation, and developing human resources and information technology uses. Keywords: Knowledge Transfer, Upstream Oil and Gas Sector, International Strategic Alliances, Emerging Countries To cite this document: Salman Kimiagari, Samira Keivanpour, Md. Samim Al-Azad, and Muhammad Mohiuddin, "Using the Fuzzy Delphi Method to Apply a Model of Knowledge Transfer through International Strategic Alliances in Up-Stream Oil and Gas Sectors", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 409-428, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13183

The Reign of Leadership & Power in Just Organizations

Abstract: This study aims to illuminate the solid correlation between leadership that is employed in a Lebanese industry, organizational justice (OJ), and power that acts as the mediator between the two variables. This study intends to empirically validate that leadership style affects OJ, provided that power acts as the liaison. The sample consisted of 400 individuals working in small- to medium-sized multinational and Lebanese firms, specializing in the telecommunication and electronics retail sector, located throughout Lebanon. Path and regression analyses were employed to analyze the data and reach conclusions. The findings show that successfully implemented leadership paves the way for OJ through the basis of power exerted in an organization. These findings are of additional value to the wide-ranging studies of human resources in business organizations and widen the scope of just treatment and fairness perceptions in the workplace. Promoting justice in organizations will lay the groundwork for a successful organization that can excel and become a pioneer in its field. Therefore, successful leaders should strive to promote perceptions of fairness in their organization in order to construct an ethical and a just workplace for their subordinates. Keywords: Organizational Justice, Leadership, Power, Managers, Lebanon To cite this document: Silva Karkoulian, "The Reign of Leadership & Power in Just Organizations", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.2, pp.153-178, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.12051

Applying Digital Analysis to Investigate the Relationship between Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: An Empirical Analysis of Publicly Listed Companies in Taiwan

Abstract: This study applies Benford’s law to examines the earnings of companies publicly listed in Taiwan from 1993 to 2011 applying Benford’s law. The results show that, regardless of whether the company is profitable, the phenomenon of earnings management may be evident. Another interesting finding was is that the rounding-of-earnings phenomenon remains popular among Taiwan’s publicly listed companies, although the degree of earnings manipulation has declined with the gradual implementation of corporate governance mechanisms. Thus, we recommend that supervisory authorities enhance corporate governance regulations and mechanisms to minimize earnings management. Keywords: Benford’s Law, Earnings Management, Corporate Governance To cite this document: Fengyi Lin and Sheng-Fu Wu, "Applying Digital Analysis to Investigate the Relationship between Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: An Empirical Analysis of Publicly Listed Companies in Taiwan", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 209-222, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13144

The Influence of SERVQUAL on Behavioral Intentions of Thai Tourists Travelling in the Thai-Myanmar Border Area

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to study the influence of SERVQUAL in terms of business image and tourist satisfaction, complaints, and behavioral intentions on Thai tourists in the Thai-Myanmar border area. In 500 representative samples, the findings indicated that the majority of respondents were females, aged 20-40 years old, with a bachelor degree. Their occupations were corporate employees, earning an average income of 10,000-20,000 Thai Baht per month. Regarding the effects of SERVQUAL on the building up of the business image and tourist satisfaction, the analysis showed that a good SERVQUAL could effectively increase the behavioral intentions. Conversely, tourists often complained about the less-qualified service received. Notably, rapid ploblem solving regarding the tourists’ complaints could increase their behavioral intentions as well. Based on the results, a tourism entrepreneur will benefit more by adoping the research findings to improve his or her service quality, especially in terms of tangible services and the empathy to extend the tourists’ behavioral intentions and to meet the tourists’ needs, not only in the Thai-Myanmar border area, but also in other areas in the near future. Keywords: Behavioral Intentions, Business Image, SERVQUAL, Thai-Myanmar Border Area, Tourist Satisfaction To cite this document: Kanthachai, Nongnout, "The Influence of SERVQUAL on Behavioral Intentions of Thai Tourists Travelling in the Thai-Myanmar Border Area", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 277-290, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13847

Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Indian Adolescents

Abstract: This study examines the consumer decision-making styles with respect to shopping behavior among Indian adolescents. Specifically, Sproles and Kendall’s Consumer Style Inventory was used to determine the various decision-making styles of the respondents. An initial sample of 250 school-going children completed the inventory, which was found to be unreliable. Further, a study was conducted on a sample of 283 students to develop a new scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Six decision-making styles of the original scale, specifically, Price Consciousness, Brand Consciousness, Fashion Consciousness, Hedonistic Orientation, Habitual Orientation, and Impulse Driven, were retained but five new styles, i.e., Reference Group Orientation, Convenience Seeking, Bargain Seeking, Socially Desirable, and Information Seeking, emerged which were found to be unique to Indian shopping behavior. Additionally, the Perfectionist style from the original scale split into two factors, Perfection Seeking and Quality Seeking, in Indian adolescents. Keywords: Consumer Decision Making, CSI, Indian, Adolescents To cite this document: Sumit Pillai and Arpita Srivastava, "Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Indian Adolescents", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 385-408, 2015. #Correction of Authorship by Authors' Request This paper was submitted to CMR in October 21, 2014. This manuscript was subject to editorial review and was held to be suitable for publication after revision, and was published in CMR Vol. 11, No. 4 (December 2015). In April 2017, Sumit Pillai and Arpita Srivastava had submitted a request for correction of authorship, asking that Sumit Pillai should be added to the paper as first author and Arpita Srivastava should be the second author. After email communication, both two authors (Sumit Pillai and Arpita Srivastava) confirmed that they agreed the change in authorship. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.14181

The Effects of Bi-Direction of Work Family Enrichment on Work and Family Related Outcomes among Women Faculty Members

Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTIONThe origin of work and family concept was started when women wanted to be a labour force to share family responsibilities as well as to play multiple roles like homemaker, spouse, parent and employee etc. When women entered into labour force there was a conflict between the spheres of work and family (Greenhaus and Parasuraman, 1999). This issue was treated as negative aspect of work family interface and termed as work family conflict (hereafter WFC) which occurs when there are incompatible demands between the work and family roles of an individual. High involvement in both work and family roles lead to increased work-family role conflict (Frone et.al 1992a), higher level of job dissatisfaction and more psychological and physical health problems.Researchers (Kossek and Ozeki 1998; Allen et al. 2000; Byron 2005; and Ford et al.2007) have also noted that high levels of WFC resulted in negative consequences including lower job and life satisfaction, higher turnover intentions, greater psychological strain, greater somatic/physical symptoms, higher depression, and greater burnout. WFC is a bi-directional concept divided into three distinct categories such as work related, family related and domain unspecific outcomes (Bellavia and Frone 2005). The bi-direction of WFC namely work to family conflict and family to work conflict are associated with work related outcomes such as job satisfaction (e.g., Perrewe , Hochwarter, and Kiewitz, 1999), organizational commitment (e.g., Aryee, Srinivas, and Tan, 2005), intention to quit (e.g., Shaffer, Harrison, Gilley, and Luk, 2001), burnout (e.g., Peeters, Montgomery, Bakker, and Schaufeli, 2005), absenteeism (e.g., Kirchmeyer and Cohen, 1999), work related strain (e.g., Netemeyer, Brashear-Alejandro, and Boles, 2004), and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB; e.g., Netemeyer, Maxham, and Pullig, 2005), as well as family related outcomes, such as marital satisfaction (e.g., Voydanoff, 2005b), family satisfaction (e.g., Cardenas, Major, and Bernas, 2004), and family related strain (e.g., Swanson and Power, 1999) and domain-unspecific outcomes such as life satisfaction (e.g., Greenhaus, Collins, and Shaw, 2003), psychological strain (e.g., Kelloway et al., 1999), somatic complaints (e.g., Peeters, De Jonge, Janssen, and Vander Linden, 2004), depression (e.g., Vinokur, Pierce, and Buck, 1999), and substance use or abuse (e.g., Grzywacz and Bass, 2003). The relation between bi-direction of WFC and work related outcomes as well as family related outcomes are over researched.Focus on the conflict arising between work and family roles fails to account for another process, by which engagement in more than one role provides benefits that enhance individual's life rather than detract from them. In this context, Sieber (1974) and Marks (1977) questioned the conflict perspective and suggested the possibility that participation in multiple roles could be advantageous rather than deleterious to role performance in both work and family domain.Based on role accumulation theory and scarcity perspective, multiple roles could produce a positive outcome which leads to satisfaction of the employee. Crouter (1984) who was the first researcher used the positive aspect of work family interface namely positive spillover. Researchers like Edwards and Rothbard (2000); Grzywacz and Marks (2000a, 2000b); Grzywcz et al. (2002); and Kirchmeyer (1992a, 1993, 1995) have also used the term positive spillover and other different terms were also used namely, enhancement (Sieber, 1974; Greenhaus and Parasuraman, 1990; Barnett, 1998; Barnett and Hyde, 2001; Ruderman et al., 2002; and Tiedje et al., 1990) facilitation (Frone, 2003; Hill, 2005; and Wayne et al., 2004)and enrichment (Greenhaus and Powell 2006; and Carslon et al.2006).In recent decades of work-family literature concentrated on the positive aspect of work family interface namely, as work family enrichment (hereafter WFE) which explains the positive effect of one role increases the performance of an individual in the another role (Greenhaus and Powell 2006). …

Personality Traits and Teaching Style of Management Teachers: An Empirical Study

Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTIONTeaching is an essential human interaction activity; therefore it is also influenced by the personal qualities of an individual. These qualities are personality preference and styles of an individual and these include the learning and teaching styles. Each human activity is an integral and intrinsic part of the individual. This has a unique style of an individual for different situations. Allport (1961) stated, "Style reflects the oblique mirroring of personal traits. These traits either improve performance or distort it depend on its operative intensity stylistically."Professors have their own teaching styles and also believe that the style they use is appropriate as per their need and situations, as they understand that management education cannot be "all things to all people" (Thompson, 1997).Teachers always have interactions with students. Students come from diverse backgrounds and cultures. These students have different learning styles. The Students' learning styles and teachers' teaching styles' interaction takes place in a different environment which is the classroom.In higher education, a variety of teaching methods are used rather than the traditional lecture method. The students also prefer courses which offer them different teaching method and assessment (Chamorrow-Premuzic et. al., 2007). Management education spans many areas from organizational behaviour to human resource management to marketing, finance, accounting, information system etc. It is not possible to have teaching and learning in the same manner for each areas. Therefore, a debate on appropriate methods and styles would always remain at the crux of effective teaching (Provitera and Esendal, 2008). Effective teaching is also influenced by various factors such as diversity of students, classroom environment, system support, discipline of the instruction, course and its objectives and individual preferences, learning styles and personality traits.Various studies have been conducted in the areas which focus on students and teachers. These include research on student personality and preferred teaching method (DeNovelles and Lawrence, 1974; Keirsey and Bates, 1978; Chamorropremuzic, 2007), students' learning styles and teachers' teaching style (Kent and Fischer, 1997; Stitt-Gohdes, 2001; Tucker et. al., 2003), teachers' learning style and teaching methods or teaching styles (Cano et. al., 1992; Pankratius, 1997) and teachers' personality and classroom environment (Kent and Fischer, 1997).Thus there is the dearth of research in these areas while the empirical base on teaching styles classifying the members of particular personality to use a particular teaching style is also scarce.2. LITERATURE REVIEWThe literature review has been divided into three parts. The first part is about personality concept and research in that area. The second part explains about teaching styles and their implications, whereas the third part focuses on the research in the area of teaching style and personality match.2.1 Concept of PersonalityPersonality is the unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, emotions and thoughts shown by an individual. It makes one individual differ from other. It relates to people's characteristic tendencies to behave think and feel in certain ways (Arnold et. al., 1995). Various authors define personality. For example Carl Rogers defined personality as "personality is an organized, consistent, pattern or perception of the 'I', around which the individual interacts and has experiences. (Pareek, 2007). Gordon Allport defined it as "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment".Personality would usually be defined as the combinations of various traits. Trait is a characteristic way in which an individual perceives feels, believes or acts. (Pareek, 2007). This trait can be identified from the behaviour of people, as behaviour is shaped by personality. …

The Devil Is in the Details: When Holistic Thinkers React Negatively to Incongruent Information

Abstract: This research examines the effects of thinking styles (holistic vs. analytic) and different levels of information congruity on product evaluations. Two experimental studies show that presenting more details in a message matches the analytic thinking style, thus leading to higher evaluations of extremely incongruent information, from analytic thinkers and lower evaluations from holistic thinkers. Keywords: Thinking Styles, Information Processing, Advertising, Congruent Message, Schema Congruity To cite this document: Sydney Chinchanachokchai and Hayden Noel, "The Devil is in the Details: When Holistic Thinkers React Negatively to Incongruent Information", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.1, pp.25-34, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13853

Does Money for Grocery Expenditure Sway Italian Consumers' Motivational Values in Predicting Attitude towards Eco- Sustainable Food Products?

Abstract: This study attempts to explain how the motivational domains of Schwartz’s theory of basic human values influence Italian consumers’ attitude towards buying eco-sustainable food products and the extent to which the average monthly amount of money available in households for grocery expenditure may modify this influence. A conceptual model of attitude with the high-order dimensions of the Schwartz’s taxonomy of human values and past experience as predictors has been hypothesized and performed on a representative sample (i.e., on regional basis and age categories) of Italian food consumers (n = 2760). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used as the methodology. Italian consumers’ households with an average monthly amount of less than 400 Euros for grocery expenditures showed universal values and self-enhancement motivations in supporting their positive attitude towards eco-sustainable food products, but with a significant reduction of their openness to change and conservation in disfavor of these products. Consumers with more than 400 Euros showed attenuated universal and conservation values, but with less openness to change and self-enhancement motives. In conclusion, it has seemed that in Italy, where no legal requirements about sustainability have been established yet, being an ethical and universal food consumer still strongly depends on how much money one is able to spend rather than on how ethical or universal one wants to be. Keywords: Attitude towards Behavior, Eco-sustainable Foods, High-order Factors, Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values, Structural Equation Modeling To cite this document: Marco Vassallo and Anna Saba, "Does Money for Grocery Expenditure Sway Italian Consumers’ Motivational Values in Predicting Attitude towards Eco-Sustainable Food Products?", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.1, pp.3-24, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13840

Gender Difference and Its Implications for Organizational Effectiveness: Real or Constructed

Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTIONThere have been innumerable studies highlighting the gender differences and the subsequent impact on the behaviour of men and women. The core issue is mainstreaming the gender concerns and bringing them to the top of the main discourse of the development agenda in any society. Inspite of the continuous efforts of governments, still there is a long way to go towards gender equity. In an era of cut throat competition, women do not find their rightful space in the ever growing space of the corporate world. The new situation throws up new challenges for women. In this context, we need to relook at the ways women and their capabilities are conceived by the society at large and by the corporate world in particular. This paper explores the perceived differences between men and women and tries to explain why these differences exist. Further, it is discussed that the sociological and organizational culture, climate, values and systems embedded with gender stereotypes put women at a disadvantageous position. The differential skill sets that are seen at present will be of great value to organizations by mainstreaming gender perspectives and competencies. Simultaneously there must be efforts to demystify the constructed differences and enable women to partake at all levels of organizational functions.2. GENDER AND TRAITA trait is an important aspect of personality. Trait is a characteristic of a person that may be inherited or acquired from an environment. Traits make up the identity of a person. It is relatively stable in one's life and remains consistent over a long period of time. For easy understanding, traits can simply be said as 'general tendencies' of a person.The term sex and gender have been used interchangeably meaning the same. But there are basic differences between both the terms. Sex is biological and includes physical attributes such as reproductive structures, hormones and external organs. Gender refers to the attributes, roles, activities, responsibilities and needs given by the society, connected to men and women. While sex continues to remain same throughout one's life time, gender roles are constructed ones and they can be changed. When we discuss about men and women in this paper it is about the gender (traits, roles and responsibilities).Do men and women have distinct traits and characteristics? There are different positions with regard to the traits of men and women. While some say that there are differences, others claim that the differences are due to stereotyping in a society. The perceptible differences between men and women in terms of their behaviour and personality are the result of social and cultural factors. These gender based differentiations have undergone changes over the past few decades. Women and men are found to give emphasis to different traits as a result of which their leadership style and behaviour differ. The performance of a leader depends on the traits and values she/he holds and the way she/he persuades employees in an organization. People have different views with regard to what makes an ideal leader; this also influences their perception on the suitability of women for leadership positions. Hence this article highlights certain constructed gender differences in traits and causative factors for such differences supported by various theories.3. DIFFERENCE IN TRAITS, PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS OF MEN AND WOMENVarious researchers have found that men and women differ in some traits and styles. This does not in any way mean that all men and women can be placed at the extremes of a continuum. This only explains the general tendencies of men and women. Here the gender differences in various aspects are discussed based on various researches. Though the differences can be much more than what are discussed here, attempt is made to present and discuss the differences related to organizational context. Differences are seen in the way both men and women process the information, emotional intelligence, leadership traits, skills, expressing one's aspiration, interpreting communication and attribution of one's success. …

Knowledge of Opponents’ Power in Power-Asymmetric Negotiations: Whose Knowledge Shapes the Structure of Outcomes?

Abstract: This article focuses on dyadic negotiations in which negotiators have asymmetric best alternatives to the negotiated agreement (BATNAs). The article sets out to contribute to this domain, arguing that it is important to consider negotiators’ knowledge of their opponents’ BATNAs. The study uses a job negotiation simulation and examined the effects of the knowledge of opponents' BATNAs on agreement efficiency (indexed by joint outcome) and negotiators' abilities to claim values (bargaining strength). In a 2 x 2 experiment, findings indicated that strong negotiators’ knowledge of opponents’ BATNAs increases their bargaining strength but hinders their efficiency; weak negotiators’ knowledge alone reduces their bargaining strength but increases efficiency; and the detrimental impact of strong negotiators’ knowledge on efficiency outweighs the benefit of weak negotiators’ knowledge. The impact of knowledge on efficiency depends on which party has access to it. Paradoxically, weakness leads to efficiency and strength can lead to “winning” an impoverished prize. Keywords: Negotiation, Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), Power Asymmetry, Knowledge To cite this document: Ricky Siu Wong, "Knowledge of Opponents’ Power in Power-Asymmetric Negotiations: Whose Knowledge Shapes the Structure of Outcomes?", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.2, pp.117-142, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.12984

Measuring Pitchers' Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis with Advanced Statistics

Abstract: This paper evaluates starting pitchers’ pitching performance during the 2008 to 2014 Major League Baseball (MLB) seasons. We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) based on two inputs (i.e., innings pitched [IPs] and per pitched innings) and three outputs (fielding independent pitching, earned run average [ERA], and skill-interactive ERA) to evaluate the performance of the 30 MLB teams’ starting pitchers with IPs greater than 200 in each single season (2008 to 2014, regular season only). We used the CCR models to calculate the overall efficiency, scale efficiency, technical efficiency, efficiency value, and the slack analysis to measure a pitcher’s performance in each single season. The results showed that 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, and 5 pitches reached overall efficiency each year, from 2008 to 2014 (regular season). By analyzing the results and computing performance indexes and benchmarks for each starting pitcher, we determine the true value of each player to help baseball teams select highly indexed players and maximize player efficiency. Keywords: Advanced Statistics, Pitchers, Data Envelopment Analysis, Innings Pitched, Earned Run Average Corresponding author: Huichin Wu (elaine@mail.ntpu.edu.tw). To cite this document: Shihteng Chiu, Chiahuei Hsiao, and Huichin Wu, "Measuring Pitchers’ Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis with Advanced Statistics", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 351-384, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.14157

An Alternative Model of The ICT Value Creation Process Based on Cross-Impact Analysis

Abstract: The IT literature has identified a number ofseveral factors influencing business outcomes, also known as ICT (Information Communication Technology) value. In order to make these factors relevant for IT practitioners it is important to classify them in a meaningful and relevant manner. This was done using a systems theory method, cross-impact analysis in analysing the ICT value creation process in three medium-sized organisations. This process is conceptualised as a system composed of 23 interacting factors that interact with one another. The results of the cross-impact analysis demonstrate that factors have a different functional position in each of the three ICT value creation systems, and hence there are different implications for managing them. Based on the comparison of results among the three organisations, an alternative model of the ICT value creation process is proposed. The model offers further insights into the ICT value creation process that are particularly relevant for IT practitioners and IT researchers. Keywords: ICT Value, Factors Influencing ICT Value, Systems Theory, Interactions, Relationships To cite this document: Arnela Ceric, "An Alternative Model of The ICT Value Creation Process Based on Cross-Impact Analysis", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 223-248, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13574

Innovation Landscape within Family Services Integration: Evidence from Australia

Abstract: The aim of this research is to explore the utility of collaborative innovation landscape within the government Family and Community Services (FACS) organisation in Australia. Exploring the presence or absence of the collaborative innovation landscape within public sector organisations is important, as the organisation’s objectives combined with the effective management of people working within the organisation define the productivity and efficiency measures of an organisation. The collaborative innovation landscape in FACS is investigated in line with the identified gaps in the existing literature by exploring the structure and function of the organisation, working relationships, team-based interactions and respondents’ perceptions of the prevailing working environment. Qualitative in-depth interviews and Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques were used in the present study to analyse the data obtained from the respondents. Respondents were employed within the divisions of FACS government organisation operating in Tamworth in regional Australia. The results obtained indicated that the respondents’ lack of interdivision familiarity poses additional challenges in terms of understanding the nature of work, clarity of role and subsequent engagement with clients and personnel across divisions identified within FACS government organisation. The results obtained from the SNA indicated the presence of reciprocal relationships of the respondents with the other respondents working within their divisions. The findings suggest that collaborative type of innovation landscape is at a nascent stage within the FACS government organisation, and efforts need to be directed to strengthen the public sector innovations in Australia. Keywords: Collaborative Innovation Landscape, FACS, Vision, Participative Safety, Task Orientation, Support for Innovation, Regional Australia To cite this document: Philip Thomas, Sujana Adapa, and Barbara King Joyce, "Innovation Landscape within Family Services Integration: Evidence from Australia", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 249-276, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13631