Showing papers in "Contemporary Sociology in 1989"
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-categorization theory is proposed to discover the social group and the importance of social categories in the analysis of social influence, and the Salience of social Categories is discussed.
Abstract: 1. Introducing the Problem: Individual and Group 2. Rediscovering the Social Group 3. A Self-Categorization Theory 4. The Analysis of Social Influence 5. Social Identity 6. The Salience of Social Categories 7. Social Identity and Group Polarization 8. Crowd Behaviour as Social Action 9. Conclusion.
8,872 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that problems in Cognitive Science's theorizing about purposeful action as a basis for machine intelligence are due to the project of substituting plans for actions, and representations of the situation of action, for action's actual circumstances.
Abstract: This thesis considers two alternative views of purposeful action and shared understanding. The first, adopted by researchers in Cognitive Science, views the organization and significance of action as derived from plans, which are prerequisite to and prescribe action at whatever level of detail one might imagine. Mutual intelligibility on this view is a matter of the recognizability of plans, due to common conventions for the expression of intent, and common knowledge about typical situations and appropriate actions. The second view, drawn from recent work in social science, treats plans as derivative from situated action. Situated action as such comprises necessarily ad hoc responses to the actions of others and to the contingencies of particular situations. Rather than depend upon the reliable recognition of intent, successful interaction consists in the collaborative production of intelligibility through mutual access to situation resources, and through the detection, repair or exploitation of differences in understanding. As common sense formulations designed to accomodate the unforseeable contingences of situated action, plans are inherently vague. Researchers interested in machine intelligence attempt to remedy the vagueness of plans, to make them the basis for artifacts intended to embody intelligent behavior, including the ability to interact with their human users. The idea that computational artifacts might interact with their users is supported by their reactive, linguistic, and internally opaque properties. Those properties suggest the possibility that computers might 'explain themselves: thereby providing a solution to the problem of conveying the designer's purposes to the user, and a means of establishing the intelligence of the artifact itself. I examine the problem of human-machine communication through a case study of people using a machine designed on the planning model, and intended to be intelligent and interactive~ A conversation analysis of \"interactions\" between users and the machine reveals that the machine's insensitivity to particular circumstances is a central design resource, and a fundamental limitation. I conclude that problems in Cognitive Science's theorizing about purposeful action as a basis for machine intelligence are due to the project of substituting plans for actions, and representations of the situation of action, for action's actual circumstances. XEROX PARe. ISL-6. FEBRLARY 1985
2,485 citations
TL;DR: The Predicament of Culture is a critical ethnography of the West in its changing relations with other societies as mentioned in this paper, and it raises questions of global significance: who has the authority to speak for any group's identity and authenticity? What are the essential elements and boundaries of a culture? How do self and ''the other'' clash in the encounters of ethnography, travel, and modern interethnic relations?
Abstract: The Predicament of Culture is a critical ethnography of the West in its changing relations with other societies. Analyzing cultural practices such as anthropology, travel writing, collecting, and museum displays of tribal art, Clifford shows authoritative accounts of other ways of life to be contingent fictions, now actively contested in postcolonial contexts. His critique raises questions of global significance: Who has the authority to speak for any group's identity and authenticity? What are the essential elements and boundaries of a culture? How do self and \"the other\" clash in the encounters of ethnography, travel, and modern interethnic relations? In discussions of ethnography, surrealism, museums, and emergent tribal arts, Clifford probes the late-twentieth century predicament of living simultaneously within, between, and after culture.
1,731 citations
TL;DR: The Spirit of Modern Consumerism Accounting for the Consumer Revolution in Eighteenth Century England The Puzzle of modern consumerism Traditional and Modern Hedonism Modern Autonomous Imaginative Hedonisms The Romantic Ethic The Other Protestant Ethic as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Spirit of Modern Consumerism Accounting for the Consumer Revolution in Eighteenth Century England The Puzzle of Modern Consumerism Traditional and Modern Hedonism Modern Autonomous Imaginative Hedonism The Romantic Ethic The Other Protestant Ethic The Ethic of Feeling The Aristocratic Ethic The Romantic Ethic Conclusions.
1,398 citations
872 citations
679 citations
523 citations
TL;DR: The authors Theoretical Controversies about race relations in the United States have been discussed in the context of school desegregation and racial integration, and the future of preferential affirmative action has been discussed.
Abstract: 1 Introduction.- I. Theoretical Controversies.- 2 Integration and Pluralism.- 3 The Future of Pluralism Revisited.- 4 Symbolic Racism.- 5 Group Conflict, Prejudice, and the Paradox of Contemporary Racial Attitudes.- II. Racism Toward Blacks: How Generalizable?.- 6 Racism in Black and White: A Bicultural Model of Reaction and Evolution.- 7 Racism toward Hispanics: The Culturally Monolithic Society.- 8 Seeking Convergence in Race Relations Research: Japanese-Americans and the Resurrection of the Internment.- 9 Stereotypical Images, American Indians, and Prejudice.- 10 Racism and Sexism: Comparisons and Conflicts.- III. Social Policy.- 11 School Desegregation: The Social Science Role.- 12 The 1954 Social Science Statement and School Desegregation: A Reply to Gerard.- 13 School Busing: A Time for Change.- 14 The Contribution of School Desegregation to Academic Achievement and Racial Integration.- 15 Desegregation, Jigsaw, and the Mexican-American Experience.- 16 Contact and Cooperation: When Do They Work?.- 17 The Future of Preferential Affirmative Action.- 18 Affirmative Action and the Legacy of Racial Injustice.- 19 Conclusion.- Author Index.
394 citations
TL;DR: The impact of public policy on the status of young black males has been discussed in this paper, focusing on the suicide and homicide of young Black males in the context of education and achievement.
Abstract: Introduction and Overview Education and Achievement Employment and Unemployment Delinquency Substance Abuse Teenage Parenthood Health and Mental Health Homicide and Suicide of Young Black males The Impact of Public Policy on the Status of Young Black Males Homicide and Suicide of Young Black Males
TL;DR: Part 1 Foreword Part 2 Origins Chapter 3 Introduction Chapter 4 Dynamic and Biologic Origins Chapter 5 Developmental Origins Part 6 Structure and Dynamics Chapter 7 Affective Life and Death Chapter 8 Unconscious Defense and Conscious Choice Part 9 Violence, Psychosis, and Related States Chapter 10 Modes of Aggression.
Abstract: Part 1 Foreword Part 2 Origins Chapter 3 Introduction Chapter 4 Dynamic and Biologic Origins Chapter 5 Developmental Origins Part 6 Structure and Dynamics Chapter 7 Affective Life and Death Chapter 8 Unconscious Defense and Conscious Choice Part 9 Violence, Psychosis, and Related States Chapter 10 Modes of Aggression Chapter 11 Psychosis and Psychopathy Part 12 Treatment Chapter 13 Psychotherapeutic Issues Part 14 Appendix 1: Jonathan Guard - Deception and Denial in Psychopathy Part 15 Appendix 2: Louis Cypher - Paranoid Schizophrenia and Psychopathy Part 16 Appendix 3: The Rorschach Psychodiagnosis of Psychopathy Chapter 17 References, Index
TL;DR: The measurement of attitudes toward people with disabilities as mentioned in this paper, The measurement of attitude towards people with disability :, کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Abstract: The measurement of attitudes toward people with disabilities : , The measurement of attitudes toward people with disabilities : , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
TL;DR: Analysing everyday explanations as discussed by the authors is a casebook of methods for collecting, analysing, and interpreting everyday explanations, focusing on the use of rhetorical and ideological approaches to explaination.
Abstract: Explanations are given and received in all areas of social life: in the home, at school, at work and in the courtroom. They are exchanged between friends and argued over by enemies. The analysis of these ordinary everyday explanations is regarded as a notoriously difficult area of study by social scientists. This book offers, for the first time, a clear and comprehensive guide to the most fruitful and interesting techniques for collecting, analysing and interpreting everyday explanation. The authors have been chosen to represent the most important work being done in a variety of disciplines: social psychology, linguistics, pragmatics, artificial intelligence, ethogenics, narratology, conversation analysis and discourse analysis. Each chapter follows a uniform format. The author introduces the general theoretical outlines of the technique and describes his or her own theoretical position. The heart of the chapter is then devoted to an extended description of the analysis of a particular piece of data: a conversation, a collection of documentary accounts, or a corpus of explanatory phrases. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of this particular analytical method are assessed. Usefully organized into four parts, the book deals with the nature of explanation in general; methods for analysing the structure and content of accounts; the social context in which accounts are exchanged; and the use of rhetorical and ideological approaches to everyday explanation. Analysing Everyday Explanation is a unique casebook of methods which will prove invaluable to all social scientists.
TL;DR: McGuire and Kantor as discussed by the authors conducted a qualitative study on the practice of healing in suburban or what we might call middle-class America to understand why middle America is making increasing use of ritual healing and what that choice tells us of problems with biomedical care in technological institutions.
Abstract: \"One of the more provocative studies of why middle America is making increasing use of ritual healing and what that choice tells us of problems with biomedical care in technological institutions...A welcome addition to anthropological studies of ritual healing in other societies, and it illuminates a huge component of our health care system that is poorly understood.\"--Arthur Kleinman, M.D., Harvard University \"An all too rare volume, namely a scholarly work on the practice of healing in suburban or what we might call middle-class America. McGuire, perhaps uniquely, has set out the religious or 'ritual' healing beliefs and practices that are usually strictly segregated and kept apart...Anyone who takes seriously the need to understand 'healing' ...should obtain this book.\"--Health and Healing \"The power of the book is in the larger cultural analysis it offers ...a valuable contribution to medical sociology.\"--Sociological Analysis \"This welcome study of nonmedical healing among upper-middle-class and middle-class persons in Essex County, New Jersey, clearly shows how individuals become attracted to and influenced by alternative healing techniques.\" --Choice \"Develops an innovative sociological approach to the study of alternative healing practices through a methodologically sound qualitative study...The high quality of research and conceptualization and the meticulous documentation of the relevant literature make [this book] essential reading for those interested in the sociology and anthropology of religion and of medicine, and in the study of health and illness in contemporary America.\"--Contemporary Sociology \"A major contribution.\"--The Christian Century \"The remarkable strength of this book about the exotic in the commonplace is that it demonstrates both that ritual healing is widespread in the heartland of medical technology, and that the wide variety of ritual healing practices are based on similar structures.\"--Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry Meredith B. McGuire is professor of sociology at Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, and the author of Pentecostal Catholics and other books. Debra Kantor is acting director of education and training for the New Jersey Medical School National Tuberculosis Center.
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of mass consumption is proposed, with a focus on consumption object domains, ideology and interests towards the theory of consumption, and material culture: material culture artefacts in their contexts.
Abstract: Part 1 Objectification: Hegel and objectification Marx - objectification as rupture Munn - objectification as culture Simmel - objectification as modernity. Part 2 Material culture: material culture artefacts in their contexts. Part 3 Mass consumption: the study of consumption object domains, ideology and interests towards a theory of consumption.
TL;DR: A new pattern: made in the USA 2. The People and Their Religions: 1. A new pattern made in USA 3. Studies of Adaptive Strategies: 4. Their American cousins: adaptation of cultural groups 5. Swaminarayan Hinduism: an ethnic religion 6. Nizari Ismaili Muslims: a religious minority Part III. Profiles of religious organizations in Metropolitan Areas: 7. Asian-Indian and Pakistani religions in Chicago 8.
Abstract: Preface Introduction Part I. The People and Their Religions: 1. A new pattern: made in the USA 2. The religions: Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism 3. The religions: Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism Part II. Studies of Adaptive Strategies: 4. Their American cousins: adaptation of cultural groups 5. Swaminarayan Hinduism: an ethnic religion 6. Nizari Ismaili Muslims: a religious minority Part III. Profiles of Religious Organizations in Metropolitan Areas: 7. Asian-Indian and Pakistani religions in Chicago 8. Asian-Indian and Pakistani religions in Houston Conclusion Notes Glossary List of abbreviations References Index.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the process of deterence -the ways in which rbt or punishment succeed or do not succeed in influencing the drinking and driving behaviour of motorists.
Abstract: The major objective of this study is to test the claims for the deterrent effectiveness of two aspects of the criminal justice system by investigating the process whereby deterrence may take place. The aspects of the criminal justice system which are studied are, first, the enforcement of drink-drive law by police using the random breath test (rbt), and second, the punishments routinely imposed by magistrates (judges) on convicted drinking drivers. The theoretical focus is the process of deterence -the ways in which rbt or punishment succeed or do not succeed in influencing the drinking and driving behaviour of motorists. This book contains the results of two empirical studies, one concerned with general deterrence (how rbt in New South Wales deters potential offenders), and one concerned with marginal specific deterrence (the study of whether heavy penalties imposed on convicted offenders in New South Wales are better deterrents that light penalties). The general issues of deterrence are addressed in the context of a model proposing links between police activity, media publicity, peer group processes, perceptions of sanctions, and behaviour change. The model reaches beyond utility theory in discussing the processes whereby an individual chooses between driving after drinking and alternative modes of action.
TL;DR: Fingarette states that heavy drinking is dependent upon a host of situational factors and the heavy drinker is not "a passive patient who will be treated by an expert . . ." but an individual capable of exercising control and assuming responsibility.
TL;DR: Allan M. Williams and Gareth Shaw as discussed by the authors discuss the role of mass tourism in the development of tourism in Western Europe, and compare tourist seasons and contrasting regions in different countries.
Abstract: Tourism and development - introduction, Allan M. Williams and Gareth Shaw Western European tourism in perspective, Allan M. Williams and Gareth Shaw Spain - the phenomenon of mass tourism, Manuel Valenzuela Italy - multi-faceted trourism, Russell King Greece - prospects and contradictions of tourism in the 1980s, Lila Leonidou Portugal - market segmentation and regional specialization, Jim Lewis and Allan M. Williams Switzerland - structural change within stability, Andrew W. Gilg Austria - contrasting tourist seasons and contrasting regions, Friedrich Zimmermann The United Kingdom - market responses and the public policy, Gareth Shaw et al France - the changing character of a key industry, John Tuppen West Germany, Peter Schell The Netherlands - tourist development in a crowded society, David Pinder tourism policies in a changing economic environment, Allan M. Williams and Gareth Shaw Scandinavia - challenging nature in Norway, Knut S. Brichmann and Morten Huse.
TL;DR: The success can be started by knowing the basic knowledge and do actions as discussed by the authors. But it is not only for you to be success in certain life you can be successful in everything.
Abstract: By reading, you can know the knowledge and things more, not only about what you get from people to people. Book will be more trusted. As this confronting child abuse research for effective program design, it will really give you the good idea to be successful. It is not only for you to be success in certain life you can be successful in everything. The success can be started by knowing the basic knowledge and do actions.