Showing papers in "Contemporary Sociology in 1993"
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Hierarchical Linear Models in Applications, Applications in Organizational Research, and Applications in the Study of Individual Change Applications in Meta-Analysis and Other Cases Where Level-1 Variances are Known.
19,282 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a generalized linear model for categorical data, which is based on the Logit model, and use it to fit Logistic Regression models.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction: Distributions and Inference for Categorical Data. 1.1 Categorical Response Data. 1.2 Distributions for Categorical Data. 1.3 Statistical Inference for Categorical Data. 1.4 Statistical Inference for Binomial Parameters. 1.5 Statistical Inference for Multinomial Parameters. Notes. Problems. 2. Describing Contingency Tables. 2.1 Probability Structure for Contingency Tables. 2.2 Comparing Two Proportions. 2.3 Partial Association in Stratified 2 x 2 Tables. 2.4 Extensions for I x J Tables. Notes. Problems. 3. Inference for Contingency Tables. 3.1 Confidence Intervals for Association Parameters. 3.2 Testing Independence in Two Way Contingency Tables. 3.3 Following Up Chi Squared Tests. 3.4 Two Way Tables with Ordered Classifications. 3.5 Small Sample Tests of Independence. 3.6 Small Sample Confidence Intervals for 2 x 2 Tables . 3.7 Extensions for Multiway Tables and Nontabulated Responses. Notes. Problems. 4. Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. 4.1 Generalized Linear Model. 4.2 Generalized Linear Models for Binary Data. 4.3 Generalized Linear Models for Counts. 4.4 Moments and Likelihood for Generalized Linear Models . 4.5 Inference for Generalized Linear Models. 4.6 Fitting Generalized Linear Models. 4.7 Quasi likelihood and Generalized Linear Models . 4.8 Generalized Additive Models . Notes. Problems. 5. Logistic Regression. 5.1 Interpreting Parameters in Logistic Regression. 5.2 Inference for Logistic Regression. 5.3 Logit Models with Categorical Predictors. 5.4 Multiple Logistic Regression. 5.5 Fitting Logistic Regression Models. Notes. Problems. 6. Building and Applying Logistic Regression Models. 6.1 Strategies in Model Selection. 6.2 Logistic Regression Diagnostics. 6.3 Inference About Conditional Associations in 2 x 2 x K Tables. 6.4 Using Models to Improve Inferential Power. 6.5 Sample Size and Power Considerations . 6.6 Probit and Complementary Log Log Models . 6.7 Conditional Logistic Regression and Exact Distributions . Notes. Problems. 7. Logit Models for Multinomial Responses. 7.1 Nominal Responses: Baseline Category Logit Models. 7.2 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Logit Models. 7.3 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Link Models. 7.4 Alternative Models for Ordinal Responses . 7.5 Testing Conditional Independence in I x J x K Tables . 7.6 Discrete Choice Multinomial Logit Models . Notes. Problems. 8. Loglinear Models for Contingency Tables. 8.1 Loglinear Models for Two Way Tables. 8.2 Loglinear Models for Independence and Interaction in Three Way Tables. 8.3 Inference for Loglinear Models. 8.4 Loglinear Models for Higher Dimensions. 8.5 The Loglinear Logit Model Connection. 8.6 Loglinear Model Fitting: Likelihood Equations and Asymptotic Distributions . 8.7 Loglinear Model Fitting: Iterative Methods and their Application . Notes. Problems. 9. Building and Extending Loglinear/Logit Models. 9.1 Association Graphs and Collapsibility. 9.2 Model Selection and Comparison. 9.3 Diagnostics for Checking Models. 9.4 Modeling Ordinal Associations. 9.5 Association Models . 9.6 Association Models, Correlation Models, and Correspondence Analysis . 9.7 Poisson Regression for Rates. 9.8 Empty Cells and Sparseness in Modeling Contingency Tables. Notes. Problems. 10. Models for Matched Pairs. 10.1 Comparing Dependent Proportions. 10.2 Conditional Logistic Regression for Binary Matched Pairs. 10.3 Marginal Models for Square Contingency Tables. 10.4 Symmetry, Quasi symmetry, and Quasiindependence. 10.5 Measuring Agreement Between Observers. 10.6 Bradley Terry Model for Paired Preferences. 10.7 Marginal Models and Quasi symmetry Models for Matched Sets . Notes. Problems. 11. Analyzing Repeated Categorical Response Data. 11.1 Comparing Marginal Distributions: Multiple Responses. 11.2 Marginal Modeling: Maximum Likelihood Approach. 11.3 Marginal Modeling: Generalized Estimating Equations Approach. 11.4 Quasi likelihood and Its GEE Multivariate Extension: Details . 11.5 Markov Chains: Transitional Modeling. Notes. Problems. 12. Random Effects: Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Categorical Responses. 12.1 Random Effects Modeling of Clustered Categorical Data. 12.2 Binary Responses: Logistic Normal Model. 12.3 Examples of Random Effects Models for Binary Data. 12.4 Random Effects Models for Multinomial Data. 12.5 Multivariate Random Effects Models for Binary Data. 12.6 GLMM Fitting, Inference, and Prediction. Notes. Problems. 13. Other Mixture Models for Categorical Data . 13.1 Latent Class Models. 13.2 Nonparametric Random Effects Models. 13.3 Beta Binomial Models. 13.4 Negative Binomial Regression. 13.5 Poisson Regression with Random Effects. Notes. Problems. 14. Asymptotic Theory for Parametric Models. 14.1 Delta Method. 14.2 Asymptotic Distributions of Estimators of Model Parameters and Cell Probabilities. 14.3 Asymptotic Distributions of Residuals and Goodnessof Fit Statistics. 14.4 Asymptotic Distributions for Logit/Loglinear Models. Notes. Problems. 15. Alternative Estimation Theory for Parametric Models. 15.1 Weighted Least Squares for Categorical Data. 15.2 Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data. 15.3 Other Methods of Estimation. Notes. Problems. 16. Historical Tour of Categorical Data Analysis . 16.1 Pearson Yule Association Controversy. 16.2 R. A. Fisher s Contributions. 16.3 Logistic Regression. 16.4 Multiway Contingency Tables and Loglinear Models. 16.5 Recent and Future? Developments. Appendix A. Using Computer Software to Analyze Categorical Data. A.1 Software for Categorical Data Analysis. A.2 Examples of SAS Code by Chapter. Appendix B. Chi Squared Distribution Values. References. Examples Index. Author Index. Subject Index. Sections marked with an asterisk are less important for an overview.
4,650 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors address issues of defining and measuring the quality of life and discuss recent developments in the philosophical definition of well-being and link them to practical issues such as the delivery of health care, and the assessment of women's quality-of-life.
Abstract: This book addresses issues of defining and measuring the quality of life. Recent developments in the philosophical definition of well-being are discussed and linked to practical issues such as the delivery of health care, and the assessment of women's quality of life. Leading philosophers and economists have contributed to this volume to consider the problems the subject raises. This volume reflects the growing need for interdisciplinary work as economists become more sensitive to the importance of facing fundamental philosophical questions and of the importance of linking their theoretical enquiries to an understanding of complex practical problems. Contributors: E. Allardt, J. Annas, C. Bliss, S. Bok, D. Brock, G. A. Cohen, R. Erikson, W. Gaertner, J. Griffin, S. Hurley, C. M. Korsgaard, L. Kruger, M. C. Nussbaum, O. O'Neill, S. Osmani, D. Parfit, H. Putnam, R. A. Putnam, J. Roemer, T. Scanlon, P. Seabright, A. Sen, C. Taylor, M. Valdes, B. M. S. van Praag, M. Walzer, B.-C. Ysander
3,336 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that white working-class racism is underpinned by a complex series of psychological and ideological mechanisms that reinforce racial stereotypes, and thus help to forge the identities of white workers in opposition to black workers.
Abstract: This is the new, fully updated edition of this now-classic study of working-class racism. Combining classical Marxism, psychoanalysis and the new labor history pioneered by E. P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman, David Roediger's widely acclaimed book provides an original study of the formative years of working-class racism in the United States. This, he argues, cannot be explained simply with reference to economic advantage; rather, white working-class racism is underpinned by a complex series of psychological and ideological mechanisms that reinforce racial stereotypes, and thus help to forge the identities of white workers in opposition to blacks. In a lengthy new introduction, Roediger surveys recent scholarship on whiteness, and discusses the changing face of labor in the twenty-first century.
2,665 citations
TL;DR: Bijker and Law as discussed by the authors carried forward the project of creating a theory of technological development and implementation that is strongly grounded in both sociology and history, addressing the central question of how technologies become stabilized, how they attain a final form and use that is generally accepted.
Abstract: Technology is everywhere, yet a theory of technology and its social dimension remains to be fully developed. Building on the influential book The Social Construction of Technological Systems, this volume carries forward the project of creating a theory of technological development and implementation that is strongly grounded in both sociology and history. The 12 essays address the central question of how technologies become stabilized, how they attain a final form and use that is generally accepted. The essays are tied together by a general introduction, part introductions, and a theoretical conclusion.The first part of the book examines and criticizes the idea that technologies have common life cycles; three case studies cover the history of a successful but never produced British jet fighter, the manipulation of patents by a French RD two studies argue for a strong sociotechnology in which artifact and social context are viewed as a single seamless web, while the third looks at the ways in which a social program is a technology.Wiebe E. Bijker is Associate Professor at the University of Limburg, The Netherlands. John Law is Professor in Sociology at the University of Keele, Staffordshire, England.
1,444 citations
TL;DR: Based on Michel Foucault's 1978 and 1979 lectures at the Colle ge de France on governmental rationalities and his 1977 interview regarding his work on imprisonment, this volume is the long-awaited sequel to ''Power/Knowledge''.
Abstract: Based on Michel Foucault's 1978 and 1979 lectures at the Colle ge de France on governmental rationalities and his 1977 interview regarding his work on imprisonment, this volume is the long-awaited sequel to \"Power/Knowledge.\" In these lectures, Foucault examines the art or activity of government both in its present form and within a historical perspective as well as the different ways governmentality has been made thinkable and practicable. Foucault's thoughts on political discourse and governmentality are supplemented by the essays of internationally renowned scholars. United by the common influence of Foucault's approach, they explore the many modern manifestations of government: the reason of state, police, liberalism, security, social economy, insurance, solidarity, welfare, risk management, and more. The central theme is that the object and the activity of government are not instinctive and natural things, but things that have been invented and learned. \"The Foucault Effect\" analyzes the thought behind practices of government and argues that criticism represents a true force for change in attitudes and actions, and that extending the limits of some practices allows the invention of others. This unique and extraordinarily useful collection of articles and primary materials will open the way for a whole new set of discussions of the work of Michel Foucault as well as the status of liberalism, social policy, and insurance. Graham Burchell a contributor to \"Radical Philosophy\" and \"Ideology and Consciousness, \" is a free-lance researcher and translator. Colin Gordon, a former research assistant to Michel Foucault at the Colle ge de France, is the editor andtranslator of Foucault's \"Power/Knowledge\" and translator of \"The Philosophical Imaginary\" by Michelle LeDoeuff. Peter Miller is senior lecturer in the Department of Accounting and Finance at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
1,053 citations
TL;DR: Lisuride can be administered to persons prior or subsequent to the ingestion of alcohol to block the behavioral and physiological effects of the alcohol as mentioned in this paper, but it is not suitable for the use in medical applications.
Abstract: Lisuride can be administered to persons prior or subsequent to the ingestion of alcohol to block the behavioral and physiological effects of the alcohol.
1,002 citations
Abstract: In this book, the authors present case studies of organizational change at leading companies. Essays by the authors introduce each section and look at the cases as instructive models for how to institute change in the corporation - or in some situations - how not to. In the first section, on "emergent change", studies of Apple Computer, Sears and Bendix, among others, illustrate environmental and cyclical change. The second section on "forced change" draws on the examples of Safeway, AT & T, the Western-Delta takeover, downsizing at Xerox and restructuring at Lucky Stores, to show how companies change under intense pressure. The third section, on "engineered" change, shows the effect of "changemasters" on the evolution of Kodak, British Air, and General Electric, and the role of unions at General Motors and Eastern Airlines. The book concludes with the prospects for the future of deliberate change.
818 citations
TL;DR: White as mentioned in this paper argues that the widely held notions of "person" and "goal" grounded in traditional political economy do not provide a basis for social theory that is either coherent or consistent with current developments in psychology and anthropology.
Abstract: In proposing a comprehensive network theory that cuts across the range of social sciences, Harrison White rejects conventional hierarchical models and focuses instead on efforts of control in a social structure described as a tangle of locked-in practices. He argues that the widely held conceptions of "person" and "goal" grounded in traditional political economy do not provide a basis for social theory that is either coherent or consistent with current developments in psychology and anthropology. White replaces "person" with "identity", which, in a distinctively human sense, emerges from frictions and social noise across different levels and disciplines in networks. Likewise, he reshapes the notion of "goals", maintaining that they merely inhabit sets of stories used to explain agency and that action itself comes through selective strategies to break through formal organization. As his main empirical basis, White uses case studies covering a wide range of topics, including tribal religions, changing rhetorics of industrial administration and the premodern Church, practices of state-building and changes of style in popular music. His analyses draw from English social anthropology, n
815 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a compilation of different qualitative approaches to data gathering in educational research is presented, including anthropological perspectives, collaborative research, symbolic interactionism, a feminist materialistic approach and the approach to ethical issues.
Abstract: A compilation of different qualitative approaches to data gathering in educational research. Topics covered include anthropological perspectives, collaborative research, symbolic interactionism, a feminist materialistic approach and the approach to ethical issues.
787 citations
TL;DR: The Social Construction of Economics and the social construction of gender, Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson as discussed by the authors, are two of the most important sources of information for women in economics.
Abstract: Introduction: The Social Construction of Economics and the Social Construction of Gender , Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson 1 The Study of Choice or the Study of Provisioning? Gender and the Definition of Economics , Julie A. Nelson 2 The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions , Paula England 3 Not a Free Market: The Rhetoric of Disciplinary Authority in Economics , Diana Strassmann 4 Some Consequences of a Conjective Economics , Donald N. McCloskey 5 Socialism, Feminist and Scientific , Nancy Folbre 6 Public or Private? Institutional Economics and Feminism , Ann L. Jennings 7 Discussion and Challenges , Rebecca M. Blank, Rhonda M. Williams, Robert M. Solow, Helen E. Longino
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a taxonomy of Cognitive Laboratory Methods: A Taxonomy (B. Forsyth & J. Lessler), and the Effect of Interviewer and Respondent Characteristics on the Quality of Survey Data: A Multilevel Model (J. Hox, et al.).
Abstract: Partial table of contents: THE QUESTIONNAIRE. The Current Status of Questionnaire Design (N. Bradburn & S. Sudman). Context Effects in the General Social Survey (T. Smith). RESPONDENTS AND RESPONSES. Recall Error: Sources and Bias Reduction Techniques (D. Eisenhower, et al.). Toward a Response Model in Establishment Surveys (W. Edwards & D. Cantor). INTERVIEWERS AND OTHER MEANS OF DATA COLLECTION. The Design and Analysis of Reinterview: An Overview (G. Forsman & I. Schreiner). Expenditure Diary Surveys and Their Associated Errors (A. Silberstein & S. Scott). MEASUREMENT ERRORS IN THE INTERVIEW PROCESS. Cognitive Laboratory Methods: A Taxonomy (B. Forsyth & J. Lessler). The Effect of Interviewer and Respondent Characteristics on the Quality of Survey Data: A Multilevel Model (J. Hox, et al.). MODELING MEASUREMENT ERRORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ESTIMATION AND DATA ANALYSIS. Approaches to the Modeling of Measurement Errors (P. Biemer & S. Stokes). Evaluation of Measurement Instruments Using a Structural Modeling Approach (W. Saris & F. Andrews). Chi-Squared Tests with Complex Survey Data Subject to Misclassification Error (J. Rao & D. Thomas). References. Index.
TL;DR: Berrill and Herek as mentioned in this paper discussed the social context of hate crimes and the social identity analysis of violence against lesbians and Gay men in the United States, and discussed the role of social psychology in anti-gay violence.
Abstract: Foreword - The Honorable John Conyers Jr Introduction Survivor's Story - Claudia Brenner Eight Bullets PART ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM Anti-Gay Violence and Victimizaton in the United States - Kevin T Berrill An Overview Trends in Violence and Discrimination Against Gay Men in New York City - Laura Dean, Shanyu Wu and John L Martin 1984 to 1990 Violence in the Streets - Beatrice von Schulthess Anti-Lesbian Assault and Harassment in San Francisco Violence Against Lesbian and Gay Male Youths - Joyce Hunter Survivor's Story - Bob Gravel PART TWO: THE CONTEXT The Social Context of Hate Crimes - Gregory M Herek Notes on Cultural Heterosexism The Ecology of Anti-Gay Violence - Howard J Ehrlich Conceptualizing Anti-Gay Violence - Joseph Harry Thinking More Clearly About Hate-Motivated Crimes - Richard A Berk, Elizabeth A Boyd and Karl M Hamner Survivor's Story - William Edward Hassel PART THREE: PERPETRATORS Psychological Heterosexism and Anti-Gay Violence - Gregory M Herek The Social Psychology of Bigotry and Bashing Kids Who Attack Gays - Eric Weissman Gay-Bashing - Karl M Hamner A Social Identity Analysis of Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men The Gay Bashers - Michael Collins Survivor's Story - Kathleen Sarris PART FOUR: SURVIVING AND RESPONDING Violence and Victimization of Lesbians and Gay Men - Linda Garnets, Gregory M Herek and Barrie Levy Mental Health Consequences Treatment and Service Interventions for Lesbian and Gay Male Crime Victims - David M Wertheimer The Community Response to Violence in San Francisco - Gregory M Herek An Interview with Wenny Kusuma, Lester Olmstead-Rose and Jill Tregor Organizing Against Hate on Campus - Kevin T Berrill Strategies for Activists Documenting the Victimization of Lesbians and Gay Men - Gregory M Herek and Kevin T Berrill Methodological Issues PART FIVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY Primary and Secondary Victimization in Anti-Gay Hate Crimes - Kevin T Berrill and Gregory M Herek Official Response and Public Policy
TL;DR: The authors argue that these narratives play a significant role in the formation of identity, that the way they are told is shaped by prevalent cultural norms, and that the stories may be liberated from the psychic and social obstacles constraining them if the narrators gain critical insight into their own accounts.
Abstract: In this provocative book, psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists analyze interviews with a range of subjects (a minister, Holocaust survivors, a rape victim, and others) to present a new way of thinking about autobiographical narratives. They argue that these narratives play a significant role in the formation of identity, that the way they are told is shaped by prevalent cultural norms, and that the stories may be liberated from the psychic and social obstacles constraining them if the narrators gain critical insight into their own accounts.
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TL;DR: The robust oldest old: optimistic perspectives for increasing healthy life expectancy G.M. Suzman et al are presented, which suggest that the oldest old should be considered a model for future generations to follow.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: R.M. Suzman, K.G. Manton, and D.P. Willis: Introducing the oldest old C.M. Taeuber and I. Rosenwaike: A demographic portrait S.H. Preston: Cohort succession G.C. Myers, B.B. Torrey, and K. Kinsella: An international comparison PART II: PROBLEMS IN STUDYING THE OLDEST OLD: K.G. Manton and R.M. Suzman: Conceptual issues in the design and analysis of national longitudinal surveys W.L. Rodgers and A.R. Herzog: Collecting data: problems and procedures R.B. Wallace, F.J. Kohout, and P.L. Coulsher: Interview surveys K.G. Manton: Mortality and life expectancy changes E.C. Hadley: Causes of death among the oldest old PART III: THE DYNAMICS OF BECOMING THE OLDEST OLD: K.G. Manton and B.J. Soldo: Disability and mortality: implications for current and future health and long term service needs P. Doty: Institutional long-term care from an international perspective J.C. Cornoni-Huntley et al: Epidemiology of physical and cogitive disability D.A. Evans et al: The impact of Alzheimer's disease in the United States population PART IV: A SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF THE OLDEST OLD: M.G. Kovar and R.S. Stone: Living arrangements R.C. Gibson and J.S. Jackson: The black oldest old: health, functioning and informal support R.M. Suzman et al: The robust oldest old: optimistic perspectives for increasing healthy life expectancy G.L. Atkins: Making it last: Economic resources PART V: SOCIAL AND MEDICAL POLICY TOWARD THE OLDEST OLD: B.B. Torrey: Sharing increasing costs on declining income: the visible dilemma of the invisible aged R.H. Binstock: Intergenerational equity.
TL;DR: Modernity and Identity as discussed by the authors is a collective work which announces a radical new departure within contemporary debates on modernism and postmodernism, which counterposes Baudelaireto Rousseau, and loyalist ethics to abstract blueprints for socialand political reorganization.
Abstract: Modernity and Identity is a groundbreaking collective work whichannounces a radical new departure within contemporary debates onmodernism and postmodernism.
While dominant conceptions of both modernism and postmodernism arecentered around motions of statis and fixity, for most of theotherwise quite diverse writers in this book, modernity is a matterof movement, of flux, of change and of unpredictability.
Modernity and postmodernity are shown to mean, not the ′end of thesubject′ but the transformation and creation of new forms ofsubjectivity. Anthropological concepts are brought squarely intothe heart of the modernity controversies, which are then recast inthe context of tradition, globalization and of the crisis ofidentity in a newly de–centred world system.
The possibility of a third way is opened up, rejecting theopposition between the impersonal rationality of high modernism andthe rationalist anti–ethics of postmodernism. The vision in thisbook is that of another modernity, which counter–poses Baudelaireto Rousseau, and loyalist ethics to abstract blueprints for socialand political reorganization.
This book will be essential reading for students of sociology,cultural studies, literary theory, anthropology, urban studies and philosophy.
TL;DR: Gross as mentioned in this paper argues that the modern plunderers are not anomalies but are the legitimate descendants of the financiers who organized Lowell and the Boott and turns a study of a defunct textile corporation into a condemnation of economic practices and theories that are widely accepted today and are inherent in the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Abstract: parative advantage. The work would also be stronger if the author could provide more detail as to how profitable the Boott was and where the profits were re-invested; Gross makes it clear that profits were not plowed back into the mill. It is probable that the figures are simply not available but, if they could be presented, they would make a strong case even more convincing. In his postscript Gross draws parallels between modern entrepreneurs, who are often criticized for \"being devoted to the production of profits, not of goods\" (p. 242), and the owners of the Boott. He argues that the modern \"plunderers\" are not anomalies but are the legitimate descendants of the financiers who organized Lowell and the Boott. In short, Gross turns a study of a defunct textile corporation into a condemnation of economic practices and theories that are widely accepted today and are inherent in the North American Free Trade Agreement. How his thesis will be received and incorporated into the interpretation of Lowell is an interesting question.
TL;DR: Turning on its head that familiar "woman question," Ferguson as mentioned in this paper poses masculinity as a problem that requires explanation, and rebukes the sense of coherence contained in patriarchal theory in the name of a voice that both calls upon and challenges the category woman.
Abstract: Turning on its head that familiar "woman question," this innovative work poses masculinity as a problem that requires explanation. Ferguson rebukes the sense of coherence contained in patriarchal theory in the name of a voice that both calls upon and challenges the category woman. Stepping back from the opposition of male and female, she artfully loosens the hold of gender on life and meaning, creating and at the same time deconstructing a women's point of view. Posing the "man question" provides a way not only to view male power and female subordination but also to valorize and problematize women's experiences, thus destabilizing conventional notions of man and woman.
TL;DR: Hempered by scarce resources and a long-standing U.S. embargo, Cuba nevertheless has managed to provide universal access to health care, comprehensive health education, and advanced technology, even amid desperate economic conditions.
Abstract: LIST OF TABLES FOREWORD PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Cuba on the World Stage: Symbolic Politics 2. Ideology and Organization of the Cuban Health System 3. Health Education and Popular Participation 4. Domestic Factors Underpinning World Medical Eminence 5. Biotechnology, Biomedical Research, and Medical-Pharmaceutical Exports 6. Cuban Medical Diplomacy 7. Conclusions APPENDIX: HEALTH TOURISM IN CUBA LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NOTES SELECTED BIBI.IOGRAPHY INDEX
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of mother-only families in reproducing poverty is discussed and a cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for children in poverty is presented.
Abstract: Preface 1. Children in poverty: developmental and policy issues 2. The economic environment of childhood 3. The role of mother-only families in reproducing poverty 4. The association between adolescent parenting and childhood poverty 5. The strain of living poor: parenting, social support, and child mental health 6. The health of poor children: problems and programs 7. With a little help: children in poverty and child care 8. Poverty, early childhood education, and academic competence: the Abecedarian experiment 9. Educational acceleration for at-risk students 10. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of interventions for children in poverty 11. Effective progras for children growing up in concentrated poverty 12. Antecedents, consequences, and possible solutions for poverty among children Author index Subject index.