Showing papers in "Contemporary Sociology in 1998"
TL;DR: The authors explored the different ways people view the law and identified three common narratives: one is based on the idea of the law as magisterial and remote; another views the Law as a game with rules that can be manipulated to one's advantage; and a third narrative describes the Law is an arbitrary power to be actively resisted.
Abstract: This study explores the different ways people view the law. It identifies three common narratives: one is based on the idea of the law as magisterial and remote; another views the law as a game with rules that can be manipulated to one's advantage; and a third narrative describes the law as an arbitrary power to be actively resisted. Drawing on more than 400 extensive case studies, the text presents individual experiences interwoven with an analysis that charts a coherent theory of legality. It depicts the institution as it is lived: strange and familiar, imperfect and ordinary, and at the centre of daily life.
1,401 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Communities in Cyberspace investigates how the idea of community is being challenged and rewritten by the widespread use of online interaction and provides an essential introduction to the landscape of social life in cyberspace.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
In cyberspace, communication and co-ordination is cheap, fast, and global. With powerful new tools for interacting and organizing in the hands of millions of people worldwide, what kinds of social spaces and groups are people creating? How is the Internet changing our basic concepts of identity, self-governance and community? Communities in Cyberspace investigates how the idea of community is being challenged and rewritten by the widespread use of online interaction. This edited volume is an essential introduction to the landscape of social life in cyberspace. It will appeal to academics, students and professionals, and to those concerned about the changing relationship between information technology and society.
1,315 citations
1,254 citations
797 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Anne Colby described the life course study as "the life course's mode of inquiry" and "life course studies" as "life reviews and life stories".
Abstract: Foreword - Anne Colby Crafting Life Course Studies PART ONE: THE LIFE COURSE MODE OF INQUIRY Life Course Research - Janet Z Giele and Glen H Elder Jr Development of a Field A Life Course Approach - Matilda White Riley Autobiographical Notes The Craft of Life Course Studies - Angela M O'Rand PART TWO: DATA COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT Data Organization and Conceptualization - Nancy Karweit and David Kertzer Retrospective vs Prospective Measurement of Life Histories in Longitudinal Research - Jacqueline Scott and Duane Alwin Finding Respondents in a Follow-Up Study - Donna Dempster-McClain and Phyllis Moen Collecting Life History Data - Erika Bruckner and Karl Ulrich Mayer Experiences from the German Life History Study PART THREE: STRATEGIES FOR ANALYSIS Life Reviews and Life Stories - John A Clausen Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data - John H Laub and Robert J Sampson Innovation in the Typical Life Course - Janet Z Giele Linking History and Human Lives - Glen H Elder Jr and Lisa Pellerin
755 citations
TL;DR: Sulloway's BORN TO REBEL as discussed by the authors investigates why people raised in the same families often differ more dramatically in personality than those from different families, and why first-born children are more likely to identify with authority whereas their younger siblings are predisposed to rise against it.
Abstract: Why do people raised in the same families often differ more dramatically in personality than those from different families? What made Charles Darwin, Benjamin Franklin and Voltaire uniquely suited to challenge the conventional wisdom of their times? This pioneering inquiry into the significance of birth order answers both these questions with a conceptional boldness that has made critics compare it with the work of Freud and of Darwin himself. During Frank Sulloway's 20-year-research, he combed through thousands of lives in politics, science and religion, demonstrating that first-born children are more likely to identify with authority whereas their younger siblings are predisposed to rise against it. Family dynamics, Sulloway concludes, is a primary engine of historical change. Elegantly written, masterfully researched, BORN TO REBEL is a grand achievement that has galvanised historians and social scientists and will fascinate anyone who has ever pondered the enigma of human character.
629 citations
TL;DR: Weisbrod et al. as discussed by the authors modeled the nonprofit organization as a multi-product firm, and proposed a framework for choice, pricing and rationing nonprofit organizations with distributional objectives.
Abstract: Preface Introduction 1. The nonprofit mission and its financing: growing links between nonprofits and the rest of the economy Burton A. Weisbrod Part I. Basic Issues and Perspective: 2. Competition, commercialization, and the evolution of nonprofit organizational structures Howard P. Tuckman 3. Modeling the nonprofit organization as a multi-product firm: a framework for choice Burton A. Weisbrod 4. Pricing and rationing nonprofit organizations with distributional objectives Richard Steinberg and Burton A. Weisbrod 5. Differential taxation of nonprofits and the commercialization of nonprofit revenues Joseph J. Cordes and Burton A. Weisbrod 6. Interdependence of commercial and donative revenues Lewis M. Segal and Burton A. Weisbrod 7. Conversion from nonprofit to for-profit legal status: why does it happen and should anyone care? John H. Goddeeris and Burton A. Weisbrod Part II. Industry Studies: 8. Commercialism in nonprofit hospitals Frank A. Sloan 9. Universities as creators and retailers of intellectual property: life sciences research and economic development Walter W. Powell and Jason Owen-Smith 10. Commercialism in nonprofit social service associations: its character, significance, and rationale Dennis R. Young 11. Zoos and aquariums Louis Cain and Dennis Meritt, Jr 12. Commerce and the muse: are art museums becoming commercial? Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler 13. The funding perils of the corporation for public broadcasting Craig L. LaMay and Burton A. Weisbrod Part III. Concluding Remarks: 14. Commercialism among nonprofits: objectives, opportunities and constraints Estelle James 15. Conclusions and public policy issues: commercialism and the road ahead Burton A. Weisbrod References.
559 citations
527 citations
TL;DR: The Blobs and the X-People - New Perspectives on Old Representations The Trials and Tribulations of Emily and Other Media Misses - Text as Dialogic Medium The Coming of Venus Tina - Texts as Markers and Mediators of Tough Talking Kids Transformed and Silenced Lovers -Texts as Sites of Revelation and Circumvention The Negotiating Teachers - On Freeing the Children to Write
Abstract: Studying Children's Social and Textual Lives - Appropriated and Disputed Heroes The Blobs and the X-People - New Perspectives on Old Representations The Trials and Tribulations of Emily and Other Media Misses - Text as Dialogic Medium The Coming of Venus Tina - Texts as Markers and Mediators of Tough Talking Kids Transformed and Silenced Lovers - Texts as Sites of Revelation and Circumvention The Negotiating Teachers - On Freeing the Children to Write
507 citations
TL;DR: A landmark book as mentioned in this paper combines the voices of Native Americans and non-Indians, anthropologists and others, in an exploration of gender and sexuality issues as they relate to lesbian, gay, trans-gendered, and other "marked" Native Americans Focusing on the concept of two-spirit people, individuals not necessarily gay or lesbian, transvestite or bisexual, but whose behaviors or beliefs may sometimes be interpreted by others as uncharacteristic of their sex.
Abstract: This landmark book combines the voices of Native Americans and non-Indians, anthropologists and others, in an exploration of gender and sexuality issues as they relate to lesbian, gay, trans-gendered, and other "marked" Native Americans Focusing on the concept of two-spirit people - individuals not necessarily gay or lesbian, transvestite or bisexual, but whose behaviors or beliefs may sometimes be interpreted by others as uncharacteristic of their sex - this book is the first to provide an intimate look at how many two-spirit people feel about themselves, how other Native Americans treat them, and how anthropologists and other scholars interpret them and their cultures
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the importance of the power of qualitative research in the field of policy development and discuss the challenges of publishing or perishing strategies for overcoming the Rage of Rejection.
Abstract: Recognizing the Power of Qualitative Research - Janice M Morse DIALOGUE On Terminating a Project Writing It Up - Joyceen S Boyle Dissecting the Dissertation DIALOGUE What Do I Publish? The Politics of Publishing - Juliene G Lipson Protecting Participants' Confidentiality DIALOGUE Coauthorship Presenting Qualitative Research Up Close - Holly Skodol Wilson and Sally Ambler Hutchinson Visual Literacy in Poster Presentations DIALOGUE Other Ways to Do Things Meaning through Form - Judy R Norris Alternative Modes of Knowledge Representation DIALOGUE On 'Helping' or Working with Students The Art (and Science) of Critiquing Qualitative Research - Sally Thorne ADVICE Publish or Perish Strategies for Overcoming the Rage of Rejection - Phyllis Noerager Stern The Case of the Qualitative Researcher DIALOGUE The Downside of Blind Review Responding to Criticism - Judith E Hupcey DIALOGUE The Application of Theory Considering Theory Derived from Qualitative Research - Janice M Morse DIALOGUE Generalizability Generalizability in Qualitative Research - Joy L Johnson Excavating the Discourse DIALOGUE On Labeling a Research Program Programmatic Qualitative Research - Margarete J Sandelowski Or, Appreciating the Importance of Gas Station Pumps DIALOGUE Research Programs Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Research - Joan Bottorff New Avenues for Programmatic Research DIALOGUE On Intervention Clinical Utilization/Application of Qualitative Research - Janice Swanson, Roberta Durham and Judith Albright DIALOGUE On PAR Participatory Action Research - Judith Wuest and Marilyn Merritt-Gray Practical Dilemmas and Emancipatory Possibilities BRAINSTORMING Sorting out Meta-Analysis Qualitative Meta-Analysis - Rita Schreiber, Dauna Crooks and Phyllis Noerager Stern THE DEAD DOG SECTION Explaining Methods The Politicking of Research Results - Katharyn A May DIALOGUE As Hired Guns Qualitative Research in Policy Development - Martha Ann Carey THE DEAD DOG SECTION What to Do When Stumped by the Media Policy as Forethought in Qualitative Research - Marjorie A Muecke A Paradigm From Developing Country Social Scientists
TL;DR: Embodying Theory - Kathy Davis Beyond Modernist and Postmodernist Readings of the Body Part One: The FEMALE BODY: DIFFERENCE and POWER Reading the Body - Anne Woollett and Harriette Marshall Young Women's Accounts of their Bodies in Relation to Autonomy and Independence Performing the Body, Creating Culture - Anna Aalten Female Bodies and Brittle Bones - Ineke Klinge Medical Interventions in Osteoporosis The Body of Gender Difference - Gesa Lindemann Victims or Offenders? Other' Women in
Abstract: Embody-ing Theory - Kathy Davis Beyond Modernist and Postmodernist Readings of the Body PART ONE: THE FEMALE BODY: DIFFERENCE AND POWER Reading the Body - Anne Woollett and Harriette Marshall Young Women's Accounts of Their Bodies in Relation to Autonomy and Independence Performing the Body, Creating Culture - Anna Aalten Female Bodies and Brittle Bones - Ineke Klinge Medical Interventions in Osteoporosis The Body of Gender Difference - Gesa Lindemann Victims or Offenders? `Other' Women in French Sexual Politics - Rachel A Bloul Sex as Usual - Dubravka Zarkov Body Politics and the Media War in Serbia PART TWO: FEMINIST INTERVENTIONS IN BODY/POLITICS Erotic Bodies - Gon Buurman Images of the Disabled Women's Public Toilets - Julia Edwards and Linda McKie A Serious Issue for the Body Politic Chic Outrage and Body Politics - Joanne Finkelstein `My Body Is My Art' - Kathy Davis Cosmetic Surgery as Feminist Utopia? The Researching Body - Monica Rudberg The Epistemophilic Project
TL;DR: Sugrue as mentioned in this paper asks why Detroit and other industrial cities have become the sites of persistent racialized poverty, and why America's ''arsenal of democracy'' has become the symbol of the American urban crisis.
Abstract: Once America's \"arsenal of democracy, \" Detroit has become the symbol of the American urban crisis. In this reappraisal of America's dilemma of racial and economic inequality, Thomas Sugrue asks why Detroit and other industrial cities have become the sites of persistent racialized poverty.
TL;DR: Lesbian Lifestyles graphically illustrates the importance of taking sexuality into account in order to deepen our understanding of the constraining and liberating influences on women's domestic and working lives as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Lesbian Lifestyles graphically illustrates the importance of taking sexuality into account in order to deepen our understanding of the constraining and liberating influences on women's domestic and working lives. Charting the lives of 60 women from childhood, through school, to their paid work and home lives as adults, the book explores their experiences of gendering in childhood and their changing feelings about society's prevalent culture of 'romantic heterosexuality'. In particular, it documents the impact of 'coming out' on their adult lives - most importantly on their approach to intimate relationships and paid work. Casting new light on how sexuality is socially constructed, the book argues that the capacity to evaluate the taken-for-grantedness of heterosexuality is linked with empowerment and it offers a vision of what working life and domestic arrangements can look like when gender difference as a structuring principle is absent.
TL;DR: In this article, a look into the meaning of American toys through this century is presented, and a culture in which the toys that now crowd the racks are as perplexing for parents as they are beguiling for little boys and girls.
Abstract: To sort out who's who and what's what in the world of Barbies and Ninja Turtles, Tinkertoys and teddy bears, is to begin to see what has become of childhood in America. It is this changing world, and what it unveils about Americans values, that Gary Cross explores in this book, a look into the meaning of American toys through this century. Early in the 1900s toys reflected parents ideas about children and their futures. Erector sets introduced boys to a realm of business and technology, while baby dolls anticipated motherhood and building blocks honed the fine motor skills of the youngest children. The book chronicles the transformation that occurred as the interests and intentions of parents, children, and the toy industry gradually diverged starting in the 1930s when toymakers, inspired by popular favorites like Shirley Temple and Buck Rogers, began to appeal directly to the young. TV advertising, blockbuster films like \"Star Wars\", and Saturday morning cartoons exploited their youthful audience. Meanwhile, social and economic forces were transforming the nature of play in American society. Cross offers an account of a culture in which erector sets and baby dolls are no longer alone in preparing children for the future, and in which the toys that now crowd the racks are as perplexing for parents as they are beguiling for little boys and girls. Whether we want our children to be high achievers in a competitive world or playful and free from the worries of adult life, the toy store confronts us with many choices. What does the endless array of action figures and fashion dolls mean? Are children or parents the dupes of the film, television, and toy industries, with their latest fads and fantasies? What does this say about our time, and what does it bode for our future? Tapping a vein of cultural history, the book exposes the serious business behind a century of playthings.
TL;DR: Labaree as mentioned in this paper argues that the pursuit of credentials (grades, degrees, etc.), as private good, has come to dominate and actually hinder students from acquiring knowledge and learning skills that would make them better citizens and better contributers to the capitalist economy.
Abstract: How to Succeed in School Without Really Learning: The Credentials Race in American Education, by David Labaree. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997. 328 PP. $35.00 David Labaree adds to a very large body of literature that criticizes American schooling. In How to Succeed in School Without Really Learning he describes the relationship and contradictions between social mobility (private good), social efficiency, and democratic equality (public good). His thesis is that the pursuit of credentials (grades, degrees, etc.), as private good, has come to dominate and actually hinder students from acquiring knowledge and learning skills that would make them better citizens and better contributers to the capitalist economy. Labaree follows the earlier credential theorists, Boudon (1974) Collins (1979) and Brown (1995), adding information from his historical case study of an American high school. His arguments are clear and cogent, but for readers who anticipate new solutions to education's \"crisis\" there may be disappointment. In the final chapter, Labaree simply states: \"Social mobility, I conclude, needs to be balanced by democratic equality and social efficiency, or else we wi ll continue to reproduce an educational system that is mired in consumerism and credentialism.\" The formula by which such a balance is to be achieved is not provided by Labaree. To be sure, credentialist theory has much to offer in describing the state of professionalism in American schooling today, and Labaree lays out its major themes clearly and concisely in his first chapter. In his next three chapters he focuses upon \"the sorting and selecting of students within schools\" by examining the historical roots, consequences, and implications of that process. This is followed by an analysis of education stratification from a market perspective. \"From this perspective, the processes of selection and stratification that characterize education are the result not simply of societal needs but of individual demands, as individual consumers pursue symbolic advantages that will enhance their competitive position. The logic that governs these processes is that of the market.\" Labaree states that \"arguments most often found in the literature [ldots] draw on either human capital theory or social reproduction theory,\" a practice he finds to be inadequate. But this is an unnecessary simplification of a large body of literature that has much to offer as well as to reject. Though he is rightly concerned about the slight of individual agency, Labaree's market individualism takes the other extreme, which is equally insufficient as an approach aimed at describing the \"root causes\" of education's woes. Consistent with liberalism, Labaree accepts the contradiction between corporate and democratic values as necessary and wants to promote both. That corporate capitalism undermines both political and educational democracy is well documented (e.g., Barrow, 1990; Callahan, 1962; Hollinger, 1996; Lustig, 1982; Ophuls, 1997; Weinstein, 1968). Rather than attempting to balance the conflicting goals by putting social needs above personal desires, a better solution is to make the two identical (Benedict, 1992). But Labaree gives no credence to the possibility of a democratic economic system that meets, as Bowles and Gintis (1992) phrase it, \"the demanding criteria of fostering fundamental fairness, the dignity of the human person, and enhanced social participation\" (p. 3). A major contention of Labaree is \"that the central problems with education in the United States are not pedagogical or organizational or social or cultural in nature but are fundamentally political.\" Labaree claims a tie to Weber, but does not seem to appreciate that \"class, status, and party\" have to be grasped as phenomena of the distribution of power (Giddens, 1982). Thus, completely absent is any discussion of the influence of corporate power on schooling in particular and society as a whole (e. …
TL;DR: Campbell, Masaki and Torres as discussed by the authors discussed domestic violence as a part of everyday life in African American, Asian American, and Latino communities and created effective messages to promote a cultural change.
Abstract: Introduction Domestic Violence in Public Context Violence as a Part of Everyday Life Why Does Domestic Violence Happen? Drawing the Line 'Water on the Rock' - Doris Campbell, Beckie Masaki and Sara Torres Changing Domestic Violence Perception in the African American, Asian American and Latino Communities Public Education Campaigns on Domestic Violence Crafting Effective Messages To Promote a Cultural Change