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Showing papers in "Culture and Psychology in 2010"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a cultural-psychological approach to the study of human creativity is proposed. But the authors focus on the long past of individualistic accounts of creativity (the lonely genius) and the short history of psychological understandings (the creative individual).
Abstract: This article focuses on a novel theoretical paradigm emerging in the study of human creativity: the cultural-psychological approach. It starts by differentiating between the long past of individualistic accounts of creativity (the lonely genius) and the short history of psychological understandings (the creative individual). The social and the cross-cultural psychology of creativity are both considered, together with their advantages and current limitations. Creativity is generally conceptualized as a process of artifact generation and five broad principles for a cultural psychology of creativity are presented. In clarifying the nature of creativity, a special consideration is given to the relationship between individuals, creativity, and culture. Finally, the role of the community in fostering and assessing creativity is suggested as a more realistic solution to the individual—society debate.

177 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that there has been too much focus upon the resources themselves, while the notion of use has been neglected, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between tools and signs.
Abstract: The idea that culture comprises resources that are used has become a popular means to re-conceptualize the culture—agency antinomy. However, the theorization of using resources is fragmented. The present article reviews several attempts to theorize resources, arguing that there has been too much focus upon the resources themselves, while the notion of use has been neglected. Focusing upon mode of use, as opposed to the resources used, the article underscores the importance of distinguishing between tools, which are used to act upon the world, and signs, which are used to act upon the mind. The article also argues for a distinction between non-reflective use, or mediation, and reflective use of resources. Future research should focus upon the transformation of tools into signs and the transformation of mediation into reflective use. The article concludes by discussing problematic issues that remain in conceptualizing the use of resources.

125 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make the case that the notion of memory, the very idea that there is a particular capacity that enables us to remember, to store, and to recall experiences and knowledge, and that in
Abstract: In this paper I make the case that the notion of memory—the very idea that there is a particular capacity that enables us to remember, to store, and to recall experiences and knowledge, and that in

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Communities of Learning model as discussed by the authors defines the self as being composed of a set of I-positions, which are constantly in dialogue and in movement, and it is argued that identities should explicitly be considered as part of this process.
Abstract: This paper highlights some connections between cultural psychology, educational psychology, and identity psychology. This aim is pursued through the constructivist view of conceptualized learning as building knowledge. It is contended that identities should explicitly be considered as part of this process. Useful approaches to explore the relationship between learning and identity are the Dialogical Self Theory (DST) and the Communities of Learning model (CoL), both of which demonstrate a shared interest in dialogue and constructivism. DST defines the self as being composed of a set of I-positions, which are constantly in dialogue and in movement. The CoL model conceptualizes the classroom as a set of cultural contexts where dialogues permit the analysis of context and also shape it. Empirical examples of how relevant concepts related to learning, such as motivation and sense-making, can be viewed as innovation of the self are discussed.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explored the relationship between constructions of personal identity and the master narrative of Palestinian history and collective identity among contemporary youth, revealing points of convergence and divergence with the master narratives of Palestinian identity.
Abstract: Contemporary Palestinian youth engage with a tragic master narrative of loss and dispossession supported by the social structure of ongoing intractable conflict and Israeli military occupation. This article illustrates a narrative and idiographic approach to research in cultural psychology, interrogating the relationship between constructions of personal identity and the master narrative of Palestinian history and collective identity among contemporary youth. Narratives of youth reveal points of both convergence and divergence with the master narrative of Palestinian identity, the most notable of which are the reproduction of tragic stories of loss and dispossession and the current ideological divisions within Palestinian society between secular and religious nationalism. Implications for theory and methodological practice in cultural psychology are discussed.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors provided new insights into the study of acculturation based on a phenomenological research design, that is, in-depth and conscious descriptions and reflections, illustrating the plurality and complexities inherent in the social networks and languages of highly skilled migrants in foreign countries.
Abstract: This article provides new insights into the study of acculturation based on a phenomenological research design, that is, in-depth and conscious descriptions and reflections. The in-depth descriptions illustrate the plurality and complexities inherent in the social networks and languages of highly skilled migrants in foreign countries, which transcend the customary local—foreign dichotomy. In Korea and Japan, Westerners may enjoy a moot advantage of being foreigners to whom superior knowledge and skills are ascribed, while simultaneously facing subtle forms of discrimination. Being aware of this situation, some migrants, for example bicultural and biracial people, might be able to take advantage of this ambivalent situation while simultaneously coping with discrimination.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explored how Cypriot Turkish people in Australia construct their multi-hyphenated identity and the implications this has for their sense of belonging, using semi-structured interviews.
Abstract: This article explores how Cypriot Turkish people in Australia construct their multi-hyphenated identity and the implications this has for their sense of belonging. Ethnic identity is conceptualized as a set of social and cultural understandings, shaped by historical processes, positions of power and patterns of privilege, which people draw on to understand and experience themselves. Ten Cypriot Turkish people’s identities were explored through semi-structured interviews. Discourse analysis was used to identify the discursive constructions of identity and belongingness. Discourses that constructed the Cypriot Turkish Australian identity were: modern Muslim, language, phenotype and ancestry and generation discourse. These discourses give rise to the multi-hyphenation of this identity, positioning them as either Cypriot Turkish Australians or Cypriot Turkish in Australia. The discourses have highlighted not only the current socio-political context as shaping subjectivities, but also the historical and political collective memory that continues in the construction of ethnic identities.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper argued that the source of our understandings of others arises out of the cultural collective in which they are socialized, and that intersubjectivity is regulated through interobjectivity.
Abstract: Traditional research adopts the embryonic fallacy: the assumption that as soon as life begins, the individual becomes the source of psychological experiences. The embryonic fallacy has resulted in intersubjectivity being treated as ‘a problem’: how can each individual, the source of private experiences, understand the private experiences of ‘self-contained’ others? This ‘problem’ disappears when we recognize that intersubjectivity is regulated through interobjectivity: how individuals understand others arises out of the cultural collective in which they are socialized. The source of our understandings of others is ‘out there’ in the social world.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a contrastive semantic analysis of sympathy, compassion, and empathy in English and their Russian translational equivalents, socuvstvie, sostradanie, and sopereživanie, is presented.
Abstract: In this corpus-based study I contribute to the description and analysis of linguistic and cultural variation in the conceptualization of sympathy , compassion, and empathy On the basis of a contrastive semantic analysis of sympathy, compassion, and empathy in English and their Russian translational equivalents, socuvstvie , sostradanie, and sopereživanie, I demonstrate significant differences in the conceptualization of these words, which I explain by reference to the prevalence of different models of social interaction in Anglo and Russian cultures, as well as different cultural attitudes towards emotional expression As a methodology I apply the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), which is based on empirically established lexical and grammatical universals, and argue that it is a powerful tool in contrastive studies

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that human relations are not essentially characterized by intersubjective relations but rely on the non-conscious engagement in practices that occur within a social field that is phenomenally objective for subjects.
Abstract: This paper revisits the emerging concept of interobjectivity and furthers Moghaddam’s (2003, 2006) proposal to prioritize this concept in Cultural Psychology. We argue that Heidegger’s phenomenology provides insights into a foundational understanding of what interobjectivity entails. We argue that human relations are not essentially characterized by intersubjective relations but rely on the non-conscious engagement in practices that occur within a social field that is phenomenally objective for subjects. From the phenomenological point of view, the distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is a false one. Thus, we argue that the study of objects and object relations should be given greater attention in Cultural Psychology. To this end, we distinguish between two meanings of interobjectivity: (a) inter-objectivity as a description of object-relations; (b) interobjectivity as a description of a representation spanning different objectifications, and that permits diverse inter-objective relations. We ...

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that in order to comprehend cultural identity development, the notion of symbolic resources can be extended to include the social resource as that which is symbolic, and thus the physical presence of that person is not necessarily needed.
Abstract: This paper examines the processes by which cultural identities develop through the use of symbolic resources (Zittoun, 2006). The notion of symbolic resources provides a framework that enables one to consider developmental transitions between practices and between historical times. For Portuguese students, these transitions initially involved a rupture, a loss of social resources and linguistic resources, which resulted in a cultural awareness. This cultural awareness led to alterations in the positioning of their cultural selves, either by themselves personally or by others. Social resources mediated access to new symbolic resources, and this included experiencing the ‘other’ as constructive and meaningful to the self. This ‘other’ became symbolic and thus the physical presence of that person is not necessarily needed. We argue that in order to comprehend cultural identity development, the notion of symbolic resources can be extended to include the social resource as that which is ‘symbolic’.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that parents' beliefs and ethnotheories about family life in general and childcare in particular contain explicit and implicit ideas about the manner in which children ought to be raised.
Abstract: Parents’ beliefs and ethnotheories about family life in general and childcare in particular contain explicit and implicit ideas about the manner in which children ought to be raised. Cultural scrip...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that societal-level change caused by the creation of cultural contact zones due to increased immigration has implications for nationals' cultural identities and propose identification strategies in the Dialogical Self that will enable the individual to maintain their identity continuity.
Abstract: In this article we argue that the societal-level change caused by the creation of cultural contact zones due to increased immigration has implications for nationals’ cultural identities. We propose that the resultant instability of cultural I-positions demands the development of identification strategies in the Dialogical Self (Hermans, 2001a) that will enable the individual to maintain their identity continuity. Our focus involves a detailed textual analysis of three case studies of Irish nationals to investigate what identification strategies are used and to examine the sign-use these strategies employ. Using insights from Cultural Continuity Theory (Chandler & Lalonde, 1998), this article discusses the relevance of societal level processes to the Dialogical Self (Hermans, 2001a).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Ligorio and O'Sullivan-Lago and de Abreu argue that innovative moments (or i-moments) can be understood as episodes of rupture or discontinuity, since they challenge a person's usual way of understanding and experiencing (i.e., the problematic narrative), generating ambivalence or uncertainty.
Abstract: This commentary focuses on Ligorio’s (2010) and O’Sullivan-Lago and de Abreu’s (2010) work as an opportunity to elaborate upon discontinuity emergence and continuity restoration within the Dialogical Self. We depart from the pair rupture—transition as a unit of analysis for understanding the flow of change within the Dialogical Self and the centrality of ambivalence as a development catalyser to focus on the way change and maintenance of problematic self-narratives in psychotherapy are pictured by the innovative moments model. We have argued that innovative moments (or i-moments) can be understood as episodes of rupture or discontinuity, since they challenge a person’s usual way of understanding and experiencing (i.e., the problematic narrative), generating ambivalence or uncertainty. We have suggested that avoiding this ambivalence, by means of semiotic attenuation of i-moments, can foster the maintenance of the problematic self narrative. In fact, when ambivalence is not overcome, i-moments and the prob...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper considered cross-cultural imitation to be a risk arising from cultural learning and adjustment in the context of continuous cross-culture experience, and proposed a set of rules to deal with this risk.
Abstract: Acculturation refers to cultural learning and adjustment in the context of continuous cross-cultural experience. Plato, in his ‘Laws’, considered cross-cultural imitation to be a risk arising from ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In psychology, human beings on the move have been traditionally neglected to concentrate on fixed structures as mentioned in this paper ; however, human movement entails both local/short-term and distant/long-term journeys to unfamiliar lands.
Abstract: Movement entails both local/short-term and distant/long-term journeys to unfamiliar lands. Psychology has traditionally neglected human-beings-on-the-move to concentrate on fixed structures. Overco...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on how to study narrative-dialogical processes from the perspective of complexity and suggest that the reconstruction of a person's self-narrative depends on the structure of relations between i-moments, rather than on the mere accumulation of imoments.
Abstract: This commentary focuses on Cross’s (2010, this issue) work as an opportunity to elaborate upon how to study narrative-dialogical processes from the perspective of complexity. We start by elaborating on the notion that narrative development is a multidimensional activity that extends through several organizational levels and on the limitations of conventional research methods for narrative analysis. Following this, we focus on our experience of research on narrative change in psychotherapy in order to exemplify this point. From our perspective, clients’ problematic self-narratives can be challenged by the emergence of innovative ways of thinking and behaving that the client narrates during the therapeutic conversation (innovative moments or i-moments). Our results suggest that the reconstruction of a person’s self-narrative depends on the structure of relations between i-moments, rather than on the mere accumulation of i-moments. Therefore, we are particularly interested in looking at how clusters of i-mom...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an analysis of the emotion of guilt, notably by using the conceptual resources found in the emerging paradigm of positioning theory, and conclude that although the exact nature of guilt may have changed in consumer society, guilt is still seen as an important, and in many cases warranted, moral emotion.
Abstract: What is the status of guilt as an emotion in postmodern society? According to Zygmunt Bauman, postmodern consumer society supplies a cultural context in which guilt loses in importance. By definition, guilt is connected to a breach in shared rules, but rules and norms have allegedly become fluid today, thereby rendering clear breaches and ensuing guilt rare events. In this article, I provide an analysis of the emotion of guilt, notably by using the conceptual resources found in the emerging paradigm of positioning theory. By analyzing one public event in some detail—Bjarne Riis’ confession that he had used performance enhancing drugs as a professional cyclist—I argue that Bauman’s verdict must be challenged: From the debate in Danish society following Riis’ confession, I conclude that although the exact nature of guilt may have changed in consumer society, guilt is still seen as an important, and in many cases warranted, moral emotion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a phenomenology report focuses on superordinate decisions, such as to eat all local foods, metacognitive stress induced by biculturalism, anticipation of faux pas, cultural play to cope with cultural incompetence, and unconscious acculturative imitation, e.g., writing Haiku in a new language.
Abstract: Acculturation refers to cultural learning and adjustment in the context of continuous cross-cultural experience. A phenomenology based on retrospective descriptions and analyses of self-observations in acculturation contexts may contribute to the development of theory, constructs, models, and innovative interventions. This phenomenology report focuses on 1) super-ordinate decisions, e.g., to eat all local foods; 2) metacognitive stress induced by biculturalism, e.g., anticipation of faux pas; 3) cultural play to cope with cultural incompetence, e.g., writing Haiku in a new language; 4) unconscious acculturative imitation, e.g., shifts in first-language prosody, phonology, or grammar; 5) sense of freedom, e.g., foreigners being excused from norms and expectations; and 6) the role of cultural mentors, e.g., to act as go-betweens with bureaucracies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new theoretical perspective to the analysis of the relationship between individual and culture, and the person and the environment is presented. And the person-environment relationship should be conceptualized as a process of co-evolution of psychic and social systems.
Abstract: In this article we contribute a new theoretical perspective to the analysis of the relationship between individual and culture, and the person and the environment. Many hotly debated issues in cultural psychology, such as reification, the discourse of personality traits, and models of part—whole hierarchies are productively addressed. Taking a systems-theoretical approach following Niklas Luhmann and others, we distinguish three different types of system and their operational processes (biotic, psychic and social) and suggest that the person—environment relationship should be conceptualized as a process of co-evolution of psychic and social systems. We discuss the critical role of communication in this process and its implications for the concept of culture. Our own research on classroom disruptions and problem behavior in educational settings provides illustrative examples for the kinds of methodological considerations generally relevant to a systems-theoretical approach in empirical research.

Journal ArticleDOI
Aaro Toomela1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider cultural constraints on scientific development, together with factors that support the development of science, and show that different countries can have different conditions for scientific progress.
Abstract: Changes in science are never determined solely by accumulation and elaboration of knowledge about the studied phenomena. Science is a part of culture. All social situations, including culture, can be characterized by ‘regions’ where movement is entirely free, entirely prohibited, or intermediate-type (Lewin, 1997d). Therefore, for understanding culture (whole)–science (part) relationships, cultural constraints on scientific development should be taken into account, together with factors that support the development of science. Different countries can have different conditions for scientific progress:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors shed some light on difficulties experienced by Asian immigrant adolescents in North America while undergoing self-development and social relationships within the larger stream of acculturation processes.
Abstract: The present paper sheds some light on difficulties experienced by Asian immigrant adolescents in North America while undergoing self-development and social relationships within the larger stream of acculturation processes. Given the strong emphasis placed by their original culture on collectivity and hierarchical harmony within the family, and given the family’s evolving lifestyle as new immigrants in the new society, immigrant parents do not sufficiently promote the adolescent’s sense of self to grow toward full independence. Faced with the different cultural practices of the broader society, both the parents and the adolescents in immigrant families need to shape new cultural rules to negotiate their social interactions in order for their relationships to develop continuously. Immigrant parents need not fear the apparently widening intergenerational distance following migration, since their children retain their core values of family loyalty and respect for parents. Instead, it is recommended that they ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the author describes the development of his Jewish identity in the Soviet Union, emigration, and adjustment to Israel and argues that acculturation is a multidimensional process, which relates to the ethnic group, the homeland, and the receiving country.
Abstract: This article presents a personal narrative exemplifying acculturation processes and their theoretical analysis. The author describes the development of his Jewish identity in the Soviet Union, emigration, and adjustment to Israel. The author’s affiliations with his ethnic group, the country of origin, and the country of immigration are described and analyzed as an ever-changing process. The role of family and society in creating a multifaceted ethnic identity is discussed. The validity of the theories on ethnic identity development (Camilleri & Malewska-Peyre, 1997; Phinney, 1990), acculturation (Berry, 1997), and the theories of culture shock and cultural learning (Ward, Bochner, & Furnham, 2001) are tested in light of the acculturation narrative presented here. The author argues that acculturation is a multidimensional process, which relates to the ethnic group, the homeland, and the receiving country. Each of these dimensions has its own dynamic of change in the process of immigration, which depends on...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined how dominant and normative discourses and power asymmetries constrain identity development, and concluded by discussing issues of agency and resistance, and drew attention to the aspects of both social contexts and the ways they shape identity for the populations in question.
Abstract: This commentary builds on the contributions of Ali and Sonn (2010), Hale and Abreu (2010) and on the growing literature in the field to extend the discussion on the development of identity for immigrant and ethnic populations. I draw attention to the aspects of both social contexts—country of origin and country of residence—and the ways they shape identity for the populations in question. I examine how dominant and normative discourses and power asymmetries constrain identity development, and I conclude by discussing issues of agency and resistance.

Journal ArticleDOI
Beth Cross1
TL;DR: In this article, a group discussion in terms of preceding ethnographic material that contextualises it within a larger socio-educational history is analysed, and a mapping methodology first traces the power dynamics and different moments of dialogical activity across the discussion and then details the stances depicted within narratives which have a correspondence to Hermans' (2001a, 2001b) I-stances.
Abstract: The article explores further Lyra (1999) and Hermans’ (1999, 2001a, 2001b) glossing of complexity terminology within analysis of identity formation, taking a particular interest in differing uses of narrative within identity negotiations. Lyra (1999) draws attention to the importance of using an extended time frame to assess the power dynamics involved within any communicative exchange. The fragments of speech often under consideration in academic texts often preclude an appreciation of such groundwork. This article looks at a group discussion in terms of preceding ethnographic material that contextualises it within a larger socio-educational history. A mapping methodology first traces the power dynamics and different moments of dialogical activity (Lyra, 1999) across the discussion and then details the stances depicted within narratives which have a correspondence to Hermans’ (2001a, 2001b) I-stances. Initially, condensed narratives confirm each other. Subsequently, partial versions of narratives voice d...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the roles of autonomy and relatedness in these relationships while preserving meaning in the cultural context are discussed, as well as the nature of the constructs as domain-specific, situational, and relative.
Abstract: The relationships between individuals and between individuals and contexts have been studied extensively in cultural psychology as well as in several other disciplines. This commentary attempts to discuss the roles of autonomy and relatedness in these relationships while preserving meaning in the cultural context. It explores further the nature of the constructs as domain-specific, situational, and relative, as well as the concept of choice in terms of the process of choosing and limitations. The potential disparities in events as they are experienced and as they are explained are both considered, together with the construction of meaning. Situational behaviors as related to varying circumstances and social contexts are also reflected on. Finally, autonomy and relatedness are reconsidered within the sociological network, in which the individual systems at the psycho-logics level interact with the functions at the socio-logics level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the metaphor of culture as a set of resources entails that there be an agent with a certain purpose, whose action converts something into an instrument, and that being aware of this intention is part of the basic condition for understanding human action.
Abstract: In this essay I comment on the paper by Gillespie and Zittoun (2009). I argue that the metaphor of culture as a set of resources entails that there be an agent with a certain purpose, whose action converts something into an instrument. In this sense, the metaphor is cryptointentionalist. This arises from the fact that every use of a cultural resource is an action, that is, something done with intention. I also argue that being aware of this intention is part of the basic condition for understanding human action. I analyze the problems of cultural psychology in adopting intentionalist terminology, showing that this rests on the inclusion of a dyadic conception of meaning for a considerable part of the field. In contrast, the adoption of a triadic conception of meaning—e.g., C.S. Peirce’s semiotics—avoids the difficulties of integrating social meaning with personal intentionality. I question Vygotsky’s inherited sign/tool distinction, arguing that it poses a problem for the analysis offered by Gillespie and...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an alternative conceptual model of identity construction is proposed, where identity is perceived as a subjective sense of continuity and sameness that renders one's being in the world meaningful.
Abstract: In this commentary an alternative conceptual model of identity construction is proposed. In this model, identity construction is seen as part of a person’s ongoing sense-making. Identity is perceived as a subjective sense of continuity and sameness that renders one’s being in the world meaningful. Drawing on empirical examples provided in the target articles, it is shown how this model, which is built around the notions of rupture, identity dialogues and striving towards meaningfulness, can be utilized to analyse identity dynamics in different space and time contexts. The importance of examining links between an individual’s sense-making and collective meaning field, in which sense-making is embedded, is also highlighted.

Journal ArticleDOI
Min Han1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply Glaveanu's (2010) "We-paradigm" creativity to study the Korean cultural phenomenon, Shinmyeong, from the perspective of creativity.
Abstract: Glaveanu’s (2010) ‘We-paradigm’ creativity is related to culture and social context, especially due to his emphasis on the role of the community as a provider of criteria for evaluating creativity. In addition, he suggests five principles for studying this kind of creativity. In this article, I will apply these principles to study the Korean cultural phenomenon, Shinmyeong. The characteristics of Shinmyeong, its expressive process and the co-experience, are introduced from the perspective of creativity. By taking musical performances as an example, the expressive process in Shinmyeong experience is considered as the process that may generate creative activities. The interpersonal aspects of the expressive process are discussed within the framework Glaveanu suggests.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a link between the notion of master narrative used by Hammack (2010) and the concept of myth is established, using the conception of ideology as a bridge that articulates both.
Abstract: Palestinian youth is challenged by multiple discourses in the process of constitution of its identity. This discursive multiplicity, characteristic of contemporary global societies, is confronted with personal life experiences, giving meaning to primarily nebulous affective impacts in the social environment. Starting from a semiotic—cultural perspective in cultural psychology one can establish a link between the notion of master narrative used by Hammack (2010) and the notion of myth—using the conception of ideology as a bridge that articulates both. Antinomies in the self-biographic narratives presented and discussed by Hammack (2010) support the master narrative of Palestinian identity and enter into interactions with other psychological identities of the interviewed youngsters, such as their religious tradition and secular education. Symbolic elements that are brought to the identity-making process by the diverse narratives are to be seen as resources for the comprehension of life experiences, demandin...