Showing papers in "Current Biology in 2018"

TL;DR: This work discusses mitophagy in different physiological contexts and relates it to other quality control pathways, including the unfolded protein response, shedding of vesicles, proteolysis, and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

TL;DR: It is proposed that evolutionarily divergent Symbiodinium "clades" are equivalent to genera in the family Symbiodiniaceae, and formal descriptions for seven of them are provided, and the date for the earliest diversification of this family to the middle of the Mesozoic Era is amended.

TL;DR: Exosomes and ectosomes, two distinct types of extracellular vesicles generated by all types of cell, play key roles in intercellular communication and are useful in the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.

TL;DR: Results reported here show that salinity causes softening of the cell wall and that FER is necessary to sense these defects, and identify FER as a sensor of damage to the pectin-associated wall.

TL;DR: The profound effect the environment has on plant diseases is explored - a susceptible host will not be infected by a virulent pathogen if the environmental conditions are not conducive for disease.

TL;DR: It is shown that BECN1 plays a hitherto unsuspected role in promoting ferroptosis through directly blocking system Xc- activity via binding to its core component, SLC7A11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11).

TL;DR: The results imply that the ancestral embryophyte was more complex than has been envisaged, which requires many phenotypic character losses and transformations in the liverwort lineage, diminishes inconsistency between phylogeny and the fossil record, and prompts re-evaluation of the phylogenetic affinity of early land plant fossils.

TL;DR: These findings demonstrate that, when successfully comprehending natural speech, the human brain responds to the contextual semantic content of each word in a relatively time-locked fashion.

TL;DR: Progress in characterising the forces present at junctions in physiological conditions is discussed; the cellular mechanisms that generate intrinsic tension and detect changes in tension are discussed; and, finally, how tissue integrity is maintained in the face of junctional stresses is considered.

TL;DR: This study overturns prior notions of the taxon's evolutionary history, as many long-recognized subfamilies and tribes are para- or polyphyletic, and provides a much-needed backbone for a revised classification of butterflies and for future comparative studies including genome evolution and ecology.

TL;DR: Support is found for the involvement of replay in disparate processes, including the maintenance of hippocampal memories and decision making, and it is proposed that the function of replay changes dynamically according to task demands placed on an organism and its current level of arousal.

TL;DR: A system to simultaneously record gaze and full-body kinematics during locomotion over different outdoor terrains is developed and reveals the structure of the sensorimotor decisions that support successful performance in the face of the varying demands of the natural world.

TL;DR: Though half of its protein-coding sequences are now pseudogenized or lost, Francisella F-Om has kept several B vitamin synthesis pathways intact, confirming the importance of these genes in evolution of its nutritional mutualism with ticks.

TL;DR: Genetic markers and a mixed-stock analysis (MSA) are used, combined with sex determination through laparoscopy and endocrinology, to link male and female green turtles foraging in the Great Barrier Reef to the nesting beach from which they hatched.

TL;DR: The results demonstrate that bee pollinators are equipped with biochemical defense systems that define their sensitivity to insecticides and this knowledge can be leveraged to safeguard bee health.

TL;DR: A novel paradigm in which associative memories were selectively cued during a post-learning nap, successfully stabilizing next-day retention relative to non-cued memories is devised, providing correlative evidence for an information processing role of sleep spindles in service of memory consolidation.

TL;DR: While responses to acoustic features reflect attention through selective amplification of attended speech, responses consistent with a lexical processing model reveal categorically selective processing, report a response reflecting the incremental integration of phonetic information for word identification.

TL;DR: This study, one of the largest invertebrate phylogenomic analyses to date, highlights the usefulness of transcriptomic data not only to build a robust backbone for the Spider Tree of Life, but also to address the genetic basis of diversification in the spider evolutionary chronicle.

TL;DR: This work identified a set of thirteen basic swimming patterns that are used flexibly in various combinations across different behavioral contexts and shows that this classification can be used to dissect the sensorimotor transformations underlying larval social behavior and hunting.

TL;DR: It is shown that both phenotypic and genetic strategies for a division of labor can promote collective biofilm formation in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis and that asymmetries in strain ratio can arise due to differences in the relative benefits that matrix compounds generate for the collective.

TL;DR: It is shown that ancestral prokaryotic TIR domains constitute a new family of NADase enzymes, and purified proteins from a cell-free translation system find that TIR domain proteins from both bacteria and archaea cleave NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose (ADPR), with catalytic cleavage executed by a conserved glutamic acid.

TL;DR: This work provides the first evidence for separable scales of representation along the human hippocampal anteroposterior axis by showing greater similarity among voxel time courses and higher temporal autocorrelation in anterior hippocampus (aHPC) relative to posterior hippocampus (pHPC), the human homologs of ventral and dorsal rodent hippocampus.

TL;DR: Cognitive abilities, at least for spatial navigation, are clustered according to economic wealth and gender inequalities globally, which has significant implications for cross-cultural studies and multi-center clinical trials using cognitive testing.

TL;DR: This manipulation of the phase lag between neural oscillations and speech rhythm significantly modulates the BOLD response to intelligible speech in the superior temporal gyrus, and the strength of BOLD modulation is correlated with a phasic modulation of performance in a behavioral task.

TL;DR: This analysis is devised to aid the interpretation of frequently observed membrane trafficking defects in neurodegeneration and facilitate the identification of true causes of pathology.

TL;DR: The currently predominant models of active loop extrusion are evaluated and a detailed version of a 'scrunching' model is proposed, which reconciles much of the available mechanistic data and provides an elegant explanation for how SMC protein complexes fulfill an array of seemingly diverse tasks during the organization of genomes.

TL;DR: It is discovered that ∼13% of the ocean meets the definition of global wilderness, with most being located in the high seas, and areas that have both very little impact (lowest 10%) from 15 anthropogenic stressors and also a very low combined cumulative impact from these stressors are identified.

TL;DR: This study performs single-cell RNA-sequencing of 39,245 murine cerebellar cells at twelve critical developmental time points to provide a transcriptional summarization of cerebellum development at single- cell resolution and creates Cell Seek, a flexible online interface that facilitates exploration of the dataset.

TL;DR: The same population of neurons that encodes temporal information over seconds can also be used to distinguish periods of time over much longer timescales, which unify two previously separate paradigms of temporal processing in the hippocampus that support episodic memory.

TL;DR: A whole-brain model integrating multimodal imaging in healthy human participants undergoing manipulation of the serotonin system is provided to mechanistically explain the functional effects of 5-HT2AR stimulation with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on healthy participants.