Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Neurobiology in 2006"

TL;DR: The effects in entorhinal and perirhinal cortex and hippocampus might be important for encoding new episodic memories, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these regions.

TL;DR: Emerging findings demonstrate that thelevel of engagement of perirhinal cortex predicts later memory for individual items, whereas the level of hippocampal processing correlates with later relational memory, or recovery of additional episodic details, and provide emerging evidence for domain-specificity within the perirHinal and parahippocampal cortices.

TL;DR: In posterior temporal cortex, the extrastriate body area is associated with perceiving the form of other human bodies and a distinct region at the temporo-parietal junction supports the uniquely human ability to reason about the contents of mental states.

TL;DR: An overlap in circuitry is seen in rodents during recall of fear extinction, consistent with a common mechanism, and points toward future experiments designed to bridge human and rodent models of emotion regulation.

TL;DR: The molecular mechanisms that control the formation and elimination, motility and stability, and size and shape of dendritic spines are being revealed.

TL;DR: A unified account based on multiple trace theory is proposed, which states that the hippocampus is needed for re-experiencing detailed episodic and spatial memories no matter how old they are, and that it contributes to the formation and assimilation of semantic memories and schematic spatial maps.

TL;DR: This work reviews the known subregions of the human posterior parietal cortex and the principles behind their organization and discusses regions of the parietal lobes specialized for particular visuomotor actions.

TL;DR: New results show that not all such error information is equivalent in driving cerebellar learning, which is crucial for fast and ballistic movements, but impaired prediction can also affect slow movements, because of increased reliance on time-delayed feedback signals.

TL;DR: This work has offered detailed new insights into the function of a number of brain areas, especially the cortex and basal ganglia, through the study of neural correlates of subjective factors that the computational theories purport to quantify.

TL;DR: Remarkably, neuregulin-1 type III also regulates Schwann cell membrane growth to adjust myelin sheath thickness to match axon caliber precisely, and whether this signaling system operates in central nervous system myelination remains an open question.

TL;DR: The dynamic regulation of these receptors is important for normal synaptic function and in disease states, and novel forms of plasticity that are regulated by, or alter the expression of, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs are focused on.

TL;DR: The remarkable manipulative skill of the human hand is not the result of rapid sensorimotor processes, nor of fast or powerful effector mechanisms, Rather, the secret lies in the way manual tasks are organized and controlled by the nervous system.

TL;DR: Recent in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological measurements provide insight into the algorithms and mechanisms that underlie these behavioral-based computations.

TL;DR: The phenomenon of reconsolidation, irrespective of its relevance to consolidation, provides a unique opportunity to tap into the molecular, cellular and circuit correlates of memory persistence and retrieval, of which the authors currently know only little.

TL;DR: Comprehensive gene expression profiling and proteomic analyses have enabled a deeper molecular and cellular mechanistic understanding of post-injury brain regeneration, aiding the design of novel therapeutic modalities that enhance regeneration.

TL;DR: The new brain map for syntax implicates portions of the right cerebral hemisphere, and in the emerging picture, syntax is neurologically segregated, and its component parts are housed in several distinct cerebral loci that extend beyond the traditional ones.

TL;DR: Waves of growth promotion and inhibition modulate the self-repair processes of the brain and widespread neurophysiological and neuroanatomical changes in regions remote from a focal cortical injury suggest that entire cortical networks participate in the recovery process.

TL;DR: Electron microscopy is the only currently available technique with a resolution adequate to identify and follow every axon and dendrite in dense neuropil, which opens up the prospect of reconstructing almost complete invertebrate and sizable fractions of vertebrate nervous systems.

TL;DR: Although the precise causal mechanisms within sleep that result in memory consolidation remain elusive, recent evidence leads us to conclude that unique neurobiological processes within sleep actively enhance declarative memories.

TL;DR: This work has demonstrated that axons sometimes innervate pre-existing receptor clusters, and raised the possibility that neurotransmitter affects receptor type as well as distribution, and suggested a new model for neuromuscular synaptogenesis.

TL;DR: Ca2+ permeable AMPA channels are not blocked by Mg2+, but are highly permeable to another potentially harmful endogenous cation, Zn2+.

TL;DR: In this paper, an individual with severely impaired face recognition was found to have no history of brain damage and intact early visual processing systems, and extensive testing was done on the individual with especially pure face processing deficits.

TL;DR: An important picture emerging from this research is that adult humans share with non-human animals a system for representing number as language-independent mental magnitudes and that this system emerges early in development.

TL;DR: Topographic axon guidance cues may be as diverse as molecules previously regarded as morphogens and transcription factors, with implications for signaling mechanisms, scale of internal map features, and coordinated interconnection of multiple mapping modules.

TL;DR: Parkinsonian tremor has probably evolved as a downstream compensatory mechanism and enforces abnormal thalamo-cortical processing leading to akinesia, the main negative symptom of Parkinson's disease.

TL;DR: The most significant recent advances have been the elucidation of the very complex relationships between medial motor areas and the temporal and ordinal control of sequences, and the demonstration that motor cortex is an important site for sequence storage and production.

TL;DR: Converging preclinical observations indicate a potential role for both immediate early gene Homer isoforms and constitutively expressed Homer isoform in behavioral pathologies associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as addiction and/or alcoholism, depression, anxiety, epilepsy and schizophrenia.

TL;DR: New observations clarify the molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate each pattern, and stress the links between layer and area formation.

TL;DR: Mouse knockout studies have linked three RNA-binding proteins, fragile X mental retardation protein, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding factor and neuro-oncological ventral antigen to specific aspects of synaptic plasticity.

TL;DR: The results from neurophysiology and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies are beginning to provide preliminary answers to both questions.