Showing papers in "Cytologia in 1977"
53 citations
TL;DR: Chromosome complement of 5 Loricariidae was determined and Plecostomus ancistroides has 2n=68 and N.F.=105 in males and 106 in females.
Abstract: Chromosome complement of 5 Loricariidae was determined. Plecostomus ancistroides has 2n=68 and N.F.=105 in males and 106 in females. P. strigaticeps is 2n=74 and has N.F.=86. P. macrops.
51 citations
TL;DR: Results obtained seem to suggest strongly the presence of the diffuse or poly-centromered chromosomes (holocentric or holokinetic chromosomes) in Chionographis japonica Maxim.
Abstract: The chromosomes in most eukaryotes are known to have a specifically localized centromere. But in some species belonging to the genus Spirogyra (Godward 1950, 1954a, 1954b), some genera of Desmidiaceae (King 1953, 1960), Luzula (Malheiros and Castro 1947, (Ostergren 1949, Nordenskiold 1951, La Cour 1953, Braselton 1971) and some genera of Cyperaceae (Battaglia 1954, Hakansson 1958, Strandhede 1965, Braselton 1971), the chromosomes are reported to have the diffuse or poly-centro meres. The chromosomes having the similar type of the kinetic organelles are also known in some insects belonging to some orders such as Hemiptera (Hughes-Schra der and Schrader 1961, Buck 1967, Comings and Okada 1972) and Lepidoptera (Murakami and Imai 1974). The presence of the diffuse or poly-centromeres in these chromosomes has been induced from such observations as follow: i) in general, these chromosomes have no apparently distinct primary constriction; ii) in anaphase, the sister chromatids separate quite in parallel, and in some cases they move away taking U form with their ends turned to the poles; iii) chromosomal fragments, when induced by X (or r)-ray irradiation, behave likewise as normal chromosomes, that is, they survive in subsequent generations. Along with these observations, the recent studies with the electron microscope in some plant chromo somes (Braselton 1971) and in some hemipteran chromosomes (Buck 1967, Comings and Okada 1972) seem to have evidently substantiated the presence of such non localized centromeres in the chromosomes. In Liliaceae, there has been no report dealt with the presence of the diffuse or poly-centromered chromosomes (holocentric or holokinetic chromosomes) heretofore. However, the results now obtained, which will be described here, seem to suggest strongly the presence of this type chromosomes in Chionographis japonica Maxim.
39 citations
TL;DR: The fine structural morphology of polyphosphate bodies is described after a variety of fixation and post-staining procedures and it is suggested that investigators should observe unstained glutaraldehyde fixed sections to determine if polyph phosphate bodies are present in their material.
Abstract: The fine structural morphology of polyphosphate bodies is described after a variety of fixation and post-staining procedures. Glutaraldehyde fixation alone or in combination with osmium tetroxide provides the best preservation of polyphosphate bodies. Post-staining in uranyl acetate and lead citrate alone or in combination seems to extract polyphosphate bodies to varying degrees. Three morphological types of polyphosphate bodies are described; electron dense, porous, and those having an electron transparent center with an electron dense periphery. The effect of fixation, post-staining and electron beam on these bodies is described. Thick sections (0.5, μm) observed at 100 KV also reveal these three morphologies. The authors suggest that investigators should observe unstained glutaraldehyde fixed sections to determine if polyphosphate bodies are present in their material.
33 citations
TL;DR: The karyotype of the red brocket deer, Mazama americana, is described and one of smallest acrocentric elements was missing and is apparently translocated to the end of the long arm of one submetacentric chromosome No. 4.
Abstract: The karyotype of the red brocket deer, Mazama americana is described. Skin biopsies of a pair and their young male offspring were cultured for the study of centromeric heterochromatin and G-bands. The chromosome number of father and son was 2n=50; that of the doe was 2n=49 in all metaphases examined. In the doe, one of smallest acrocentric elements was missing and is apparently translocated to the end of the long arm of one submetacentric chromosome No. 4. This translocation of the non-Robertsonian type has not been described in Artiodactyla before, moreover, the chromosome number differs from that reported to be as 68 in one single specimen reported previously.
32 citations
TL;DR: Partial desynaptic plants were isolated from normal population of pearl millet inbred T55 and mutagen treated populations of inbreds Tif23A, Tif 23B and K560 and the pachytene pairing was complete and normal.
Abstract: Partial desynaptic plants were isolated from normal population of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. and H.) inbred T55 and mutagen (EMS and gamma-rays) treated populations of inbreds Tif23A, Tif23B and K560. The pachytene pairing was complete and normal. A variable number (2-14) of univalents occurred at MI. Anaphase I separation was normal in the majority (66-79%) of the cells; many showed 8:6 and 9:5 chromosome separation. The spontaneous desynaptic plant showed laggards and chromatin bridges at anatelophase I, while the induced ones did not show these aberrations. Chiasma frequency in the desynaptic plants was lower than that in the normal controls.
28 citations
TL;DR: Observations seem to suggest that the chromosomes of Chionographis japonica are of the holocentric ones.
Abstract: Mitosis was studied in the root-tip cells of Chionographis japonica Maxim. (2n=24; Liliaceae).Mitotic chromosomes of this species were found to show several unusual characteristics in the appearance and behavior; namely, the chromosomes at metaphase and anaphase do not show any distinct morphologically visible constriction, and the sister chromatids in mitotic anaphase separate quite in parallel. These characteristics are, apparently, quite different from the ordinary monocentric type of chromosomes. In order to make clear the motile system of the chromosomes, the X-ray irradiation experiments were carried out. Many fragments of chromosomes were produced by the irradiation. The ratio of the chromosome-aberrant cells fixed on 10th day after irradiation (Lot no., R-4) was 82.7%, and this ratio was almost as high as the ratio of the aberrant cells obtained in lst day collection (Lot no., R-1) after irradiation. In spite of these high occurrences of the aberrant cells, chromosome separation was quite normal in most of the anaphase and telophase cells examined, and no micronucleus was detected. In many anaphasic cells, minute fragments could be observed to separate quite normally, just like as the normal chromosomes. Therefore, most fragments of chromosomes could survive in the subsequent generations. All these observations seem to suggest that the chromosomes of Chionographis japonica are of the holocentric ones.
27 citations
TL;DR: Cytogenetic study suggests that two species of the family Cichlidae, Tilapia rendalli and Geophagus brasiliensis, have the same origin and the difference in chromosome number may be due to chromosome rearranged.
Abstract: Two species of the family Cichlidae, Tilapia rendalli and Geophagus brasiliensis, live at the same ecological niche and are morphologically similar. Cytogenetic study showed a diploid complement of 44 chromosomes in the former and 48 in the latter, with the N.F. of 52 and 51, respectively. The findings suggest that they have the same origin and the difference in chromosome number may be due to chromosome rearrangements.
27 citations
TL;DR: In both genus, the nuclear envelope and the golgi bodies show a particular activity which is probably related to the exine depositing in the eraly tetrad stage.
Abstract: In both genus, the nuclear envelope and the golgi bodies show a particular activity which is probably related to the exine depositing. This phenomenon occurs in the eraly tetrad stage.Sexine and nexine are simultaneously elaborated in Taxus. The nexine, which is constituted by strata with lamellar structure is produced by the microspore. The sexine which is only composed of sporopollenin bodies is formed outside the microspore.The exine layers of Ginkgo microspore are successively deposited: -firstly the sexine (tectum and bacula)-secondly the nexine 1-finally the nexine 2 the structure of which is similar to the Taxus nexine.Inside the longitudinal slit of the dehydrated pollen grain of Ginkgo the sexine is lacking, the only components of the sporoderm are the two nexine layers. During the germinating process the pollen tube bursts out of this thinned area of the male gametophyte.
22 citations
TL;DR: The karyotypes of two subspecies of the cutthroat trout series, Salmo clarki and S. c.
Abstract: The karyotypes of two subspecies of the cutthroat trout series, Salmo clarki, were determined from anterior kidney cells. One subspecies, S. c. clarki, the “coastal” cutthroat, has 2n=68 chromosomes (36 meta- or submetacentrics and 32 acrocentrics). The other subspecies, S. c. henshawi, one of the many forms of “inland” cutthroat, has 2n=64 chromosomes (40 meta- or submetacentrics and 24 acrocentrics). The fundamental arm number in both subspecies was estimated at 104. Evidently, chromosomal fusions or dissociations have played a major role in the chromosomal evolution of S. clarki.
21 citations
TL;DR: Cytological investigations on 30 taxa belonging to 26 species of grasses have been carried out from the hills of Kashmir, and the genus Duthiea has been investigated for the first time.
Abstract: Cytological investigations on 30 taxa belonging to 26 species of grasses have been carried out from the hills of Kashmir. The genus Duthiea has been investigated for the first time. The species investigated for the first time are Duthiea bromoides (n=14), Helictotrichon virescens (n=14), Oryzopsis lateralis (n=12), Poa araratica (n=7) and Poa koelzii (n=14+5B). New cytotypes are reported in Alopecurus myosuroides (n=14), Festuca kashmiriana (n=21), Glyceria tongelensis (n=10) and Microstegium vagans (n=10). B-chromosomes have been found in Aegilops tauschii (n=7+1-2B) and Poa koelzii (n=14+5B).
TL;DR: Cell wall polysaccharides can be removed selectively without section losses provided the sections are mounted on slides coated with a solution made with 0.5g gelatin, 0.2g chrome alum and 100ml H2O.
Abstract: For histochemical investigations of fruit pulp, before fixation tissue should be dehydrated in absolute alcohol at dry ice temperature (-78°C) to avoid cell shrinkage. Cell wall polysaccharides can be removed selectively without section losses provided the sections are mounted on slides coated with a solution made with 0.5g gelatin, 0.2g chrome alum and 100ml H2O. Pectic acids are removed by overnight pectinase treatment at 30°C, followed by 2 hrs in 0.5% aqueous ammonium oxalate at 90°C. Hemicellulose and noncellulosic polysaccharides are removed by 12 hr treatments respectively with 4% and 17.5% aqueous NaOH at room temperature, with slices kept affixed by a coating made up by dipping the slides into a 0.5% ethyl cellulose solution in a 4:1 mixture of toluene and absolute ethanol.After the extraction the coating is dissolved away and periodic acid Schiff staining is subsequently used to detect and evaluate remaining cell wall polysaccharides.
TL;DR: EMS was found to be most efficient and effective mutagen at high fertility level than gamma treatment and chlorophyll mutations in gamma and EMS treated population were almost same in high and low fertility groups.
Abstract: All varieties under study showed varied degrees of sensitivity for different characters, namely, survival, meiotic aberrations and pollen and spikeley sterility to gamma irradiation and less sensitive to EMS treatment. In gamma treatment the wild species O. spontinae exhibited the highest resistance for M1 injury, whereas the japonica (Norin-27) recorded the lowest and the rest are recorded intermediary values. There were no marked differences in frequency of chlorophyll mutations in gamma and EMS treated population. Within gamma treatment, frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations, it was almost same in high and low fertility groups. However, EMS treated population recorded remarkable differences in frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations in both the fertility groups. In general EMS was found to be most efficient and effective mutagen at high fertility level than gamma treatment.
TL;DR: The detailed cytogenetical studies have been undertaken in fifteen species of genus Phaseolus for the first time to determine the chromosomal basis of speciation and evolution and it is concluded thatphaseolus vulgaris which is under cultivation in Mexico for the past 7000 years is primitive and it has given rise to other PhaseolUS species including erect ones.
Abstract: The detailed cytogenetical studies have been undertaken in fifteen species of genus Phaseolus, Linn. for the first time to determine the chromosomal basis of speciation and evolution.Cytogenetical investigations in 15 species of Phaseolus wild and cultivated so far studied revealed the somatic chromosome number to be 2n=22 (except wild allotetraploid Phaseolus species 2n=44). The somatic chromosomes are small, their size range from 0.85μ to 3.0μ. The longest being 3.0μ in P. vulgaris and shortest in 0.85μ in P. ricciardianus. Though the chromosome number of all the species is same they differ from each other in certain karyotypic details. This is of great significance in the origin of new taxonomic units.Inversion heterozygosity has been observed in five species. The number of such bridges are either one or two. The role of both pericentric and paracentric inversions in the evolution and origin of species has been quite significant.The univalent chromosomes occur in six species. The average of univalents per PMC range from 1.68 (P. bracteatus) to 0.96 (P. trilobus). The role of genetical factors, precocious separation, inversion heterozygosity, desynapsis and environmental factors such as change in temperature are to a great extent responsible for the appearance of univalents in different species of Phaseolus.Pollen sterility appears to be fairly low among various taxa of Phaseolus. The percentage of pollen sterility ranges from 18% (P. semierectus) to 3% (P. acutifolius and P. aconitifolius, etc.). Inversion heterozygosity and presence of univalents have been emphasized as the main causes of pollen sterility.Evolutionary trend in the genus Phaseolus has been studied. Polyploidy has not played any significant role in evolution. Structural chromosomal changes as pericentric and paracentric inversions, gene mutations, hybridization and weak development of isolation mechanism have dominated the evolutionary history in the genus phaseolus.. Diminution in the size of chromatin material with advancing evolution has been a special feature. Species with symmetrical karyotypes having large chromosomes with median primary constrictions are primitive while those with asymmetrical karyotypes having smaller chromosomes with subterminal primary constriction are regarded as advanced.Phaseolus vulgaris and P. aureus with large somatic chromosomes and longest total chromatin length has been considered primitive respectively in climbing and erect habit series of Phaseolus species. While P. bracteatus and P. ricciardianus with short chromosomes and shortest total chromatin length are considered as advanced in climbing and erect habit series respectively. Presumably climbing habit Phaseolus species are ancient and erect ones are modern.It is thus concluded that Phaseolus vulgaris which is under cultivation in Mexico for the past 7000 years is primitive and it has given rise to other Phaseolus species including erect ones.
TL;DR: S.trutta fario was found to possess a well individualized chromosome complement, such as 2n=80 and NF=104, which differs from the complement of the original species, S. trutta, by the number of chromosome arms.
Abstract: S. irideus showed some variations of the chromosome number around the mode at 2n=60, as a result of increasing and decreasing the number of chromosomal arms (NF) probably through the meiotic non-disjunction.S. trutta fario was found to possess a well individualized chromosome complement, such as 2n=80 and NF=104. It differs from the complement of the original species, S. trutta, by the number of chromosome arms. The increase of the NF is caused by the presence of 1-2 supplementary pairs of meta- or submetacentric chromosomes, probably produced through duplication processes.
TL;DR: Main effects at chromosomal level were chromosome breakage, bridge formation, C-mitosis, micronuclei formation, stickiness and chromosome condensation.
Abstract: Cytological effects of three growth substances namely, Gibberellic acid (GA), Indole-butyric acid (IBA), and 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) were studied on root tip mitosis of Vicia faba treated with 10 and 50 ppm concentrations and 3, 6 and 12 hours durations. GA enhanced cell division while 2, 4-D and IBA inhibited it and were more toxic than GA. Main effects at chromosomal level were chromosome breakage, bridge formation, C-mitosis, micronuclei formation, stickiness and chromosome condensation.
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TL;DR: During studies over genetic parameters of the local red onion bulbs, certain progenies of maternal half sib families segregated a few white bulbs, which represents a new type of translocation system existent in the plant kingdom and Genetic control of these regular and specific translocations has been postulated.
Abstract: During studies over genetic parameters of the local red onion bulbs, certain progenies of maternal half sib families segregated a few white bulbs. Some of these bulbs bred true to the white colour and though they were sexually normal and fertile, a few exhibited seed sterility. These steriles when cultured separately were found to be either translocation heterozygotes or desynaptic strains. In plants a single meiotic ring involving either a few or the entire zygotic chromosome complement is known. But the formation of regular independent rings, each composed of 4 chromosomes, and involving the whole zygotic complement is unknown so far. This has been found in some of these white Allium cepa strains and represents a new type of translocation system existent in the plant kingdom. Predominance of either rings or chains or their equal proportion was observed in the various clones, each configuration being specific and constant for each clone. The predominant occurrence of rings in certain clones could be because the sites of chromosomal breakages are closer to centromere and interchange pieces are more or less equal in length. But where the interstitial segment is short, exchanged pieces are relatively small thus resulting in chain configuration formations.Though pollen fertility ranged from 9-22 per cent, seed sterility was complete in these translocation heterozygotes. When the clones were selfed or intercrossed among each other or crossed as seed or pollen parent with normal fertile Allium cepa, no seeds were set, indicating thereby the existence of male and female sterility in these clones. Genetic control of these regular and specific translocations has been postulated. Since such a type of translocations involving regularly 2 heterozygotes, each of the entire genome, are extremely rare and occur in a very low frequency, their control seems under recessive genes.
TL;DR: Chromosomes in the root-tip cells in four species and one variety belonging to the genus Polygonatum (Liliaceae) were treated according to the modified C-banding technique, and both the centromeric regions and the secondary constrictions of the satellite chromosomes in each species were found specifically deeply stained.
Abstract: Chromosomes in the root-tip cells in four species and one variety belonging to the genus Polygonatum (Liliaceae) were treated according to the modified C-banding technique. As results, both the centromeric regions and the secondary constrictions of the satellite chromosomes in each species were found specifically deeply stained. In P. odoratum var. pluriflorum, besides these chromosomal regions, distal regions of several chromosomal arms were also stained deeply.The stained portion in the centromeric region of the chromosome is spherical in shape and has a diameter of 0.2-0.3μ, and is always seen at the apex of the chromosome flexure migrating toward the spindle pole at mitotic anaphase. The appearance and the behavior of this centromeric spherule were found quite compatible with some of the known characteristics of kinetochores. These stained kinetochores could also be seen in the interphase nuclei. They localize in a cluster at one side of the nucleus. The observations on the appearance and behavior of these stained kinetochores allowed us to suppose that chromosomes in interphase, prophase and late telophase are strongly polarized, and arranged keeping their anaphase-telophase orientation. As the kinetochores during these periods could always be seen in the periphery of the nucleus, adjacent to the nuclear membrane, they were considered to be attached to the inner layer of the nuclear membrane, and to act as the anchore sites to link the chromosomes. Thus the role of the kinetochores during these periods was emphasized.During interphase, initial single kinetochores were found to replicate and form the doubled ones. But these doubled kinetochores do not divide until the earliest prophase. Some of the doubled kinetochores seemed to fuse two by two to form larger spherules during the interphase.As the kinetochores could be stained after C-banding treatment, they were supposed, accordingly, to be constitutive heterochromatic regions in the present materials.
TL;DR: Karyotype analysis suggests either extensive chromosome repatterning or that A. bulbifer is an allotriploid with two genomes derived from one species and the other from a different species.
Abstract: Karyotypes of four species of Amorphophallus indigenous to South India have been studied. The chromosome numbers observed are 2n=26 in A. hohenackeri, 2n=28 in A. campanulatus and A. dubius and 2n=39 in A. bulbifer. Meiosis is normal in A. campanulatus and 14 bivalents are observed at first metaphase.Since 8 out of 10 species so far studied have 2n=26 or 39, the original basic number of the genus appears to be 13 from which x=14 in two species may have been derived by aneuploid gain of a pair of chromosomes.A. hohenackeri has larger chromosomes and more symmetrical karyotype than the other species. The close phylogenetic relationship of A. campanulatus and A. dubius indicated by their morphological characters is further supported by the similarity exhibited by their karyotypes. In A. bulbifer (2n=3x=39) the chromosomes of the three genomes of the triploid cannot be matched into groups of three homologues. Karyotype analysis suggests either extensive chromosome repatterning or that A. bulbifer is an allotriploid with two genomes derived from one species and the other from a different species.
TL;DR: B-chromosomes were found in root tip cells of all the five species of Crotalaria but in pollen mother cells, these were found only in two of these five species, viz.
Abstract: B-chromosomes are reported in five species of Crotalaria, namely C. brownei, C. juncea, C. medicaginea, C. retusa and C. sericea. While B-chromosomes were found in root tip cells of all the five species, in pollen mother cells, these were found only in two of these five species, viz. C. brownei and C. retusa. These results have been discussed.
TL;DR: Tetraploids of six different varieties of Trigonella foenum-graecum were raised through treatment of seedlings by colchicine solution and comparative studies were carried out for exploiting their useful traits.
Abstract: Tetraploids of six different varieties of Trigonella foenum-graecum were raised through treatment of seedlings by colchicine solution. Comparative studies were carried out for exploiting their useful traits. Cytology and chiasma frequency was studied in detail, Genotypic response of different varieties at tetraploid level with regard to multivalent frequency, chiasma frequency and pollen sterility shows significant differences. A natural occurring tetraploid and a hexaploid have been investigated. Problem of high seed sterility prevaling in autotetraploids of Trigonella foenum-graecum has been discussed. Appearance of heteromorphic bivalents along with fragments in mixoploid plant is a new report and its possible origin has been traced. Polyploids of Trigonella foenum-graecum are characterised by pollen shape variability while diploids have uniformly one type of grains.
TL;DR: The present study indicates that the plasmatocytes reported by previous workers may be the altered granular haemocytes, and the mode of formation of vacuolar droplets together with the association of granules with them suggests secretory activity of the haemocyte.
Abstract: The characteristics of granular haemocytes of four non-insect arthropods were compared. The refractile, bacilliform granular inclusions dissolve in aqueous solutions of dyes. On glass slides, the cytoplasm of the haemocyte becomes distinctly separated into agranular ectoplasm with well developed filopodia and granular endoplasm. The mode of formation of vacuolar droplets together with the association of granules with them suggests secretory activity of the haemocytes. Fragmentation of cytoplasm or clasmatosis is common feature of granular haemocytes from prechilled animals. The significance of clasmatosis is discussed.The present study indicates that the plasmatocytes reported by previous workers may be the altered granular haemocytes. The characteristics of granular haemocytes of arthropods are compared with that of the granulocytes of molluscs.
TL;DR: The present investigation deals with morphological and cytological studies of a radiation induced tetraploid Capsicum annuum, characterized by stunted growth, presence of thick, large leaves with larger stomata and increase in size and number of floral organs.
Abstract: The present investigation deals with morphological and cytological studies of a radiation induced tetraploid Capsicum annuum. The tetraploid was characterized by stunted growth, presence of thick, large leaves with larger stomata and increase in size and number of floral organs.Occurrence of varying numbers of quadrivalents, trivalents and univalents was observed in addition to bivalents. Lagging chromosomes seen at anaphase in varying numbers resulted in the formation of micronuclei in the tetrads. About 72% of the pollen produced were aborted.The polyploid was completely sterile with extremely poor fruit setting. The fruits were devoid of seeds.
TL;DR: It is suggested that gammarays had induced mutations in a number of genes, including those affecting pairing, concomitant to the indution of tetraploidy.
Abstract: A triploid and a tetraploid plant were isolated from mutagen treated populations of HB3 (Tif23A×J104) and HB1 (Tif23A×Bi13B) hybrid pearl millet, respectively. The triploid plant regularly showed univalents (1 to 9 per cell) and trivalents (1 to 6 per cell) at MI. In the case of the tetraploid, only bivalents were observed which showed loose or tight secondary associations at MI; at AI bivalents separated as units (instead of chromosomes), while at AII chromosomes (instead of chromatids) moved to the opposite poles. Although the chromosome behaviour was quite regular, the plant was highly sterile (98%). It is suggested that gammarays had induced mutations in a number of genes, including those affecting pairing, concomitant to the indution of tetraploidy.
TL;DR: Meiotic irregularities in some polyploid collections were described and discussed and new counts were found in S. palmata, S. gerardi and S. chevalieri snd S. homonyma.
Abstract: 1. Meiosis was studied in 29 collections belonging to 18 Setaria species. These included nine diploid collections belonging to nine species, fifteen tetraploid collections belonging to nine species and five hexaploid collection belonging to four species.2. The diploid collections had 2n=18 except in S. homonyma where 2n=20 was observed. The tetraploid collections had 2n=36 and the hexaploids had 2n=54.3. Meiotic irregularities in some polyploid collections were described and discussed.4. Setaria alnaspicata, S. gerardi and S. palmata were cytologically examined for the first time; new counts were found in S. chevalieri snd S. homonyma.5. Chromosomal races in S. sphacelata, S. pallide-fusca and S. verticillata were described and discussed.
TL;DR: Cytological informations of the family Meliaceae suggest 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 as basic numbers for Melieae or Trichilieae, while Cedreleae show a wide range of variation 12×2 to 14×4 and a highly advanced chromosome morphology.
Abstract: Cytological informations of the family Meliaceae suggest 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 as basic numbers. Numbers have evolved from lower to higher. In Melieae 14 is the basic number. In old Trichilieae the numbers are 9-14, which show different ploidy levels, including aneuploids. Carapa and Xylocarpus are similar in karyology and should be placed as Carapeae near Swietenieae, not with Melieae or Trichilieae. Cedreleae show a wide range of variation 12×2 to 14×4 and a highly advanced chromosome morphology. Calodecaryia (some species), Azadirachta, Dysoxylum, Aphanamixis, Aglaia, Amoora, Sandoricum are primitive and Naregamia, Nymania, Calodecaryla (some species), Lansium, Carapa, Xylocarpus, Capuronianthus, Swietenia, Cedrela and Toona are advanced.
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