Showing papers in "Design Journal in 2013"
TL;DR: The Design with Intent toolkit is introduced, an idea generation method using a design pattern form to help designers address sustainable behaviour problems and exploratory workshops used the toolkit to generate concepts for redesigning everyday products to reduce the environmental impact of use.
Abstract: Products and services explicitly intended to influence users’ behaviour are increasingly being proposed to reduce environmental impact and for other areas of social benefit. Designing such interventions often involves adopting and adapting principles from other contexts where behaviour change has been studied. The ‘design pattern’ form, used in software engineering and HCI, and originally developed in architecture, offers benefits for this transposition process.
This article introduces the Design with Intent toolkit, an idea generation method using a design pattern form to help designers address sustainable behaviour problems. The article also reports on exploratory workshops in which participants used the toolkit to generate concepts for redesigning everyday products—kettles, curtains, printers and bathroom sinks/taps—to reduce the environmental impact of use. The concepts are discussed, along with observations of how the toolkit was used by participants, suggesting usability improvements to incorporate in future versions.
47 citations
TL;DR: Clay & Paper Theatre's alternative audio description approach exemplifies social innovation in inclusive theatre design for blind and low-income individuals as discussed by the authors, where the creative team developed the design process: script modification, characters and music integration, and sensory tour presentation.
Abstract: The conventional approach to audio description (AD) uses third-person narrative, factual delivery style, post-planning and third-party delivery, making it incompatible with inclusive design principles and equitable access to sensory stimuli.This paper discusses Clay & Paper Theatre's alternative AD approach, involving actors, scriptwriters, musicians and directors. With no previous exposure to inclusive design, the creative team developed the design process: script modification, characters and music integration, and sensory tour presentation. Innovative methodology taught actors and directors to think about accessibility from the start of their creative processes.Actors found the inclusive design process useful in developing a better understanding of character roles. Audience members enjoyed the play through the role of music and its link to the narrative and characterization. Clay & Paper Theatre's alternative AD approach exemplifies social innovation in inclusive theatre design for blind and low...
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a design experiment that sought to introduce alternative resource consumption pathways in the form of product service systems (PSS) to satisfy household demand and reduce consumer durable household waste is presented.
Abstract: In response to unsustainability and the prospect of resource scarcity, lifestyles dominated by resource throughput are being challenged. This paper focuses on a design experiment that sought to introduce alternative resource consumption pathways in the form of product service systems (PSS) to satisfy household demand and reduce consumer durable household waste. In contrast to many other PSS examples this project did not begin with sustainability benefits, rather the preferences of supply and demand actors and the bounded geographical locations represented by two UK housing developments. The paper addresses the process through which the concept PSS were designed, selected and evaluated, alongside the practical and commercial parameters of the project. It proposes the need for a shift to further emphasize the importance of the design imperative in creating different PSS outcomes that reorganize relationships between people, resources and the environment.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive design cognition study focused on the embodiment of concepts with varying emotional content (i.e. concrete, abstract and emotional) into product form is presented, aimed at identifying differences in terms of cognitive processing among these three states during the initial part of the design process and during the creation of a new product by professional designers via the use of design briefs.
Abstract: This paper represents a portion of a comprehensive design cognition study focused on the embodiment of concepts with varying emotional content (i.e. concrete, abstract and emotional) into product form. It is aimed at identifying differences in terms of cognitive processing among these three states during the initial part of the design process and during the creation of a new product by professional designers via the use of design briefs. A mixed-methods approach was used including both qualitative and quantitative approaches, and retrospective protocol analysis was used as a primary source of data analysis. Results showed that imageability and context availability ratings for abstract, concrete and emotion concepts are highly related. Findings are discussed with reference to models of cognition and design.
18 citations
TL;DR: The concept of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is presented as an integral part of future inclusive services and has the potential to provide a better match between user needs and service delivery, and enable the successful longer-term evolution of services.
Abstract: Inclusive Design focuses on understanding the broad spectrum of peoples' needs and abilities, with a view to developing more successful products and services. However, peoples' experiences with products and services are dynamic and multi-layered, presenting a unique set of challenges for Inclusive Designers. This paper presents the concept of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) as an integral part of future inclusive services. By utilizing crowd-sourced data, services can become more efficient, intuitive and relevant for a wider population than previously possible. The potential benefits and challenges are presented and explored through a series of qualitative case studies. These focus on the differences in data generated by disabled and older people, and the uniqueness of the information gained. This type of information has the potential to provide a better match between user needs and service delivery, and enable the successful longer-term evolution of services.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce scientific research findings and accounts of skilled design judgement to develop an interdisciplinary account of what affects our identification of letters when reading, and present an approach for identifying the letters in a sentence.
Abstract: This paper introduces scientific research findings and accounts of skilled design judgement to: (i) develop an interdisciplinary account of what affects our identification of letters when reading; ...
16 citations
TL;DR: The study found that the predominant focus of activity was in the initial steps of user investigation; subsequent steps receive less emphasis due to either under-reporting or non-completion.
Abstract: Inclusive Design's extensive literature may be divided into theory concerning methodology and case studies describing practice. The question arises as to how closely practice matches theory. This paper (based on an analysis of academic papers, posters and oral presentations) is a survey of the methods used in self-declared inclusive design projects. The raw material was classed as (a) product design or (b) assistive technology. Design steps were assigned to six categories of activity as defined by an authoritative design method. Analysis showed that of the 66 cases, 4.5 per cent reported carrying out all six steps, while 39.3 per cent carried out or reported just one step. The study found that the predominant focus of activity was in the initial steps of user investigation; subsequent steps receive less emphasis due to either under-reporting or non-completion. The work shows that design practitioners need to resist the tendency for user input to taper off as projects proceed.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore alternative starting points for inclusive design projects based on a two-year ethnographic study with elderly people in Vienna and argue that design briefs already take account of ageing reality such as physical ageing but less widely of people's experience, holistic style issues and own strategies on how to deal with getting older.
Abstract: This paper explores alternative starting points for inclusive design projects based on a two-year ethnographic study with elderly people in Vienna. It argues that design briefs already take account of ageing reality such as physical ageing but less widely of people's experience, holistic style issues and own strategies on how to deal with getting older. These narratives of consumption or ‘experience-based design’ might more likely gather convergences and meeting points between people and products; thus they root themselves in individuals' everyday practices and tactics developed over the life course. Inclusive as categorized by the author is not only a matter of better products but awareness for individual contexts of usage as well.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the twin forces of an ageing population and climate change effects in the context of global warming are considered, and a science-technology-design conceptual approach is explored in order to bridge these design and society-nature divides by integrating inclusive/human-centred and environmental/sustainable design fields.
Abstract: This paper considers the twin forces of an ageing population and climate change effects in the context of global warming. Inclusive and Sustainable Design approaches respectively attempt to respond to one but not both of these phenomena, producing ‘unsustainable inclusivity’ and ‘deterministic sustainability’ outcomes. Both produce counterfactual, even perverse, social and environmental effects, including the failure of design and other standards and guidance to produce the desired benefits. By drawing on the author's empirical research on sustainable urban environment and transport projects, a science-technology-design conceptual approach is explored in order to bridge these design and society-nature divides by integrating inclusive/human-centred and environmental/sustainable design fields. The paper suggests Science Technology Society (STS) studies rather than fragmented design specialisms as an alternative perspective to address these wicked problems.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the tacit use of "design" skills by spinal cord injuries (SCI) survivors as part of a larger project intended to help enhance their own self-reliance and resour...
Abstract: The author proposes that within us all is a set of skills, strategies and modes of thinking commonly found in designers that, if recognized, understood and enabled, could potentially be practiced by non-design individuals to assist in improving everyday situations. Inclusive, participative and co-design approaches have tended to include non-design individuals either as part of the consultation process at one end of the ‘inclusive’ spectrum of design processes, or as an integral member of the design team at the other. The proximity of designers to non-designers in team or workshop situations helps create designerly ways of doing things. This is not only an issue of recognizing and practising these skills and approaches, but also recognizing the conditions under which designing can occur and indeed flourish. Using a research study to explore the tacit use of ‘design’ skills by spinal cord injuries (SCI) survivors as part of a larger project intended to help enhance their own self-reliance and resour...
10 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigates the concept of recognition as it pertains to artefact mediation and examines ways in which artefacts allow unequal social groups to reach a compromise while preserving their differences, such as the adoption of enclosed execution chambers in the United States.
Abstract: Artefact mediation literature refers to mediation as a process through which diverse social entities resolve their differences and assign a common symbolic meaning to an artefact. This research proposes that diverse social groups cannot arrive at a set of common conventions and form meaningful relationships with one another unless such groups recognize their ideological differences. The current study investigates the concept of recognition as it pertains to artefact mediation. It examines ways in which artefacts allow unequal social groups to reach a compromise while preserving their differences. For example, the adoption of enclosed execution chambers allowed the American judicial system to deliver a symbolic message denoting the triumph of good over evil and facilitate recognition between two conflicting social groups: those who believed that capital punishment was necessary and a minority group that condemned it as an unnecessary act of cruelty.
TL;DR: A framework of where and how wiki use impacts on the lifeworld of the designers of an interior design firm in China is proposed that can be used to guide designers in their adoption of such tools.
Abstract: Wikis can be useful collaborative tools within a design environment for sharing knowledge and expertise. However, there is still a need for research to explain the reasons for their success and failure in organizations. In this paper, we examine the role and influence of wiki adoption and use on the lifeworld of a group of designers in an interior design firm in China. We propose a framework of where and how wiki use impacts on the lifeworld of the designers that can be used to guide designers in their adoption of such tools. In particular, the study highlights the implications of taking an overly instrumental approach in their adoption that can detract from the potential benefits of their use.
TL;DR: This paper explored the contribution of American pragmatic philosophy to the discipline of graphic design, setting out to reconnect contemporary practices with their historical and intellectual origins, and found strong discursive and historical connections between the pragmatic philosophy of John Dewey and William James, and the teaching of Graphic Design at the New Bauhaus and The Institute of Design, in Chicago, in the 1930s.
Abstract: This paper explores the contribution of American pragmatic philosophy to the discipline of graphic design, setting out to reconnect contemporary practices with their historical and intellectual origins. The paper establishes strong discursive and historical connections between the pragmatic philosophy of John Dewey and William James, and the teaching of graphic design at the New Bauhaus and The Institute of Design, in Chicago, in the 1930s. A detailed textual analysis of Dewey's Experience and Education (1938) is offered in relation to the writing of Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, who instituted the curriculum at the New Bauhaus, highlighting their common ground. This close textual reading reveals strong intellectual and conceptual affiliations between the pragmatic movement and the discipline of graphic design. In the process, this textual analysis augments established historical associations with a strong sense of philosophical tradition and intellectual correspondences. This paper identifies parallels in ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make a comparison between the way an art world has accepted and legitimized new forms of art and the situation where new models of design are appearing as rapidly as art movements did in the 1960s.
Abstract: Useful parallels can be drawn between the way an art world has accepted and legitimized new forms of art and the situation where new forms of design are appearing as rapidly as art movements did in the 1960s. But we still do not have within the broad domain of design the sense of a design world. While design's discursive properties may be recognized, it is still expected to achieve an outcome. There is every reason to expect that unprecedented forms of design will continue to emerge as responses to new conditions. Therefore, design studies as it emerges as an interdisciplinary site for design reflection faces numerous challenges. First and foremost, it must find its own subject matter, topics of investigation and methods. Second, it must persuade accomplished scholars in traditional disciplines to participate in building the field; third, it must put forth research that can help clear up the chaos that currently exists in the design domain; and fourth, it must take a lead in shaping design's futur...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the strong and weak aspects of industrial product design and industrial design education in Turkey in the context of their relations with Turkish industry and conclude that Turkey is behind other countries in terms of intellectual property rights, new products development and investment in new fields of business.
Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the strong and weak aspects of industrial product design (IPD) and industrial design (ID) education in Turkey in the context of their relations with Turkish industry This study was conducted in four major phases The study started with a SWOT analysis of the economy in Turkey and continued with an analysis of ID education using data on undergraduate and graduate education programmes, the number of faculty members, the number of graduates and the number of registered students After identifying the profile of the industrial designer from the perspective of industry through online job advertisements, the correlation between the expectations of industry and the philosophy of ID and IPD education programmes in Turkey was analysed The findings demonstrate that Turkey is behind other countries in terms of intellectual property rights, new products development and investment in new fields of business Moreover, the share of resources allocated for research and development is
TL;DR: In this study, in-context testing of prototypes uncovered problems with physical inputs and product format not seen in the laboratory environment, and the increased opportunities for spontaneous user reflection during laboratory testing provided insights into user expectations of functionality not seen during in- context testing.
Abstract: For designers developing information appliances, bringing together the physical and digital elements of a product early in the design process presents a prototyping challenge. Whilst prototyping methods have been developed to address this need, these methods have so far only been evaluated using laboratory-based testing approaches. This paper argues that testing in-context should also be supported by prototyping methods, and presents the findings of a comparative study between a laboratory and in-context user test of early information appliance prototypes. A key question was whether the type of ‘rough and ready’ prototypes frequently found in user laboratory setting might, with some careful development, be suitable for in-context testing.The results of the study show that in-context and laboratory testing of early, ‘rough and ready’ prototypes uncovered different usability problems. In this study, in-context testing of prototypes uncovered problems with physical inputs and product format not seen ...
TL;DR: In this article, a typology of design knowledge assets of the projects researched indicated that universities appear not to systematically reflect and assess value in a manner commensurate with learning organizations, and the tacit and embedded nature of unrealized design knowledge was found to be difficult to harvest but present in most projects.
Abstract: Recent research into the transfer and retention of design knowledge assets from knowledge transfer (KT) projects in a number of universities in the West Midlands is described. Participants in design-based knowledge transfer projects were interviewed and their projects reviewed within several universities. A typology of design knowledge assets of the projects researched indicated that universities appear not to systematically reflect and assess value in a manner commensurate with learning organizations. An interdependent relationship between the identification of design knowledge assets and the evaluation of knowledge transfer was discovered. The tacit and embedded nature of unrealized design knowledge was found to be difficult to harvest but present in most projects. The limited client-based value assessment criteria offered little to universities. New approaches to identifying, capturing and reusing knowledge assets from design-oriented knowledge transfer projects are indicated.
TL;DR: The findings showed that this particular design education approach helped students start the design process and stay focused throughout the design step, and showed the development of the ideas of 13 second-year architectural students.
Abstract: Views of creativity highlight the importance of incubation or the significance of sketching as a means of seeing emergent properties. Both views put design students at a disadvantage. This study investigates the strengths and weaknesses of an alternative approach to design education, in which students were asked to develop a design idea through conceptual diagrams. This study investigates how conceptual diagrams might help architectural students to see the relationships between concepts and space and coordinate their dual development through conceptual diagrams. The study presents the development of the ideas of 13 second-year architectural students. Students' logbooks, together with their midterm and final review presentations, were studied to determine whether students drew any conceptual diagrams, whether they were instrumental in spatial organization, and how they introduced changes during the design process. The findings showed that this particular design education approach helped students st...
TL;DR: Couples wear is the phenomenon of couples in Korea wearing so-called "couple looks" such as identical T-shirts as discussed by the authors, which is more acceptable, for ex...
Abstract: Couples' wear is the phenomenon of couples in Korea wearing so-called ‘couple looks' such as identical T-shirts. Although most foreigners are shocked by couples' wear, it is more acceptable, for ex...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine Lifetime Home Standards (LTHS) and Part M of the UK Building Regulations and discuss how relevant and successful they are and suggest that the standards should be improved and that designers and architects face challenges to creatively incorporate them into housing design.
Abstract: The aims of this article are to examine Lifetime Home Standards (LTHS) and Part M of the UK Building Regulations and to discuss how relevant and successful they are. The UK government expects all new homes to be built to LTHS by 2013. This is increasingly important with an ageing population. The home environment can enable independence and provide a therapeutic place for everyone. As Part M of the building regulations are compulsory in all housing and LTHS are mandatory for public sector housing, a review of research articles was undertaken on these standards. The paper begins with a brief background on accessibility regulations, followed by a critical review of the standards that takes the body of literature that has been written around them into account. This review suggests that the standards should be improved and that designers and architects face challenges to creatively incorporate them into housing design.
TL;DR: In this paper, the general public define creativity differently to that of advertising professionals, and it is generally accepted that advertisements that win creativity awards such as Cannes, D&AD are considered highly creative.
Abstract: Is creativity and important element in designing a successful advertisement? Advertising 'creativity' is generally viewed from the perspective of the advertising professional. Interestingly, research suggests that the general public define creativity differently to that of advertising professionals. It is generally accepted that advertisements that win creativity awards such as Cannes, D&AD are considered highly creative.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the theoretical implications of considering media production as audiovisual communication during its process of being created, where design is an integrated part of that process, are discussed.
Abstract: Media production includes many moments of creative work that would be best addressed as audiovisual design. The two paradigmatic understandings of design, ‘design-as-problem-solving’ (Simon, 1996), and ‘design-as-meaning-creation’ (Krippendorf, 1995), have bearing on those work-moments. The issues dealt with during those media production work-moments, as well as the problems to solve and the characteristics of the work-processes in use, resemble issues, problems and process characteristics familiar within design work (Sato and Poggenpohl, 2009).From a perspective of communication, audiovisual communication preferably is addressed as multimodal (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2001) where both strata, design and production, are considered to make important impact on a message.This paper discusses the theoretical implications of considering media production as audiovisual communication during its process of being created, where design is an integrated part of that process. The benefits of considering media production as audiovisual design are proposed from a design research perspective, and are compared with other perspectives.
TL;DR: Gwilt and Rissanen as mentioned in this paper present Shaping sustainable fashion: Changing the Way We Make and Use Clothes edited by Alison Gwilt and Timo R Nissanen.
Abstract: (2013). Shaping Sustainable Fashion: Changing the Way We Make and Use Clothes edited by Alison Gwilt and Timo Rissanen. The Design Journal: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 125-127.
TL;DR: Rodgers et al. as discussed by the authors presented a product design by Paul Rodgers and Alex Milton, which is based on the concept of product design with a focus on the design of product components.
Abstract: (2013). Product Design by Paul Rodgers and Alex Milton. The Design Journal: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 379-382.