Diabetes-metabolism Research and Reviews 

About: Diabetes-metabolism Research and Reviews is an academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Diabetes mellitus & Type 2 diabetes. It has an ISSN identifier of 1520-7552. Over the lifetime, 2310 publications have been published receiving 102113 citations.

Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes

Abstract: Ketone bodies are produced by the liver and used peripherally as an energy source when glucose is not readily available. The two main ketone bodies are acetoacetate (AcAc) and 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), while acetone is the third, and least abundant, ketone body. Ketones are always present in the blood and their levels increase during fasting and prolonged exercise. They are also found in the blood of neonates and pregnant women. Diabetes is the most common pathological cause of elevated blood ketones. In diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), high levels of ketones are produced in response to low insulin levels and high levels of counterregulatory hormones. In acute DKA, the ketone body ratio (3HB:AcAc) rises from normal (1:1) to as high as 10:1. In response to insulin therapy, 3HB levels commonly decrease long before AcAc levels. The frequently employed nitroprusside test only detects AcAc in blood and urine. This test is inconvenient, does not assess the best indicator of ketone body levels (3HB), provides only a semiquantitative assessment of ketone levels and is associated with false-positive results. Recently, inexpensive quantitative tests of 3HB levels have become available for use with small blood samples (5-25 microl). These tests offer new options for monitoring and treating diabetes and other states characterized by the abnormal metabolism of ketone bodies.

Quality of life and diabetes

Abstract: Quality of life is an important health outcome in its own right, representing the ultimate goal of all health interventions. This paper reviews the published, English-language literature on self-perceived quality of life among adults with diabetes. Quality of life is measured as physical and social functioning, and perceived physical and mental well-being. People with diabetes have a worse quality of life than people with no chronic illness, but a better quality of life than people with most other serious chronic diseases. Duration and type of diabetes are not consistently associated with quality of life. Intensive treatment does not impair quality of life, and having better glycemic control is associated with better quality of life. Complications of diabetes are the most important disease-specific determinant of quality of life. Numerous demographic and psychosocial factors influence quality of life and should be controlled when comparing subgroups. Studies of clinical and educational interventions suggest that improving patients' health status and perceived ability to control their disease results in improved quality of life. Methodologically, it is important to use multidimensional assessments of quality of life, and to include both generic and disease-specific measures. Quality of life measures should be used to guide and evaluate treatment interventions.

Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19.

Abstract: Backgound To figure out whether diabetes is a risk factor influencing the progression and prognosis of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods A total of 174 consecutive patients confirmed with COVID-19 were studied. Demographic data, medical history, symptoms and signs, laboratory findings, chest computed tomography (CT) as well the treatment measures were collected and analysed. Results We found that COVID-19 patients without other comorbidities but with diabetes (n = 24) were at higher risk of severe pneumonia, release of tissue injury-related enzymes, excessive uncontrolled inflammation responses and hypercoagulable state associated with dysregulation of glucose metabolism. Furthermore, serum levels of inflammation-related biomarkers such as IL-6, C-reactive protein, serum ferritin and coagulation index, D-dimer, were significantly higher (P Conclusions Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19. More intensive attention should be paid to patients with diabetes, in case of rapid deterioration.

The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a Congress Series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society.

Abstract: This review summarises the results and discussions of an UNESCO-MCBN supported symposium on oxidative stress and its role in the onset and progression of diabetes. There is convincing experimental and clinical evidence that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROI) is increased in both types of diabetes and that the onset of diabetes is closely associated with oxidative stress. Nevertheless there is controversy about which markers of oxidative stress are most reliable and suitable for clinical practice. There are various mechanisms that contribute to the formation of ROI. It is generally accepted that vascular cells and especially the endothelium become one major source of ROI. An important role of oxidative stress for the development of vascular and neurological complications is suggested by experimental and clinical studies. The precise mechanisms by which oxidative stress may accelerate the development of complications in diabetes are only partly known. There is however evidence for a role of protein kinase C, advanced glycation end products (AGE) and activation of transcription factors such as NF kappa B, but the exact signalling pathways and the interactions with ROI remain a matter of discussion. Additionally, results of very recent studies suggest a role for ROI in the development of insulin resistance. ROI interfere with insulin signalling at various levels and are able to inhibit the translocation of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane. Evidence for a protective effect of antioxidants has been presented in experimental studies, but conclusive evidence from patient studies is missing. Large-scale clinical trials such as the DCCT Study or the UKPDS Study are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of antioxidants in diabetic patients and their potential to reduce the medical and socio-economic burden of diabetes and its complications.

Phlorizin: a review.

Abstract: The dihydrochalcone phlorizin is a natural product and dietary constituent found in a number of fruit trees. It has been used as a pharmaceutical and tool for physiology research for over 150 years. Phlorizin's principal pharmacological action is to produce renal glycosuria and block intestinal glucose absorption through inhibition of the sodium-glucose symporters located in the proximal renal tubule and mucosa of the small intestine. This review covers the role phlorizin has played in the history of diabetes mellitus and its use as an agent to understand fundamental concepts in renal physiology as well as summarizes the physiology of cellular glucose transport and the pathophysiology of renal glycosuria. It reviews the biology and pathobiology of glucose transporters and discusses the medical botany of phlorizin and the potential effects of plant flavonoids, such as phlorizin, on human metabolism. Lastly, it describes the clinical pharmacology and toxicology of phlorizin, including investigational uses of phlorizin and phlorizin analogs in the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and stress hyperglycemia.