Showing papers in "Earth System Science Data in 2021"
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TL;DR: The ERA5-Land dataset as mentioned in this paper is an enhanced global dataset for the land component of the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5), hereafter referred to as ERA5Land.
Abstract: . Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission,
the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing an enhanced global dataset for the land component of the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5), hereafter referred to as ERA5-Land. Once completed, the period covered will span from 1950 to the present, with continuous updates to support land monitoring applications. ERA5-Land describes the evolution of the water and energy cycles over land in a consistent manner over the production period, which, among others, could be used to analyse trends and anomalies.
This is achieved through global high-resolution numerical integrations of the ECMWF land surface model driven by the downscaled meteorological forcing from the ERA5 climate reanalysis, including an elevation correction for the thermodynamic near-surface state. ERA5-Land shares with ERA5
most of the parameterizations that guarantees the use of the state-of-the-art land surface modelling applied to numerical weather prediction (NWP) models.
A main advantage of ERA5-Land compared to ERA5 and the older ERA-Interim is the horizontal resolution, which is enhanced globally to 9 km compared to 31 km (ERA5) or 80 km (ERA-Interim), whereas the temporal resolution
is hourly as in ERA5. Evaluation against independent in situ observations
and global model or satellite-based reference datasets shows the added value
of ERA5-Land in the description of the hydrological cycle, in particular
with enhanced soil moisture and lake description, and an overall better agreement of
river discharge estimations with available observations. However, ERA5-Land snow depth fields present a mixed performance when compared to those of ERA5, depending on geographical location and altitude.
The description of the
energy cycle shows comparable results with ERA5. Nevertheless, ERA5-Land reduces the global averaged root mean square error of the skin temperature, taking as
reference MODIS data, mainly due to the contribution of
coastal points where spatial resolution is important.
Since January 2020, the ERA5-Land period available has extended from January 1981 to the near present, with a
2- to 3-month delay with respect to real time. The segment prior to 1981 is in production, aiming for a release of the whole dataset in summer/autumn 2021.
The high spatial and temporal resolution of ERA5-Land, its extended period, and the consistency of the fields produced makes it a valuable dataset to support hydrological studies,
to initialize NWP and climate models,
and to support diverse applications dealing with water resource, land, and environmental management. The full ERA5-Land hourly ( Munoz-Sabater , 2019 a ) and monthly ( Munoz-Sabater , 2019 b ) averaged datasets presented in this paper are available through the C3S Climate Data Store at https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.e2161bac and https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.68d2bb30 , respectively.
704 citations
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TL;DR: Yang et al. as discussed by the authors presented the first Landsat-derived annual China land cover dataset (CLCD) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, which contains 30m annual land cover and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019.
Abstract: . Land cover (LC) determines the energy exchange, water and
carbon cycle between Earth's spheres. Accurate LC information is a
fundamental parameter for the environment and climate studies. Considering
that the LC in China has been altered dramatically with the economic
development in the past few decades, sequential and fine-scale LC monitoring
is in urgent need. However, currently, fine-resolution annual LC dataset
produced by the observational images is generally unavailable for China due
to the lack of sufficient training samples and computational capabilities.
To deal with this issue, we produced the first Landsat-derived annual China
land cover dataset (CLCD) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, which
contains 30 m annual LC and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019. We
first collected the training samples by combining stable samples extracted
from China's land-use/cover datasets (CLUDs) and visually interpreted
samples from satellite time-series data, Google Earth and Google Maps. Using
335 709 Landsat images on the GEE, several temporal metrics were constructed
and fed to the random forest classifier to obtain classification results. We
then proposed a post-processing method incorporating spatial–temporal
filtering and logical reasoning to further improve the spatial–temporal
consistency of CLCD. Finally, the overall accuracy of CLCD reached 79.31 %
based on 5463 visually interpreted samples. A further assessment based on
5131 third-party test samples showed that the overall accuracy of CLCD
outperforms that of MCD12Q1, ESACCI_LC, FROM_GLC and GlobeLand30. Besides, we intercompared the CLCD with several
Landsat-derived thematic products, which exhibited good consistencies with
the Global Forest Change, the Global Surface Water, and three impervious
surface products. Based on the CLCD, the trends and patterns of China's LC
changes during 1985 and 2019 were revealed, such as expansion of impervious
surface ( + 148.71 %) and water ( + 18.39 %), decrease in cropland
( − 4.85 %) and grassland ( − 3.29 %), and increase in forest ( + 4.34 %). In
general, CLCD reflected the rapid urbanization and a series of ecological
projects (e.g. Gain for Green) in China and revealed the anthropogenic
implications on LC under the condition of climate change, signifying its
potential application in the global change research. The CLCD dataset
introduced in this article is freely available at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4417810 (Yang and Huang, 2021).
313 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a novel 30'm land cover classification with a fine classification system for the year 2015 (GLC_FCS30-2015) was produced by combining time series of Landsat imagery and high-quality training data from the GSPECLib (Global Spatial Temporal Spectra Library) on the Google Earth Engine computing platform.
Abstract: . Over past decades, a lot of global land-cover products have been released; however, these still lack a global land-cover map with a fine classification system and spatial resolution simultaneously. In this study, a novel global 30 m land-cover classification with a fine classification system for the year 2015 (GLC_FCS30-2015) was produced by combining time series of Landsat imagery and high-quality training data from the GSPECLib (Global Spatial Temporal Spectra Library) on the Google Earth Engine computing platform. First, the global training data from the GSPECLib were developed by applying a series of rigorous filters to the CCI_LC (Climate Change Initiative Global Land Cover) land-cover and MCD43A4 NBAR products (MODIS Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function-Adjusted Reflectance). Secondly, a local adaptive random forest model was built for each 5 ∘ × 5 ∘ geographical tile by using the multi-temporal Landsat spectral and texture features and the corresponding training data, and the GLC_FCS30-2015 land-cover product containing 30 land-cover types was generated for each tile. Lastly, the GLC_FCS30-2015 was validated using three different validation systems (containing different land-cover details) using 44 043 validation samples. The validation results indicated that the GLC_FCS30-2015 achieved an overall accuracy of 82.5 % and a kappa coefficient of 0.784 for the level-0 validation system (9 basic land-cover types), an overall accuracy of 71.4 % and kappa coefficient of 0.686 for the UN-LCCS (United Nations Land Cover Classification System) level-1 system (16 LCCS land-cover types), and an overall accuracy of 68.7 % and kappa coefficient of 0.662 for the UN-LCCS level-2 system (24 fine land-cover types). The comparisons against other land-cover products (CCI_LC, MCD12Q1, FROM_GLC, and GlobeLand30) indicated that GLC_FCS30-2015 provides more spatial details than CCI_LC-2015 and MCD12Q1-2015 and a greater diversity of land-cover types than FROM_GLC-2015 and GlobeLand30-2010. They also showed that GLC_FCS30-2015 achieved the best overall accuracy of 82.5 % against FROM_GLC-2015 of 59.1 % and GlobeLand30-2010 of 75.9 %. Therefore, it is concluded that the GLC_FCS30-2015 product is the first global land-cover dataset that provides a fine classification system (containing 16 global LCCS land-cover types as well as 14 detailed and regional land-cover types) with high classification accuracy at 30 m. The GLC_FCS30-2015 global land-cover products produced in this paper are free access at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986872 (Liu et al., 2020).
259 citations
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TL;DR: Chen et al. as discussed by the authors built an extended time series (2000-2018) of NPP-VIIRS-like NTL data through a new cross-sensor calibration from DMSP-OLS-NTL data (2000, 2004, 2006, and 2010).
Abstract: . The nighttime light (NTL) satellite data have been widely
used to investigate the urbanization process. The Defense Meteorological
Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) stable nighttime
light data and Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared
Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) nighttime light data are two widely
used NTL datasets. However, the difference in their spatial resolutions and
sensor design requires a cross-sensor calibration of these two datasets for
analyzing a long-term urbanization process. Different from the traditional
cross-sensor calibration of NTL data by converting NPP-VIIRS to
DMSP-OLS-like NTL data, this study built an extended time series (2000–2018)
of NPP-VIIRS-like NTL data through a new cross-sensor calibration from
DMSP-OLS NTL data (2000–2012) and a composition of monthly NPP-VIIRS NTL
data (2013–2018). The proposed cross-sensor calibration is unique due to the
image enhancement by using a vegetation index and an auto-encoder model.
Compared with the annual composited NPP-VIIRS NTL data in 2012, our product
of extended NPP-VIIRS-like NTL data shows a good consistency at the pixel
and city levels with R2 of 0.87 and 0.95, respectively. We also found
that our product has great accuracy by comparing it with DMSP-OLS radiance-calibrated NTL (RNTL) data in 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2010. Generally, our
extended NPP-VIIRS-like NTL data (2000–2018) have an excellent spatial
pattern and temporal consistency which are similar to the composited
NPP-VIIRS NTL data. In addition, the resulting product could be easily
updated and provide a useful proxy to monitor the dynamics of demographic
and socioeconomic activities for a longer time period compared to existing
products. The extended time series (2000–2018) of nighttime light data is
freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YGIVCD (Chen et
al., 2020).
203 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide the first comprehensive and consistent global outlook on the state of domestic and manufacturing wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse, using a data-driven approach,collating, cross-examining and standardising country-level wastewater data from online data.
Abstract: . Continually improving and affordable wastewater management provides opportunities for both
pollution reduction and clean water supply augmentation, while simultaneously promoting
sustainable development and supporting the transition to a circular economy. This study aims to
provide the first comprehensive and consistent global outlook on the state of domestic and
manufacturing wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse. We use a data-driven approach,
collating, cross-examining and standardising country-level wastewater data from online data
resources. Where unavailable, data are estimated using multiple linear regression. Country-level
wastewater data are subsequently downscaled and validated at 5 arcmin
( ∼10 km ) resolution. This study estimates global wastewater production at 359.4×109 m3 yr−1 , of which 63 % ( 225.6×109 m3 yr−1 ) is
collected and 52 % ( 188.1×109 m3 yr−1 ) is treated. By extension, we
estimate that 48 % of global wastewater production is released to the environment untreated,
which is substantially lower than previous estimates of ∼80 % . An estimated 40.7×109 m3 yr−1 of treated wastewater is intentionally reused. Substantial
differences in per capita wastewater production, collection and treatment are observed across
different geographic regions and by level of economic development. For example, just over 16 %
of the global population in high-income countries produces 41 % of global wastewater. Treated-wastewater reuse is particularly substantial in the Middle East and North Africa (15 %) and
western Europe (16 %), while comprising just 5.8 % and 5.7 % of the global population,
respectively. Our database serves as a reference for understanding the global wastewater status
and for identifying hotspots where untreated wastewater is released to the environment, which are
found particularly in South and Southeast Asia. Importantly, our results also serve as a baseline
for evaluating progress towards many policy goals that are both directly and indirectly connected
to wastewater management. Our spatially explicit results available at 5 arcmin
resolution are well suited for supporting more detailed hydrological analyses such as water
quality modelling and large-scale water resource assessments and can be accessed at
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.918731 (Jones
et al., 2020).
170 citations
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TL;DR: Zheng et al. as mentioned in this paper reported the anthropogenic air pollutant emissions from mainland China by using a bottom-up approach based on the near-real-time data in 2020 and use the estimated emissions to simulate air quality changes with a chemical transportation model.
Abstract: . The COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns led to a sharp drop in
socio-economic activities in China in 2020, including reductions in fossil
fuel use, industry productions, and traffic volumes. The short-term impacts
of lockdowns on China's air quality have been measured and reported,
however, the changes in anthropogenic emissions have not yet been assessed
quantitatively, which hinders our understanding of the causes of the air
quality changes during COVID-19. Here, for the first time, we report the
anthropogenic air pollutant emissions from mainland China by using a
bottom-up approach based on the near-real-time data in 2020 and use the
estimated emissions to simulate air quality changes with a chemical
transport model. The COVID-19 lockdown was estimated to have reduced China's
anthropogenic emissions substantially between January and March in 2020,
with the largest reductions in February. Emissions of SO 2 , NO x ,
CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and primary PM 2.5 were estimated to have decreased by
27 %, 36 %, 28 %, 31 %, and 24 %, respectively, in February 2020
compared to the same month in 2019. The reductions in anthropogenic
emissions were dominated by the industry sector for SO 2 and PM 2.5
and were contributed to approximately equally by the industry and
transportation sectors for NO x , CO, and NMVOCs. With the spread of
coronavirus controlled, China's anthropogenic emissions rebounded in April
and since then returned to the comparable levels of 2019 in the second half
of 2020. The provinces in China have presented nearly synchronous decline
and rebound in anthropogenic emissions, while Hubei and the provinces
surrounding Beijing recovered more slowly due to the extension of lockdown
measures. The ambient air pollution presented much lower concentrations
during the first 3 months in 2020 than in 2019 while rapidly returning to comparable levels afterward, which have been reproduced by the air
quality model simulation driven by our estimated emissions. China's monthly
anthropogenic emissions in 2020 can be accessed from
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5214920.v2 (Zheng et al., 2021) by
species, month, sector, and province.
102 citations
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TL;DR: Tang et al. as discussed by the authors developed a six-year long high-resolution Chinese air quality reanalysis datasets (CAQRA) by assimilating over 1000 surface air quality monitoring sites from China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (CNEMC) using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System (NAQPMS).
Abstract: . Air pollution in China has changed substantially since 2013, and the effects such changes bring to the human health and environment has been an increasingly hot topic in many scientific fields. Such studies, however, are often hindered by a lack of long-term air quality dataset in China of high accuracy and spatiotemporal resolutions. In this study, a six-year long high-resolution Chinese air quality reanalysis datasets (CAQRA) has been developed by assimilating over 1000 surface air quality monitoring sites from China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (CNEMC) using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System (NAQPMS). Surface fields of six conventional air pollutants in China, namely PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3 for period 2013–2018, are provided at high spatial (15 km ×15 km) and temporal (1 hour) resolutions. This paper aims to document this dataset by providing the detailed descriptions of the assimilation system and presenting the first validation results for the reanalysis dataset. A five-fold cross validation (CV) method was used to assess the quality of CAQRA. The CV results show that the CAQRA has excellent performances in reproducing the magnitude and variability of the surface air pollutants in China (CV R2 = 0.52–0.81, CV RMSE = 0.54 mg/m3 for CO and 16.4–39.3 μg/m3 for other pollutants at the hourly scale). The interannual changes of the air quality in China were also well represented by CAQRA. Through the comparisons with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service reanalysis (CAMSRA) produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) based on assimilating satellite products, we show that the CAQRA has higher accuracy in representing the surface gaseous air pollutants in China due to the assimilation of surface observations. The finer horizontal resolution of CAQRA also makes it more suitable for the air quality studies in the regional scale. We further validate the PM2.5 reanalysis dataset against the independent datasets from the U.S. Department of State Air Quality Monitoring Program over China, and the accuracy of PM2.5 reanalysis was also compared to that of the satellite estimated PM2.5 concentrations. The results indicate that the PM2.5 reanalysis shows good agreement with the independent observations (R2 = 0.74–0.86, RMSE = 16.8–33.6 μg/m3 in different cities) and its accuracy is higher than most satellite estimates. This dataset would be the first high-resolution air quality reanalysis dataset in China that can simultaneously provide the surface concentrations of six conventional air pollutants in China, which should be of great value for many studies, such as the assessment of health impacts of air pollution, investigation of the changes of air quality in China and providing training data for the statistical or AI (Artificial Intelligence) based forecast. The whole datasets are freely available at: https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00053 (Tang et al., 2020a), and a teaser product which contains the monthly and annual mean of the CAQRA has also been released at https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00092 (Tang et al., 2020b) to facilitate the potential users to download and to evaluate the improvement of CAQRA.
97 citations
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Universidade Nova de Lisboa1, Max Planck Society2, Wageningen University and Research Centre3, University of Sheffield4, University of Leicester5, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis6, Russian Academy of Sciences7, Siberian Federal University8, Tokyo Denki University9, University of Valencia10, University of Zagreb11, Tomsk State University12, University of Manchester13, Forestry Commission14, Centre national de la recherche scientifique15, Purdue University16, University of Bedfordshire17, University of Edinburgh18, University of Dundee19, Tuscia University20, Ghent University21, World Resources Institute22, Bangor University23
TL;DR: Santoro et al. as discussed by the authors used satellite observations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter around the year 2010 to generate a global, spatially explicit dataset of above ground live biomass (AGB; dry mass) stored in forests with a spatial resolution of 1'ha.
Abstract: The terrestrial forest carbon pool is poorly quantified, in particular in regions with low forest inventory capacity. By combining multiple satellite observations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter around the year 2010, we generated a global, spatially explicit dataset of above-ground live biomass (AGB; dry mass) stored in forests with a spatial resolution of 1 ha. Using an extensive database of 110 897 AGB measurements from field inventory plots, we show that the spatial patterns and magnitude of AGB are well captured in our map with the exception of regional uncertainties in high-carbon-stock forests with AGB >250 Mg ha−1, where the retrieval was effectively based on a single radar observation. With a total global AGB of 522 Pg, our estimate of the terrestrial biomass pool in forests is lower than most estimates published in the literature (426–571 Pg). Nonetheless, our dataset increases knowledge on the spatial distribution of AGB compared to the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and highlights the impact of a country's national inventory capacity on the accuracy of the biomass statistics reported to the FRA. We also reassessed previous remote sensing AGB maps and identified major biases compared to inventory data, up to 120 % of the inventory value in dry tropical forests, in the subtropics and temperate zone. Because of the high level of detail and the overall reliability of the AGB spatial patterns, our global dataset of AGB is likely to have significant impacts on climate, carbon, and socio-economic modelling schemes and provides a crucial baseline in future carbon stock change estimates. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711 (Santoro, 2018).
93 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a HMA Glacial Lake Inventory (Hi-MAG) database to characterize the annual coverage of glacial lakes from 2008 to 2017 at 30'm resolution using Landsat satellite imagery.
Abstract: . Climate change is intensifying glacier melting and lake development in High Mountain Asia (HMA), which could increase glacial lake outburst flood hazards and impact water resource and hydroelectric power management. However, quantification of variability in size and type of glacial lakes at high resolution has been incomplete in HMA. Here, we developed a HMA Glacial Lake Inventory (Hi-MAG) database to characterize the annual coverage of glacial lakes from 2008 to 2017 at 30 m resolution using Landsat satellite imagery. It is noted that a rapid increase in lake number and moderate area expansion was influenced by a large population of small glacial lake (≤ 0.04 km2), and faster growth in lake number occurred above 5300 m elevation. Proglacial lake dominated areas showed significant lake area expansion, while unconnected lake dominated areas exhibited stability or slight reduction. Small glacial lakes accounted for approximately 15% of the lake area in Eastern Hindu Kush, Western Himalaya, Northern/Western Tien Shan, and Gangdise Mountains, but contributed > 50 % of lake area expansion in these regions over a decade. Our results demonstrate proglacial lakes are a main contributor while small glacial lakes are an overlooked element to recent lake evolution in HMA. Regional geographic variability of debris cover, together with trends in warming and precipitation over the past few decades, largely explain the current distribution of supra- and proglacial lake area across HMA. The Hi-MAG database are available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3700282 , it can be used for studies on glacier-climate-lake interactions, glacio-hydrologic models, glacial lake outburst floods and potential downstream risks and water resources.
84 citations
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[...]
TL;DR: The recent EUREC$^4$A campaign as discussed by the authors was a turning point in our ability to study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter.
Abstract: The science guiding the EUREC$^4$A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC$^4$A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and
southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC$^4$A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced groundbased cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC$^4$A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC$^4$A’s outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement
84 citations
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TL;DR: Gregor et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a methodologically consistent global data set of all relevant surface ocean parameters, i.e., dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), partial pressure of CO 2 ( pCO2 ), pH, and the saturation state with respect to mineral CaCO 3 ( Ω ) at a monthly resolution over the period 1985 through 2018 at a spatial resolution of 1 ∘ × 1 √.
Abstract: . Ocean acidification has profoundly altered the ocean's carbonate chemistry since preindustrial times, with potentially serious consequences for marine life. Yet, no long-term, global observation-based data set exists that allows us to study changes in ocean acidification for all carbonate system parameters over the last few decades. Here, we fill this gap and present a methodologically consistent global data set of all relevant surface ocean parameters, i.e., dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), partial pressure of CO 2 ( pCO2 ), pH, and the saturation state with respect to mineral CaCO 3 ( Ω ) at a monthly resolution over the period 1985 through 2018 at a spatial resolution of 1 ∘ × 1 ∘ . This data set, named OceanSODA-ETHZ, was created by extrapolating in time and space the surface ocean observations of pCO2 (from the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas, SOCAT) and total alkalinity (TA; from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, GLODAP) using the newly developed Geospatial Random Cluster Ensemble Regression (GRaCER) method (code available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4455354 , Gregor , 2021 ). This method is based on a two-step (cluster-regression) approach but extends it by considering an ensemble of such cluster regressions, leading to improved robustness. Surface ocean DIC, pH, and Ω were then computed from the globally mapped pCO2 and TA using the thermodynamic equations of the carbonate system. For the open ocean, the cluster-regression method estimates pCO2 and TA with global near-zero biases and root mean squared errors of 12 µ atm and 13 µ mol kg −1 , respectively. Taking into account also the measurement and representation errors, the total uncertainty increases to 14 µ atm and 21 µ mol kg −1 , respectively. We assess the fidelity of the computed parameters by comparing them to direct observations from GLODAP, finding surface ocean pH and DIC global biases of near zero, as well as root mean squared errors of 0.023 and 16 µ mol kg −1 , respectively. These uncertainties are very comparable to those expected by propagating the total uncertainty from pCO2 and TA through the thermodynamic computations, indicating a robust and conservative assessment of the uncertainties. We illustrate the potential of this new data set by analyzing the climatological mean seasonal cycles of the different parameters of the surface ocean carbonate system, highlighting their commonalities and differences. Further, this data set provides a novel constraint on the global- and basin-scale trends in ocean acidification for all parameters. Concretely, we find for the period 1990 through 2018 global mean trends of 8.6 ± 0.1 µ mol kg −1 per decade for DIC, − 0.016 ± 0.000 per decade for pH, 16.5 ± 0.1 µ atm per decade for p CO 2 , and − 0.07 ± 0.00 per decade for Ω . The OceanSODA-ETHZ data can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.25921/m5wx-ja34 ( Gregor and Gruber , 2020 ) .
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a map of closed-canopy oil palm plantations by typology (industrial versus small-holder plantations) at the global scale and with unprecedented detail (10m resolution) for the year 2019.
Abstract: Oil seed crops, especially oil palm, are among the most rapidly expanding agricultural land uses, and their expansion is known to cause significant environmental damage. Accordingly, these crops often feature in public and policy debates which are hampered or biased by a lack of accurate information on environmental impacts. In particular, the lack of accurate global crop maps remains a concern. Recent advances in deep-learning and remotely sensed data access make it possible to address this gap. We present a map of closed-canopy oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations by typology (industrial versus smallholder plantations) at the global scale and with unprecedented detail (10 m resolution) for the year 2019. The DeepLabv3+ model, a convolutional neural network (CNN) for semantic segmentation, was trained to classify Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images onto an oil palm land cover map. The characteristic backscatter response of closed-canopy oil palm stands in Sentinel-1 and the ability of CNN to learn spatial patterns, such as the harvest road networks, allowed the distinction between industrial and smallholder plantations globally (overall accuracy =98.52±0.20 %), outperforming the accuracy of existing regional oil palm datasets that used conventional machine-learning algorithms. The user's accuracy, reflecting commission error, in industrial and smallholders was 88.22 ± 2.73 % and 76.56 ± 4.53 %, and the producer's accuracy, reflecting omission error, was 75.78 ± 3.55 % and 86.92 ± 5.12 %, respectively. The global oil palm layer reveals that closed-canopy oil palm plantations are found in 49 countries, covering a mapped area of 19.60 Mha; the area estimate was 21.00 ± 0.42 Mha (72.7 % industrial and 27.3 % smallholder plantations). Southeast Asia ranks as the main producing region with an oil palm area estimate of 18.69 ± 0.33 Mha or 89 % of global closed-canopy plantations. Our analysis confirms significant regional variation in the ratio of industrial versus smallholder growers, but it also confirms that, from a typical land development perspective, large areas of legally defined smallholder oil palm resemble industrial-scale plantings. Since our study identified only closed-canopy oil palm stands, our area estimate was lower than the harvested area reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), particularly in West Africa, due to the omission of young and sparse oil palm stands, oil palm in nonhomogeneous settings, and semi-wild oil palm plantations. An accurate global map of planted oil palm can help to shape the ongoing debate about the environmental impacts of oil seed crop expansion, especially if other crops can be mapped to the same level of accuracy. As our model can be regularly rerun as new images become available, it can be used to monitor the expansion of the crop in monocultural settings. The global oil palm layer for the second half of 2019 at a spatial resolution of 10 m can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4473715 (Descals et al., 2021).
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TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive dataset consisting of long-term meteorological, GT, soil moisture, and soil temperature data was compiled after quality control from an integrated, distributed, and multiscale observational network in the permafrost regions of QTP.
Abstract: . Permafrost has great influences on the climatic, hydrological, and
ecological systems on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). The changing
permafrost and its impact have been attracting great attention worldwide
like never before. More observational and modeling approaches are needed to
promote an understanding of permafrost thermal state and climatic conditions
on the QTP. However, limited data on the permafrost thermal state and
climate background have been sporadically reported in different pieces of
literature due to the difficulties of accessing and working in this region
where the weather is severe, environmental conditions are harsh, and the
topographic and morphological features are complex. From the 1990s, we began
to establish a permafrost monitoring network on the QTP. Meteorological
variables were measured by automatic meteorological systems. The soil
temperature and moisture data were collected from an integrated observation
system in the active layer. Deep ground temperature (GT) was observed from
boreholes. In this study, a comprehensive dataset consisting of long-term
meteorological, GT, soil moisture, and soil temperature data was compiled
after quality control from an integrated, distributed, and multiscale
observation network in the permafrost regions of QTP. The dataset is
helpful for scientists with multiple study fields (i.e., climate,
cryospheric, ecology and hydrology, meteorology science), which will
significantly promote the verification, development, and improvement of
hydrological models, land surface process models, and climate models on the QTP.
The datasets are available from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole
Environment Data Center ( https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/disallow/789e838e-16ac-4539-bb7e-906217305a1d/ , last access: 24 August 2021,
https://doi.org/10.11888/Geocry.tpdc.271107 , Lin et al., 2021).
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TL;DR: SAPFLUXNET as mentioned in this paper is a global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements, which includes sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements.
Abstract: . Plant transpiration links physiological responses of
vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon
budgets at the land–atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main
land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to
environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations.
Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration
data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/ , last access: 8 June 2021).
We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by
contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the
R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow
and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as
metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical
details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed
datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174
species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with
woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented
(80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand
structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the
period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are
available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is
available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species
that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the
estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET
adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote
sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use,
plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version
0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689 ; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The
“sapfluxnetr” R package – designed to access, visualize, and process
SAPFLUXNET data – is available from CRAN.
••
Stanford University1, University of British Columbia2, University of Santiago, Chile3, Tuscia University4, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory5, International Rice Research Institute6, Finnish Meteorological Institute7, University of California, Berkeley8, United States Geological Survey9, University of Nebraska–Lincoln10, Ohio State University11, University of Florida12, ETH Zurich13, University of Waikato14, United States Department of the Interior15, State University System of Florida16, Michigan State University17, University College Dublin18, University of Alaska Fairbanks19, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology20, Max Planck Society21, University of Orléans22, VU University Amsterdam23, Landcare Research24, Université de Montréal25, Dalhousie University26, Centre national de la recherche scientifique27, University of Botswana28, Shinshu University29, North Carolina State University30, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences31, Hokkaido University32, The Chinese University of Hong Kong33, University of Helsinki34, Wellesley College35, International Livestock Research Institute36, Northern Arizona University37, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences38, Agricultural Research Service39, Russian Academy of Sciences40, Kyoto University41, Rutgers University42, National Ecological Observatory Network43, California State University44, University of Wisconsin-Madison45, United States Department of Agriculture46, Seoul National University47, University of Innsbruck48, University of Maryland, College Park49, University of Sheffield50, Université du Québec51, Cornell University52, Battelle Memorial Institute53, United States Department of Energy54, Osaka Prefecture University55, University of Delaware56, California State University San Marcos57
TL;DR: The FLUXNET-CH4 dataset as mentioned in this paper is the first open-source global dataset of CH4 EC measurements and includes half-hourly and daily gap-filled and non-gap-filled aggregated CH4 fluxes and meteorological data from 79 sites globally: 42 freshwater wetlands, 6 brackish and saline wetlands, 7 formerly drained ecosystems, 7 rice paddy sites, 2 lakes and 15 uplands.
Abstract: . Methane (CH4) emissions from natural landscapes constitute roughly half of global CH4 contributions to the atmosphere, yet large uncertainties remain in the absolute magnitude and the seasonality of emission quantities and drivers. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of CH4 flux are ideal for constraining ecosystem-scale CH4 emissions due to quasi-continuous and high-temporal-resolution CH4 flux measurements, coincident carbon dioxide, water, and energy flux measurements, lack of ecosystem disturbance, and increased availability of datasets over the last decade. Here, we (1) describe the newly published dataset, FLUXNET-CH4 Version 1.0, the first open-source global dataset of CH4 EC measurements (available at https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/, last access: 7 April 2021). FLUXNET-CH4 includes half-hourly and daily gap-filled and non-gap-filled aggregated CH4 fluxes and meteorological data from 79 sites globally: 42 freshwater wetlands, 6 brackish and saline wetlands, 7 formerly drained ecosystems, 7 rice paddy sites, 2 lakes, and 15 uplands. Then, we (2) evaluate FLUXNET-CH4 representativeness for freshwater wetland coverage globally because the majority of sites in FLUXNET-CH4 Version 1.0 are freshwater wetlands which are a substantial source of total atmospheric CH4 emissions; and (3) we provide the first global estimates of the seasonal variability and seasonality predictors of freshwater wetland CH4 fluxes. Our representativeness analysis suggests that the freshwater wetland sites in the dataset cover global wetland bioclimatic attributes (encompassing energy, moisture, and vegetation-related parameters) in arctic, boreal, and temperate regions but only sparsely cover humid tropical regions. Seasonality metrics of wetland CH4 emissions vary considerably across latitudinal bands. In freshwater wetlands (except those between 20∘ S to 20∘ N) the spring onset of elevated CH4 emissions starts 3 d earlier, and the CH4 emission season lasts 4 d longer, for each degree Celsius increase in mean annual air temperature. On average, the spring onset of increasing CH4 emissions lags behind soil warming by 1 month, with very few sites experiencing increased CH4 emissions prior to the onset of soil warming. In contrast, roughly half of these sites experience the spring onset of rising CH4 emissions prior to the spring increase in gross primary productivity (GPP). The timing of peak summer CH4 emissions does not correlate with the timing for either peak summer temperature or peak GPP. Our results provide seasonality parameters for CH4 modeling and highlight seasonality metrics that cannot be predicted by temperature or GPP (i.e., seasonality of CH4 peak). FLUXNET-CH4 is a powerful new resource for diagnosing and understanding the role of terrestrial ecosystems and climate drivers in the global CH4 cycle, and future additions of sites in tropical ecosystems and site years of data collection will provide added value to this database. All seasonality parameters are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4672601 (Delwiche et al., 2021). Additionally, raw FLUXNET-CH4 data used to extract seasonality parameters can be downloaded from https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/ (last access: 7 April 2021), and a complete list of the 79 individual site data DOIs is provided in Table 2 of this paper.
••
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper developed a daily standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) dataset to overcome the shortcoming of the coarse temporal scale of monthly SPEI.
Abstract: The monthly standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) can
be used to monitor and assess drought characteristics with 1-month or
longer drought duration Based on data from 1961 to 2018 at 427
meteorological stations across mainland China, we developed a daily SPEI
dataset to overcome the shortcoming of the coarse temporal scale of monthly
SPEI Our dataset not only can be used to identify the start and end dates
of drought events, but also can be used to investigate the meteorological,
agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic droughts with a different timescales In the present study, the SPEI data with 3-month (about 90 d)
timescale were taken as a demonstration example to analyze spatial distribution
and temporal changes in drought conditions for mainland China The SPEI
data with a 3-month (about 90 d) timescale showed no obvious intensifying
trends in terms of severity, duration, and frequency of drought events from
1961 to 2018 Our drought dataset serves as a unique resource with daily
resolution to a variety of research communities including meteorology,
geography, and natural hazard studies The daily SPEI dataset developed is
free, open, and publicly available from this study The dataset
with daily SPEI is publicly available via the figshare portal (Wang et al,
2020c), with https://doiorg/106084/m9figshare12568280 Highlights A multi-scale daily SPEI dataset was developed across mainland China
from 1961 to 2018
The daily SPEI dataset can be used to identify the start and end days of the
drought event
The developed daily SPEI dataset in this study is free, open, and
publicly available
••
University of Alberta1, Stockholm University2, Linköping University3, Trinity College, Dublin4, University of Alaska Fairbanks5, University of Toronto6, University of Potsdam7, Uppsala University8, Dalhousie University9, University of Helsinki10, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign11, Stanford University12, United States Geological Survey13, National Park Service14, University of Oslo15, Université de Montréal16, University of Waterloo17, University of New Hampshire18, Ducks Unlimited19
TL;DR: The Boreal-Arctic Wetland and Lake Dataset (BAWLD) as discussed by the authors is a land cover dataset based on an expert assessment, extrapolated using random forest modelling from available spatial datasets of climate, vegetation, wetlands, and surface water extents and dynamics.
Abstract: . Methane emissions from boreal and arctic wetlands, lakes, and rivers are
expected to increase in response to warming and associated permafrost thaw.
However, the lack of appropriate land cover datasets for scaling
field-measured methane emissions to circumpolar scales has contributed to a
large uncertainty for our understanding of present-day and future methane
emissions. Here we present the Boreal–Arctic Wetland and Lake Dataset
(BAWLD), a land cover dataset based on an expert assessment, extrapolated
using random forest modelling from available spatial datasets of climate,
topography, soils, permafrost conditions, vegetation, wetlands, and surface
water extents and dynamics. In BAWLD, we estimate the fractional coverage of
five wetland, seven lake, and three river classes within 0.5 × 0.5 ∘ grid cells that cover the northern boreal and tundra biomes
(17 % of the global land surface). Land cover classes were defined using
criteria that ensured distinct methane emissions among classes, as indicated
by a co-developed comprehensive dataset of methane flux observations. In
BAWLD, wetlands occupied 3.2 × 10 6 km 2 (14 % of domain)
with a 95 % confidence interval between 2.8 and 3.8 × 10 6 km 2 . Bog, fen, and permafrost bog were the most abundant wetland
classes, covering ∼ 28 % each of the total wetland area,
while the highest-methane-emitting marsh and tundra wetland classes occupied
5 % and 12 %, respectively. Lakes, defined to include all lentic open-water
ecosystems regardless of size, covered 1.4 × 10 6 km 2
(6 % of domain). Low-methane-emitting large lakes ( >10 km 2 ) and glacial lakes jointly represented 78 % of the total lake
area, while high-emitting peatland and yedoma lakes covered 18 % and 4 %,
respectively. Small ( km 2 ) glacial, peatland, and yedoma
lakes combined covered 17 % of the total lake area but contributed
disproportionally to the overall spatial uncertainty in lake area with a
95 % confidence interval between 0.15 and 0.38 × 10 6 km 2 . Rivers and streams were estimated to cover 0.12 × 10 6 km 2 (0.5 % of domain), of which 8 % was associated with
high-methane-emitting headwaters that drain organic-rich landscapes.
Distinct combinations of spatially co-occurring wetland and lake classes
were identified across the BAWLD domain, allowing for the mapping of
“wetscapes” that have characteristic methane emission magnitudes and
sensitivities to climate change at regional scales. With BAWLD, we provide a
dataset which avoids double-accounting of wetland, lake, and river extents
and which includes confidence intervals for each land cover class. As such,
BAWLD will be suitable for many hydrological and biogeochemical modelling
and upscaling efforts for the northern boreal and arctic region, in
particular those aimed at improving assessments of current and future
methane emissions. Data are freely available at
https://doi.org/10.18739/A2C824F9X (Olefeldt et al., 2021).
••
TL;DR: Gregor et al. as discussed by the authors presented an ensemble of global surface ocean CO 2 and air-sea carbon flux estimates using six global observation-based mapping products (CMEMS-FFNN, CSIR-ML6, JENA-MLS, JMA-MLR, MPI-SOMFFN, NIES-FNN).
Abstract: . Air–sea flux of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a critical component
of the global carbon cycle and the climate system with the ocean removing
about a quarter of the CO 2 emitted into the atmosphere by human
activities over the last decade. A common approach to estimate this net flux
of CO 2 across the air–sea interface is the use of surface ocean
CO 2 observations and the computation of the flux through a bulk
parameterization approach. Yet, the details for how this is done in order to
arrive at a global ocean CO 2 uptake estimate vary greatly, enhancing
the spread of estimates. Here we introduce the ensemble data product,
SeaFlux (Gregor and Fay, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5482547 ,
https://github.com/luke-gregor/pySeaFlux , last access: 9 September 2021); this resource enables users to
harmonize an ensemble of products that interpolate surface ocean CO 2
observations to near-global coverage with a common methodology to fill in
missing areas in the products. Further, the dataset provides the inputs to
calculate fluxes in a consistent manner. Utilizing six global
observation-based mapping products (CMEMS-FFNN, CSIR-ML6, JENA-MLS, JMA-MLR,
MPI-SOMFFN, NIES-FNN), the SeaFlux ensemble approach adjusts for
methodological inconsistencies in flux calculations. We address differences
in spatial coverage of the surface ocean CO 2 between the mapping
products, which ultimately yields an increase in CO 2 uptake of up to
17 % for some products. Fluxes are calculated using three wind products
(CCMPv2, ERA5, and JRA55). Application of a scaled gas exchange coefficient
has a greater impact on the resulting flux than solely the choice of wind
product. With these adjustments, we present an ensemble of global surface
ocean p CO 2 and air–sea carbon flux estimates. This work aims to support
the community effort to perform model–data intercomparisons which will help
to identify missing fluxes as we strive to close the global carbon budget.
••
TL;DR: GOCO06s as discussed by the authors is the latest satellite-only global gravity field model computed by the GOCO (Gravity Observation Combination) project, which is based on over a billion observations acquired over 15 years from 19 satellites with different complementary observation principles.
Abstract: . GOCO06s is the latest satellite-only global gravity field model computed by the GOCO (Gravity Observation Combination) project.
It is based on over a billion observations acquired over 15 years from 19 satellites with different complementary observation principles.
This combination of different measurement techniques is key in providing consistently high accuracy and best possible spatial resolution of the
Earth's gravity field. The motivation for the new release was the availability of reprocessed observation data for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE),
updated background models, and substantial improvements in the processing chains of the individual contributions.
Due to the long observation period, the model consists not only of a static gravity field, but comprises additionally modeled temporal variations.
These are represented by time-variable spherical harmonic coefficients, using a deterministic model for a regularized trend and annual oscillation. The main focus within the GOCO combination process is on the proper handling of the stochastic behavior of the input data.
Appropriate noise modeling for the observations used results in realistic accuracy information for the derived gravity field solution.
This accuracy information, represented by the full variance–covariance matrix, is
extremely useful for further combination with, for example, terrestrial gravity data
and is published together with the solution. The primary model data consisting of potential coefficients
representing Earth's static gravity field, together with
secular and annual variations, are available on the International Centre for Global Earth Models ( http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/ , last access: 11 June 2020).
This data set is identified with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.5880/ICGEM.2019.002 ( Kvas et al. , 2019 b ) . Supplementary material consisting of the full
variance–covariance matrix of the static potential coefficients and estimated co-seismic mass changes is
available at https://ifg.tugraz.at/GOCO (last access: 11 June 2020).
••
TL;DR: In this article, a dataset providing adjustment factors (AFs) that can be applied to current global and regional emission inventories has been developed to evaluate the impact of regional lockdowns at the global scale.
Abstract: In order to fight the spread of the global COVID-19 pandemic, most
of the world's countries have taken control measures such as lockdowns during
a few weeks to a few months These lockdowns had significant impacts on
economic and personal activities in many countries Several studies using
satellite and surface observations have reported important changes in the
spatial and temporal distributions of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse
gases Global and regional chemistry-transport model studies are being
performed in order to analyze the impact of these lockdowns on the
distribution of atmospheric compounds These modeling studies aim at
evaluating the impact of the regional lockdowns at the global scale In
order to provide input for the global and regional model simulations, a
dataset providing adjustment factors (AFs) that can easily be applied to
current global and regional emission inventories has been developed This
dataset provides, for the January–August 2020 period, gridded AFs at a
01×01 latitude–longitude degree resolution on a daily or monthly basis
for the transportation (road, air and ship traffic), power generation,
industry and residential sectors The quantification of AFs is based on
activity data collected from different databases and previously published
studies A range of AFs are provided at each grid point for model sensitivity
studies The emission AFs developed in this study are applied to the CAMS
global inventory (CAMS-GLOB-ANT_v42_R11),
and the changes in emissions of the main pollutants are discussed for
different regions of the world and the first 6 months of 2020 Maximum
decreases in the total emissions are found in February in eastern China,
with an average reduction of 20 %–30 % in NO x , NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds) and SO 2 relative
to the reference emissions In the other regions, the maximum changes occur
in April, with average reductions of 20 %–30 % for NO x , NMVOCs and CO in
Europe and North America and larger decreases (30 %–50 %) in South America
In India and African regions, NO x and NMVOC emissions are reduced on
average by 15 %–30 % For the other species, the maximum reductions are
generally less than 15 %, except in South America, where large decreases
in CO and BC (black carbon) are estimated As discussed in the paper, reductions vary
highly across regions and sectors due to the differences in the duration of
the lockdowns before partial or complete recovery The dataset providing a range of AFs (average and average ± standard
deviation) is called CONFORM (COvid-19 adjustmeNt Factors fOR eMissions)
( https://doiorg/1025326/88 ; Doumbia et al, 2020) It is distributed by the
Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD)
database ( https://eccadaeris-datafr/ , last access: 23 August 2021)
••
TL;DR: The updated SRDB-V5 aims to be a data framework for the scientific community to share seasonal to annual field RS measurements, and it provides opportunities for the biogeochemistry community to better understand the spatial and temporal variability in RS, its components, and the overall carbon cycle.
Abstract: . Field-measured soil respiration ( RS , the soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux) observations were compiled into a global soil
respiration database (SRDB) a decade ago, a resource that has been widely used by the biogeochemistry community to advance our understanding of
RS dynamics. Novel carbon cycle science questions require updated and augmented global information with better interoperability among
datasets. Here, we restructured and updated the global RS database to version SRDB-V5. The updated version has all previous fields
revised for consistency and simplicity, and it has several new fields to include ancillary information (e.g., RS measurement time,
collar insertion depth, collar area). The new SRDB-V5 includes published papers through 2017 (800 independent studies), where total observations
increased from 6633 in SRDB-V4 to 10 366 in SRDB-V5. The SRDB-V5 features more RS data published in the Russian and Chinese scientific
literature and has an improved global spatio-temporal coverage and improved global climate space representation. We also restructured the database so
that it has stronger interoperability with other datasets related to carbon cycle science. For instance, linking SRDB-V5 with an hourly timescale
global soil respiration database (HGRsD) and a community database for continuous soil respiration (COSORE) enables researchers to explore new questions. The updated SRDB-V5 aims to be a data
framework for the scientific community to share seasonal to annual field RS measurements, and it provides opportunities for the
biogeochemistry community to better understand the spatial and temporal variability in RS , its components, and the overall carbon
cycle. The database can be downloaded at https://github.com/bpbond/srdb and will be made available in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC). All data and code to reproduce the results in this study can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876443 (Jian and Bond-Lamberty, 2020).
••
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present JOANNE (Joint dropsonde Observations of the Atmosphere in tropical North atlatient meso-scale Environments), the dataset that contains these dropsonde measurements and the products derived from them.
Abstract: . As part of the EUREC 4 A field campaign which took place over the tropical North Atlantic during January–February 2020, 1215 dropsondes from the HALO and WP-3D aircraft were deployed through 26 flights to characterize the thermodynamic and dynamic environment of clouds in the trade-wind regions. We present JOANNE (Joint dropsonde Observations of the Atmosphere in tropical North atlaNtic meso-scale Environments), the dataset that contains these dropsonde measurements and the products derived from them. Along with the raw measurement profiles and basic post-processing of pressure, temperature, relative humidity and horizontal winds, the dataset also includes a homogenized and gridded dataset with 10 m vertical spacing. The gridded data are used as a basis for deriving diagnostics of the area-averaged mesoscale circulation properties such as divergence, vorticity, vertical velocity and gradient terms, making use of sondes dropped at regular intervals along a circular flight path. A total of 85 such circles, ∼ 222 km in diameter, were flown during EUREC 4 A. We describe the sampling strategy for dropsonde measurements during EUREC 4 A, the quality control for the data, the methods of estimation of additional products from the measurements and the different post-processed levels of the dataset. The dataset is publicly available ( https://doi.org/10.25326/246 , George et al. , 2021 b ) as is the software used to create it ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4746312 , George , 2021 ).
••
TL;DR: The Boreal-Arctic Wetland and Lake Methane Dataset (BAWLD-CH 4 ) as discussed by the authors provides a comprehensive dataset of small-scale, surface CH 4 flux data from 540 terrestrial sites and 1247 aquatic sites (lakes and ponds), compiled from 189 studies.
Abstract: . Methane (CH 4 ) emissions from the boreal and arctic
region are globally significant and highly sensitive to climate change.
There is currently a wide range in estimates of high-latitude annual
CH 4 fluxes, where estimates based on land cover inventories and
empirical CH 4 flux data or process models (bottom-up approaches)
generally are greater than atmospheric inversions (top-down approaches). A
limitation of bottom-up approaches has been the lack of harmonization
between inventories of site-level CH 4 flux data and the land cover
classes present in high-latitude spatial datasets. Here we present a
comprehensive dataset of small-scale, surface CH 4 flux data from 540
terrestrial sites (wetland and non-wetland) and 1247 aquatic sites (lakes
and ponds), compiled from 189 studies. The Boreal–Arctic Wetland and Lake
Methane Dataset (BAWLD-CH 4 ) was constructed in parallel with a
compatible land cover dataset, sharing the same land cover classes to enable
refined bottom-up assessments. BAWLD-CH 4 includes information on
site-level CH 4 fluxes but also on study design (measurement method,
timing, and frequency) and site characteristics (vegetation, climate,
hydrology, soil, and sediment types, permafrost conditions, lake size and
depth, and our determination of land cover class). The different land cover
classes had distinct CH 4 fluxes, resulting from definitions that were
either based on or co-varied with key environmental controls. Fluxes of
CH 4 from terrestrial ecosystems were primarily influenced by water
table position, soil temperature, and vegetation composition, while CH 4
fluxes from aquatic ecosystems were primarily influenced by water
temperature, lake size, and lake genesis. Models could explain more of the
between-site variability in CH 4 fluxes for terrestrial than aquatic
ecosystems, likely due to both less precise assessments of lake CH 4
fluxes and fewer consistently reported lake site characteristics. Analysis
of BAWLD-CH 4 identified both land cover classes and regions within the
boreal and arctic domain, where future studies should be focused, alongside
methodological approaches. Overall, BAWLD-CH 4 provides a comprehensive
dataset of CH 4 emissions from high-latitude ecosystems that are useful
for identifying research opportunities, for comparison against new field
data, and model parameterization or validation. BAWLD-CH 4 can be
downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18739/A2DN3ZX1R (Kuhn et al., 2021).
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided a unique soil moisture dataset (0.05 ∘, monthly) for China from 2002 to 2018 based on reconstruction model-based downscaling techniques using soil moisture data from different passive microwave products.
Abstract: . Soil moisture is an important parameter required for agricultural drought monitoring and climate change models. Passive microwave remote sensing
technology has become an important means to quickly obtain soil moisture across large areas, but the coarse spatial resolution of microwave data
imposes great limitations on the application of these data. We provide a unique soil moisture dataset (0.05 ∘ , monthly) for China from
2002 to 2018 based on reconstruction model-based downscaling techniques using soil moisture data from different passive microwave products – including
AMSR-E and AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System) JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Level 3 products and SMOS-IC (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity designed by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, and Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphere, CESBIO) products – calibrated with a consistent model in combination with ground observation
data. This new fine-resolution soil moisture dataset with a high spatial resolution overcomes the multisource data time matching problem between
optical and microwave data sources and eliminates the difference between the different sensor observation errors. The validation analysis indicates
that the accuracy of the new dataset is satisfactory (bias: − 0.057, − 0.063 and − 0.027 m3 m−3 ; unbiased root mean square error
( ubRMSE ): 0.056, 0.036 and 0.048; correlation coefficient ( R ): 0.84, 0.85 and 0.89 on monthly, seasonal and annual scales,
respectively). The new dataset was used to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of soil water content across China from 2002 to 2018. In the past
17 years, China's soil moisture has shown cyclical fluctuations and a slight downward trend and can be summarized as wet in the south and dry in
the north, with increases in the west and decreases in the east. The reconstructed dataset can be widely used to significantly improve hydrologic
and drought monitoring and can serve as an important input for ecological and other geophysical models. The data are published in Zenodo at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4738556 (Meng et al., 2021a).
••
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper developed the global Wetland Area and Dynamics for Methane Modeling (WAD2M) version 1.0 dataset, which combines a time series of surface inundation based on active and passive microwave remote sensing at a coarse-resolution with six static datasets that discriminate inland waters, agriculture, shoreline, and non-inundated wetlands.
Abstract: . Seasonal and interannual variations in global wetland
area are a strong driver of fluctuations in global methane (CH 4 )
emissions. Current maps of global wetland extent vary in their wetland
definition, causing substantial disagreement between and large uncertainty in
estimates of wetland methane emissions. To reconcile these differences for
large-scale wetland CH 4 modeling, we developed the global Wetland Area
and Dynamics for Methane Modeling (WAD2M) version 1.0 dataset at a
∼ 25 km resolution at the Equator (0.25 ∘ ) at a
monthly time step for 2000–2018. WAD2M combines a time series of surface
inundation based on active and passive microwave remote sensing at a coarse
resolution with six static datasets that discriminate inland waters,
agriculture, shoreline, and non-inundated wetlands. We excluded all
permanent water bodies (e.g., lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs), coastal
wetlands (e.g., mangroves and sea grasses), and rice paddies to only
represent spatiotemporal patterns of inundated and non-inundated vegetated
wetlands. Globally, WAD2M estimates the long-term maximum wetland area at
13.0×106 km 2 (13.0 Mkm 2 ), which can be divided into three
categories: mean annual minimum of inundated and non-inundated wetlands at
3.5 Mkm 2 , seasonally inundated wetlands at 4.0 Mkm 2 (mean annual
maximum minus mean annual minimum), and intermittently inundated wetlands at
5.5 Mkm 2 (long-term maximum minus mean annual maximum). WAD2M shows
good spatial agreements with independent wetland inventories for major
wetland complexes, i.e., the Amazon Basin lowlands and West Siberian
lowlands, with Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.54 and 0.70 respectively among
multiple wetland products. By evaluating the temporal variation in WAD2M
against modeled prognostic inundation (i.e., TOPMODEL) and satellite
observations of inundation and soil moisture, we show that it adequately
represents interannual variation as well as the effect of El
Nino–Southern Oscillation on global wetland extent. This wetland extent
dataset will improve estimates of wetland CH 4 fluxes for global-scale
land surface modeling. The dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998454 (Zhang et al., 2020).
••
California Institute of Technology1, Goddard Space Flight Center2, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories3, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory4, Harvard University5, National Institute for Space Research6, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration7, University of Colorado Boulder8, National Center for Atmospheric Research9
TL;DR: Liu et al. as discussed by the authors presented a global and regionally resolved terrestrial net-biosphere exchange (NBE) dataset with corresponding uncertainties between 2010-2018: Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020).
Abstract: . Here we present a global and regionally resolved terrestrial net
biosphere exchange (NBE) dataset with corresponding uncertainties between
2010–2018: Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020). It is estimated using the NASA Carbon
Monitoring System Flux (CMS-Flux) top-down flux inversion system that
assimilates column CO 2 observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and NASA's Observing Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). The
regional monthly fluxes are readily accessible as tabular files, and the
gridded fluxes are available in NetCDF format. The fluxes and their
uncertainties are evaluated by extensively comparing the posterior CO 2
mole fractions with CO 2 observations from aircraft and the NOAA
marine boundary layer reference sites. We describe the characteristics of
the dataset as the global total, regional climatological mean, and regional
annual fluxes and seasonal cycles. We find that the global total fluxes of
the dataset agree with atmospheric CO 2 growth observed by the
surface-observation network within uncertainty. Averaged between 2010 and
2018, the tropical regions range from close to neutral in tropical South
America to a net source in Africa; these contrast with the extra-tropics,
which are a net sink of 2.5±0.3 Gt C/year. The
regional satellite-constrained NBE estimates provide a unique perspective
for understanding the terrestrial biosphere carbon dynamics and monitoring
changes in regional contributions to the changes of atmospheric CO 2
growth rate. The gridded and regional aggregated dataset can be accessed at
https://doi.org/10.25966/4v02-c391 (Liu et al., 2020).
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the PROMICE vision, methodology, and each link in the production chain for obtaining and sharing quality-checked data, mainly focusing on the critical components for calculating the surface energy balance and surface mass balance.
Abstract: . The Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) has been measuring climate and ice sheet properties since 2007. Currently, the PROMICE automatic weather station network includes 25 instrumented sites in Greenland. Accurate measurements of the surface and near-surface atmospheric conditions in a changing climate are important for reliable present and future assessment of changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet. Here, we present the PROMICE vision, methodology, and each link in the production chain for obtaining and sharing quality-checked data. In this paper, we mainly focus on the critical components for calculating the surface energy balance and surface mass balance. A user-contributable dynamic web-based database of known data quality issues is associated with the data products at https://github.com/GEUS-Glaciology-and-Climate/PROMICE-AWS-data-issues/ (last access: 7 April 2021). As part of the living data option, the datasets presented and described here are available at https://doi.org/10.22008/promice/data/aws ( Fausto et al. , 2019 ) .
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TL;DR: Kuang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a new mapping strategy to acquire the multitemporal and fractional information of the essential urban land cover types at a national scale through synergizing the advantage of both big data processing and human interpretation with the aid of geoknowledge.
Abstract: . Accurate and timely maps of urban underlying land
properties at the national scale are of significance in improving habitat
environment and achieving sustainable development goals. Urban impervious
surface (UIS) and urban green space (UGS) are two core components for
characterizing urban underlying environments. However, the UIS and UGS are
often mosaicked in the urban landscape with complex structures and
composites. The “hard classification” or binary single type cannot be used
effectively to delineate spatially explicit urban land surface property.
Although six mainstream datasets on global or national urban land use and land cover
products with a 30 m spatial resolution have been developed, they only provide
the binary pattern or dynamic of a single urban land type, which cannot
effectively delineate the quantitative components or structure of
intra-urban land cover. Here we propose a new mapping strategy to acquire
the multitemporal and fractional information of the essential urban land
cover types at a national scale through synergizing the advantage of both big
data processing and human interpretation with the aid of geoknowledge. Firstly,
the vector polygons of urban boundaries in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018
were extracted from China's Land Use/cover Dataset (CLUD) derived from
Landsat images. Secondly, the national settlement and vegetation percentages
were retrieved using a sub-pixel decomposition method through a random forest
algorithm using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Finally, the products of
China's UIS and UGS fractions (CLUD-Urban) at a 30 m resolution were
developed in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018. We also compared our products
with six existing mainstream datasets in terms of quality and accuracy. The
assessment results showed that the CLUD-Urban product has higher accuracies
in urban-boundary and urban-expansion detection than other products and in
addition that the accurate UIS and UGS fractions were developed in each
period. The overall accuracy of urban boundaries in 2000–2018 are over
92.65 %; and the correlation coefficient ( R ) and root mean square errors
(RMSEs) of UIS and UGS fractions are 0.91 and 0.10 (UIS) and 0.89 and 0.11 (UGS),
respectively. Our result indicates that 71 % of pixels of urban land were
mosaicked by the UIS and UGS within cities in 2018; a single UIS
classification may highly increase the mapping uncertainty. The high spatial
heterogeneity of urban underlying covers was exhibited with average
fractions of 68.21 % for UIS and 22.30 % for UGS in 2018 at a national
scale. The UIS and UGS increased unprecedentedly with annual rates of
1605.56 and 627.78 km2 yr−1 in 2000–2018, driven by fast
urbanization. The CLUD-Urban mapping can fill the knowledge gap in
understanding impacts of the UIS and UGS patterns on ecosystem services and
habitat environments and is valuable for detecting the hotspots of waterlogging
and improving urban greening for planning and management practices. The
datasets can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4034161
(Kuang et al., 2020a).
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TL;DR: The catchment attributes and meteorology for large-sample studies (CAMELS-AUS) dataset as discussed by the authors is a large-scale dataset of catchments in Australia, which includes 134 attributes related to geology, soil, topography, land cover, anthropogenic influence and hydroclimatology.
Abstract: . This paper presents the Australian edition of the Catchment Attributes and
Meteorology for Large-sample Studies (CAMELS) series of datasets. CAMELS-AUS (Australia) comprises data for 222 unregulated catchments, combining hydrometeorological
time series (streamflow and 18 climatic variables) with 134 attributes
related to geology, soil, topography, land cover, anthropogenic influence
and hydroclimatology. The CAMELS-AUS catchments have been monitored for
decades (more than 85 % have streamflow records longer than 40 years) and
are relatively free of large-scale changes, such as significant changes in
land use. Rating curve uncertainty estimates are provided for most (75 %)
of the catchments, and multiple atmospheric datasets are included, offering
insights into forcing uncertainty. This dataset allows users globally to
freely access catchment data drawn from Australia's unique hydroclimatology,
particularly notable for its large interannual variability. Combined with
arid catchment data from the CAMELS datasets for the USA and Chile,
CAMELS-AUS constitutes an unprecedented resource for the study of arid-zone
hydrology. CAMELS-AUS is freely downloadable from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921850 (Fowler et al., 2020a).
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate the multi-year (2001-2018) monthly evapotranspiration and its spatial distribution on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) by a combination of meteorological data and satellite products.
Abstract: . Actual terrestrial evapotranspiration ( ETa ) is a key parameter
controlling land–atmosphere interaction processes and water cycle. However,
spatial distribution and temporal changes in ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remain very uncertain. Here we estimate the multiyear (2001–2018) monthly ETa and its spatial distribution on the TP by a combination of meteorological data and satellite products. Validation against data from six eddy-covariance monitoring sites yielded root-mean-square errors ranging from 9.3 to 14.5 mm per month and correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9. The domain mean of annual ETa on the TP decreased slightly ( −1.45 mm yr −1 , p ) from 2001 to 2018. The annual ETa increased significantly at a rate of 2.62 mm yr −1 ( p ) in the eastern sector of the TP (long >90 ∘ E) but decreased significantly at a rate of −5.52 mm yr −1 ( p ) in the western sector of the TP (long ∘ E). In addition, the decreases in annual ETa were pronounced in the spring and summer seasons,
while almost no trends were detected in the autumn and winter seasons. The
mean annual ETa during 2001–2018 and over the whole TP was 496±23 mm. Thus, the total evapotranspiration from the terrestrial surface of the TP was 1238.3±57.6 km 3 yr −1 . The estimated ETa product presented in this study is useful for an improved understanding of changes in energy and water cycle on the TP. The dataset is freely available at the Science Data Bank ( https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.t00000.00010 ; Han et al., 2020b) and at the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center ( https://doi.org/10.11888/Hydro.tpdc.270995 , Han et al., 2020a).