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Showing papers in "Economic Botany in 1989"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Most of the variation in the snap or stringless bean appears to be of relatively recent origin; it was greatest among cultivars from China, Europe, and the United States.
Abstract: More than 18,000 accessions of common bean (Thaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae) from the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) germplasm bank were examined at two locations in Colombia. A large variation in cultivated dry bean was found among accessions from primary centers of domestication in Middle and South America. For some bean types, such as medium- and large-seeded white, variation was greater among germplasm from western Asia (Turkey) and Europe (Portugal, Spain, Greece, France, Italy, and Bulgaria). Based on growth habit, on seed, pod, and leaf characteristics, and on ecological regions of adaptation, dry-bean germplasm was divided into a total of six gene pools from Middle American and four gene pools from South American centers of domestication. Most of the variation in the snap or stringless bean appears to be of relatively recent origin; it was greatest among cultivars from China, Europe, and the United States. These could be grouped into two additional gene pools. A strategy for breeding and transfer of genes across gene pools is also discussed.

152 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Divergence among the various groups of edible cultivars in Cucurbita pepo appears to be increasing under continuing domestication due to the different demands made on cultivars grown for their immature fruits as opposed to cultivars growing for their mature fruits.
Abstract: Cucurbita pepo includes eight groups of edible cultivars—pumpkins, scallops, acorns, crooknecks, straightnecks, vegetable marrows, cocozelles, and Zucchinis. The pumpkins, scallops, and possibly the crooknecks are ancient groups that developed along separate lines of domestication in North America. Incipient forms of all the other five groups appeared in botanical herbals of Europe by 1700. Modern forms of the vegetable marrows, cocozelles, Zucchinis, and acorns appeared in Europe prior to 1860, and the modern straightnecks appeared in North America by 1896. Divergence among the various groups appears to be increasing under continuing domestication due to the different demands made on cultivars grown for their immature fruits as opposed to cultivars grown for their mature fruits. An association exists between length to width ratio and stage of culinary use of the fruits inCucurbita pepo.

96 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It has been found that cultivation of Lathyrus sativus began there in the early Neolithic period, around 6000 b.c. as mentioned in this paper, as a result of the expansion of Near Eastern agriculture of annuals into the region, which encouraged development of a greater variety of legumes by the domestication of an additional native species.
Abstract: Most of the early and rich archaeobotanical finds ofLathyrus sect.Cicercula, particularly those of the most ancient periods, came from the Balkan peninsula. It has been found that cultivation ofL. sativus began there in the early Neolithic period, around 6000 b.c.e., as a result of the expansion of Near Eastern agriculture of annuals into the region. This, in turn, encouraged development of a greater variety of legumes by the domestication of an additional native species. Similarly, it is suggested that domestication ofL. cicera in southern France and the Iberian peninsula occurred only after the introduction of agriculture into the area. Cultivation of these two closely related species in adjacent regions led to the raising of a mixed crop in many ancient fields. Lathyrus sativus may perhaps be the first crop domesticated in Europe.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recently, Lapita culture sites in the Mussau Islands have yielded the first significant assemblage of preserved seeds and other floral remains representing 20+ taxa, including tree crops of widespread importance in Malayo-Oceanic cultivation systems as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Malayo-Oceanic tropics have long been regarded as a center for plant domestication, but archaeology has as yet contributed little direct evidence of the processes of domestication in prehistory. Recent excavations of Lapita culture sites in the Mussau Islands dating to 1600–500 B.C. have yielded the first significant assemblage of preserved seeds and other floral remains representing 20+ taxa. Nearly all of these are tree crops of widespread importance in Malayo-Oceanic cultivation systems. These materials confirm that the Lapita culture, responsible for the initial human settlement of much of the southwestern Pacific, included developed arboriculture in its economic system.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Though commercially exploited M. spicata plants are always rich in carvone and dihydrocarvone, wild populations are very variable; four different chemotypes were distinguished within the species.
Abstract: Mentha spicata is the commonest mint species growing wild in Greece, exhibiting great morphological and chemical variability. The oil content from different wild populations examined ranged from 0.3% to 2.2%; the most common value being ca.1%. Though commercially exploited M. spicata plants are always rich in carvone and dihydrocarvone, wild populations are very variable; four different chemotypes were distinguished within the species. These chemotypes are characterized by the high contribution of the following compounds: (1) linalool, (2) piperitone oxide or piperitenone oxide, (3) carvone-dihydrocarvone and (4) pulegone-menthone-isomenthone. This chemical variability suggests the possibility of further developing and exploiting the full potential of the species.

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purple coneflower, Echinacea angustifolia, was the most widely used medicinal plant of the Plains Indians and was used for a variety of ailments, including toothache, coughs, colds, sore throats, snakebite, and as a painkiller as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The purple coneflower, Echinacea angustifolia, was the most widely used medicinal plant of the Plains Indians. It was used for a variety of ailments, including toothache, coughs, colds, sore throats, snakebite, and as a painkiller. H. C. F. Meyer used it as a patent medicine in the 1870s and introduced it to the medical profession. Recent scientific research (mostly German) onEchinacea species has shown that they possess immunostimulatory activity. Increased cultivation ofE. purpurea andE. angustifolia may be needed to meet the increased demand for its roots and to alleviate the effects of overharvesting of wild stands.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A recent trip to China and a survey of Chinese literature indicated that many cucurbits are consumed in the immature state as vegetables, some are eaten as fruits, and various species are used for medicine and a variety of other purposes.
Abstract: Cultivation of plants in northern China began at an early date. A number of domesticates were derived from native species, and others were introduced from southeastern Asia. Many vegetable species are included in myths and stories of ancient China. These traditional stories, as well as ancient agricultural and medicinal books, often mention cultivated members of the Cucurbitaceae. Twelve genera and 18 species of cucurbits are currently under cultivation in China. A number of them appear to be endemic to Indochina, while others were introduced from Western Asia and the New World. A recent trip to China and a survey of Chinese literature indicated that many cucurbits are consumed in the immature state as vegetables, some are eaten as fruits, and various species are used for medicine and a variety of other purposes.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is brought to indicate that the domestication of lentil and pea is not very different from that of wheat and barley and that both in the pulses and in the cereals these traits evolved in the same way.
Abstract: Evidence is brought to indicate that the domestication of lentil and pea is not very different from that of wheat and barley. All these Near East crops are characterized by basically the same domestication traits the key elements of which are breakdown of the wild mode of seed dispersal and loss of germination regulation. It is argued that both in the pulses and in the cereals these traits evolved in the same way. The changes are best explained by assuming that mutations causing the loss of the wild-type adaptations were automatically selected for soon after people transferred the wild progenitors into a system of planting and reaping.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Fabaceae) is believed to have originated along the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia and northern Argentina, and is now grown throughout tropical and warm temperate regions.
Abstract: The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Fabaceae) is believed to have originated along the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia and northern Argentina The crop is now grown throughout tropical and warm temperate regions Among diseases attacking peanuts, rust caused byPuccinia arachidis and late leaf spot caused byPhaeoisariopsis personata are the most important and destructive on a worldwide scale Both pathogens, restricted in host range to Arachis, probably originated and coevolved in South America along with their hosts In recent years there has been much emphasis on screening of peanut germplasm for resistance to these diseases At the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISA T), India, some 10,000 peanut germplasm accessions were screened for resistance to rust and late leaf spot during 1977–1985 and sources of resistance indentified for either or both pathogens Of the resistant genotypes, about 87% belonged to A hypogaea varfastigiata and 13% to varhypogaea; 84% originated in South America or had South American connections A high percentage (75%) had their origin in Peru (believed to be a secondary gene center for varhirsuta and varfastigiata,), suggesting that resistance to rust and late leaf spot diseases might have evolved in that country

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A literature and field survey to recover information about the traditional use of dye plants in Peru, from pre-Hispanic to recent times, was accompanied by taxonomic identification of collected dye plant materials as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The use of natural dyes to color textiles and other objects has a long history in Andean South America, but has for the most part become a lost technology with the introduction of synthetic dyes. A literature and field survey to recover information about the traditional use of dye plants in Peru, from pre-Hispanic to recent times, was accompanied by taxonomic identification of collected dye plant materials. Fiftysix dye plants from Peruvian sources are listed.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors dealt with the ethnobotany of 65 taxa belonging to 26 families ofangiosperms in Meghalaya, one of the seven states of India.
Abstract: Meghalaya, one of the seven states of northeastern India, is inhabited by three distinct tribes, viz., Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia, each occupying respective districts. These tribes live in remote places and depend mostly on surrounding plant resources for their food, shelter, fodder, medicare, and other cultural purposes. Local hill agricultural practice—“slash-and-burn”—and encroaching civilization are responsible for diminishing the local uses of the plants. Hence, it was felt worthwhile to record the native uses of these weeds before the information is buried. The present paper deals with the ethnobotany of 65 taxa belonging to 26 families ofangiosperms. A generic index is included.

Journal ArticleDOI
Lynn Bohs1
TL;DR: Plants of the genusCyphomandra (Solanaceae) have long been utilized for their edible fruits in their native Latin America and may have considerable potential for future exploitation.
Abstract: Plants of the genusCyphomandra (Solanaceae) have long been utilized for their edible fruits in their native Latin America. The best-known species is the domesticated tree tomato or tamarillo,Cyphomandra betacea. This species, popular as a raw or cooked fruit, is widely cultivated in Andean South America and is now dispersed worldwide in subtropical areas. Its origin and wild relatives are still unknown, but there are tentative reports of wild populations ofC. betacea in southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. Wild species ofCyphomandra such asC. hartwegii, C. sibundoyensis, andC. cajanumensis also produce edible fruits. Other species ofCyphomandra are used in medicinal preparations and as dyes. This group of plants is of increasing economic importance and may have considerable potential for future exploitation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A high percentage of active species strongly supports the belief that ethnobotanical analyses of indigenous floras are more likely than random screens to efficiently identify plants likely to yield new drugs.
Abstract: The Samoan ethnopharmacopoeia was surveyed for pharmacological activity using broad in vitro and in vivo screens. Residues of 74 different plant species were tested for activity in a Hippocratic screen and in a guinea pig ileum test. Over 86% of the plant species exhibited pharmacological activity. This high percentage of active species strongly supports the belief that ethnobotanical analyses of indigenous floras are more likely than random screens to efficiently identify plants likely to yield new drugs. However, collaboration of ethnobotanists and pharmacognosists is necessary to adequately move promising plants from the realm of indigenous knowledge systems to the laboratories of Western pharmacology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A selected chronology traces the medlar (Mespilus germanica, Rosaceae) plant’s history to 1753 and includes a proximate analysis of the fruit and an anatomical description of the wood.
Abstract: Geographical origin, naturalization, range in cultivation, bletting, uses, chemical constituents, etymology, morphology, relationships, hybridization, varieties, and life history of the medlar (Mespilus germanica, Rosaceae), a Eurasian fruit tree, are reviewed. Included are a proximate analysis of the fruit and an anatomical description of the wood. A selected chronology traces the plant’s history to 1753. An appendix covers culture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Positive responses from deliberate selection for these traits in wildrice populations indicate that a domestication ideotype is attainable through plant breeding and that founder effect in this diploid species may be negligible.
Abstract: The expansion in wildrice (Zizania palustris) production and the associated research efforts represent the largest modern effort to domesticate a cereal grain. Wildrice growers brought the species under cultivation, but plant breeding and agronomic research have accelerated the domestication process. The domestication and commercialization of this diploid (2n = 30), protogynous, cross-pollinated, annual, aquatic cereal present an opportunity to examine crop evolution and domestication theory. Traits associated with the domesticated cereal grains are shattering resistance, tiller synchrony, and increased seed size. This syndrome of traits may result from automatic selection, the selective force applied by repeated cycles of planting of harvested seed. Positive responses from deliberate selection for these traits in wildrice populations indicate that a domestication ideotype is attainable through plant breeding and that founder effect in this diploid species may be negligible. Continued commercial production of wildrice in the Great Lakes region is not likely to further the domestication process, whereas automatic selection may be initiated in the emerging California wildrice industry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Individual bivariate correlations between the frequency of particular karyotypic features and altitude confirmed the association between these variables that was reported previously.
Abstract: McClintock, Kalo Y., and Blumenschein reported the occurrence of abnormal chromosome 10, B chromosomes, and chromosomal knobs of various sizes in more than 300 accessions of maize, representing most of the ca. 40 races indigenous to Mexico, Guatemala, and Central America. In the present paper, their data were first transformed into frequencies and then subjected to principal component and cluster analyses. Variational patterns in chromosomal characteristics often were congruent with other lines of systematic evidence and suggested the existence of several karyotypic groups. The highland karyotypic groups (Guatemalan Big Grain and Mexican Pyramidal) were relatively well defined, but the lower elevation Tux-peno, Reventador, and Dzit Bacal groups were more diffuse. The systematic relationships of several problematic races, some of which were native to intermediate elevations, were clarified. Individual bivariate correlations between the frequency of particular karyotypic features and altitude confirmed the association between these variables that was reported previously.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The known and potential uses of New Zealand native plants and the products obtained from them are reviewed.
Abstract: The known and potential uses of New Zealand native plants and the products obtained from them are reviewed. Introduced species are not included.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigations of less known medicinal plant lore among the aboriginal Nicobarese tribe of Car Nicobar island, India are deals with, to gather information concerning medicinal plants and to provide access to specialists in search of their applications in modern medicine.
Abstract: The present paper deals with investigations of less known medicinal plant lore among the aboriginal Nicobarese tribe of Car Nicobar island, India. Information on 73 species and their therapeutic applications and manner of use are initially documented and described as remedies in folkloric tradition and popular domestic medicine. No chemical principles are identified; no putative herbal remedies are pharmaceutically and medically evaluated. The aim of this paper is to gather information concerning medicinal plants and to provide access to specialists in search of their applications in modern medicine. A brief account of geography, climate, ethnology, and methodology adopted is given. Vernacular name(s) of the plants in the Nicobarese language are incorporated for the first time in the literature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Values for crude protein and ruminai dry matter digestibility are similar to those reported for the range grasses that constitute the greatest percentage of forage in East Africa.
Abstract: Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus, Cyperaceae) covers large areas in tropical African wetlands. Analysis of its nutritive value has revealed that crude protein is higher in umbels than culms. Ruminai dry matter digestibility of papyrus is, however, higher in culms than umbels. Both the crude protein and ruminai dry matter digestibility decrease with increasing age of the plant. Values for crude protein and ruminai dry matter digestibility are similar to those reported for the range grasses that constitute the greatest percentage of forage in East Africa. In general, papyrus has some grazing potential and could be used as fodder especially in the dry season when other forage is scarce and of low nutritive value.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fifty species of 47 genera belonging to 30 families of pteridophytes and angiosperms are reported along with dosage rate and mode of administration.
Abstract: The paper deals with some important medicinal plants used in human skin diseases in Uttar Pradesh, India. Fifty species of 47 genera belonging to 30 families of pteridophytes and angiosperms are reported along with dosage rate and mode of administration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The project, designed to provide shade to the ca.
Abstract: What is probably the world’s largest neem (Azadirachta indica) plantation is on 10 sq km in the Plains of Arafat, Saudi Arabia, where 50,000 trees have been planted recently. The project, designed to provide shade to the ca. 2 million Muslim pilgrims who camp there annually for “Haj” rites, has economic potential. Pest-control materials, soap, toothpaste, and pharmaceutical products are among items that could be produced for home consumption and export. Introduced into the country more than 40 yr ago, the tree has acclimated itself remarkably well to the local hot and arid conditions. La Culture du Neem (Azadirachta indica,Meliaceae)en Arabie Seoudite. La plus grande plantation de neem (Azadirachta indica) entourne dix kilometres carres dans les Plaines d’Arafat, Arabie Seoudite, ou 50.000 arbres ont etes plantes recemment. Le projet, cree pour fournir ombrage aux 2 millions de pelerins musulmans qui y campent annuellement pour les rites de “haj,” a potentiel economique. Les articles que l’on pourra produire pour consommation domestique et exportation incluent les materiels pour regler des pestes, le savon, le dentifrice, et les produits pharmaceutiques. Introduit au pays il y a plus que 40 ans, l’arbre s’est adapte remarquablement bien a la chaleur locale et aux conditions arides.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The deep-rooted weed, with yard-long, prostrate runners, has become naturalized from Gainesville southward and has heavily invaded many pastures in southern Florida, especially on limestone.
Abstract: Creeping indigo,Indigofera spicata, while only a minor source of dye, has been much planted for cover, green manure, and erosion control in coffee, tea, and rubber plantations in warm parts of the Old World. It is palatable, even enticing, to most grazing animals. Feeding tests at the University of Florida (1933–1934) demonstrated toxicity to rabbits. Pasture trials in Hawaii were promising for 10 yr, but when the plant amounted to 50% of the feed (1949–1950) it proved toxic to cattle, sheep, goats, and fowl. The deep-rooted weed, with yard-long, prostrate runners, has become naturalized from Gainesville southward and has heavily invaded many pastures in southern Florida, especially on limestone. High intake is now associated with a fatal CNS syndrome in local horses, formerly linked by some to agricultural pesticides. The leaves and seeds contain indospicine, a toxic amino acid; the toxin was formerly reported to be β-nitropropionic acid. Some diploid strains in Africa are said to be non-toxic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the presence of maize (Lea. mays, Poaceae) in India prior to traditional European contact is found in stone sculptures of maize ears in the 12th and 13th century Hoysala temples in southern India near Mysore.
Abstract: Evidence for the presence of maize (Lea. mays, Poaceae) in India prior to traditional European contact is found in stone sculptures of maize ears in the 12th and 13th century (and earlier) Hoysala temples in southern India near Mysore. These “ears” present the morphology of maize in such intricate and specifically variable representations that it would have been impossible for sculptors to have imagined the variability consistently and realistically without large numbers of actual maize ears as models. No other natural model could supply this variability. We should search for other crops and cultural artifacts that would have diffused with maize across the oceans before 1492 A.D.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zohary argues that grazing is a major factor in the reduction of the yield of wild lentil seeds and that yearly fluctuations are also directly affected by climatic conditions, and propound his notion that cereals and pulses in the Middle East underwent the same pattern of domestication.
Abstract: In his paper "Pulse domestication and cereal domestication: how different are they?" (this issue), Zohary takes issue with a report (Ladizinsky 1987) that offers a new insight into the problem of pulse domestication in light of recent evidence that may be summarized as follows: (1) Wild progenitors of pulses in the Middle East are ecologically restricted, grow in small populations and produce a small number of seeds per plant. As an example, about 10,000 plants of wild lentil have to be collected in order to provide 1 kg of clean seeds. Wild cereals, on the other hand, usually grow in massive stands, so that one can collect enough seeds during the spring to support oneself throughout the year (Harlan 1967; Ladizinsky 1975). (2) Strong seed dormancy is typical of wild pulses. For example, about 10% of wild lentil seeds are capable of germinating in the following season. Obviously then, little or no gain of seeds can be obtained by planting wild lentil for food. In contrast, 50% of the seeds of wild wheat normally germinate in the following season, and because of their enormous tillering ability they may produce a normal yield. Nevertheless, Zohary continues to propound his notion that cereals and pulses in the Middle East underwent the same pattern of domestication. It is worth analyzing Zohary's arguments point by point, in the light of the above evidence. Point no. 1 in his paper is merely a repetition of his previous assertion that the patterns of cereal and pulse domestication are parallel, without any new evidence to support it. In point no. 2, Zohary suggests that grazing is a major factor in the reduction of the yield of wild lentil seeds and that yearly fluctuations are also directly affected by climatic conditions. If this argument is intended to imply that the values presented by Ladizinsky (1987) are underestimates of the yield potential of wild lentils in their natural habitat, it is pertinent to note that two of the three populations tested were entirely free of grazing yet they yielded practically the same amount of seeds as the third population where grazing was common. Futhermore, in the year in which these populations were tested the rainfall was above average. These three populations of wild lentil, as well as others, were revisited during the last 2 yr for further evaluation of their yield potential. In both years all of these populations were extremely poor, consisting of small numbers of plants which bore one to three pods per plant. It therefore seems that the data presented by Ladizinsky (1987) were if anything an overestimate of the average yield of wild lentils. If, on the other hand, Zohary means that grazing was a limiting factor for seed collection in preagricultural times, it would be instructive if he could indicate which animals were involved and what evidence there is to support this notion. In point no. 3 and later in the paper, Zohary attempts to convince the reader that, in tilled plots and with supplementary irrigation, wild lentil can produce 4070 seeds per plant. There is nothing new in this to anyone who has grown wild plants under favorable conditions. The real question, however, is whether the

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided a brief account of 40 plants associated with herbal remedies among the Lodhas, a tribe of Midnapur district, West Bengal, India.
Abstract: This paper provides a brief account of 40 plants associated with herbal remedies among the Lodhas, a tribe of Midnapur district, West Bengal, India. Reports from informants were obtained during field studies between 1977 and 1982. The data are compared with information obtained from some other tribal societies like the Santals and the Oraons inhabiting neighbouring regions. The Lodhas have had a rich herbal folklore, but this is fading due to increasing acculturation and depletion of plant cover.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although repeatedly referred to in the literature as a purely asexual crop, ulluco was shown to be capable of sexual reproduction; this must have been and possibly still is an important source of genetic variation in the species.
Abstract: Material of 229 clones of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), representing 10 accessions from markets in southern Peru and one from the wild in Bolivia, was analyzed with regard to morphological variation. The diploid chromosome number (2n = 24) was ascertained in 16 of the clones. Clones grown in different environments (e.g., long vs. short day) retained a more or less similar order of variation with respect to color of the tubers, stems, and leaves and the length/width ratio of the leaves. The shape of fully developed tubers also showed stable variation. Within a single experiment several other vegetative characters showed significant differences between accessions. Furthermore, many flower and inflorescence characters showed variation between accessions, some of them also indicating geographical variation between the Puno-Juliaca area and the Cuzco area. Considerable variation between the clones of an accession was evident, some accessions being clearly more variable than others. Our results show that ulluco is a crop plant that varies extensively even within a geographically limited area. Although repeatedly referred to in the literature as a purely asexual crop, ulluco was shown to be capable of sexual reproduction; this must have been and possibly still is an important source of genetic variation in the species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two hundred and ninety three fully identified species representing 203 genera and 77 families were collected from Mt. Merapi, Mt. Sago, Baso, Simarasap Forest, Ngalau Forest, Padang, Air Sirah Forest, and Ulu Gadat Forest in West Sumatra and tested for the presence of alkaloids.
Abstract: Two hundred and ninety three fully identified species representing 203 genera and 77 families were collected from Mt Merapi, Mt Sago, Baso, Simarasap Forest, Ngalau Forest, Padang, Air Sirah Forest, and Ulu Gadat Forest in West Sumatra and tested for the presence of alkaloids Positive results were obtained for 58 species representing 50 genera and 26 families

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most important production area is North Carolina, with New Jersey and panhandle Florida-southern Alabama as secondary centers as mentioned in this paper, and the present forest inventory of standing trees is believed to be between 170 and 180 million board feet.
Abstract: Utilization of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) is examined throughout the range of the species. The most important production area is North Carolina, with New Jersey and panhandle Florida-southern Alabama as secondary centers. The wood is used where its light weight, resistance to decay, and fragrance are of value—as siding and paneling for houses, planking for small- to mediumsized boats, fencing, decking, and lawn furniture, with smaller quantities used for such specialities as shingles and duck decoys. Harvest and manufacturing strategies are examined. Wholesale value of the manufactured products is calculated at $10 to $11.5 million. Annual production is estimated as 19 million board feet. The present forest inventory of standing trees is believed to be between 170 and 180 million board feet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Singapore is one of the leading countries in orchid cut-flower export and it has done remarkably well considering the size of the country, considering the local interest in hybridization producing new hybrids, in the strategic location as a center of air transport, and in the efforts of growers and exporters as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Singapore is one of the leading countries in orchid cut-flower export. Considering the size of the country, it has done remarkably well. This achievement is supported by local interest in orchid hybridization producing new hybrids, in the strategic location as a center of air transport, and in the efforts of growers and exporters. Although the pressure on land use has reduced the acreage of orchid farms in recent years, the future prospects of this export cut-flower trade are still good.