Showing papers in "Educational and Psychological Measurement in 1988"
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of perceived supervisory support is proposed to measure organizational commitment, which consists of both a perception of a global, organizational commitment to employees and support from supervisors, and the authors describe the translation of the Survey of perceived Organizational Support and the development of a Survey of Perceived Supervisory Support.
Abstract: Organizational commitment has traditionally been measured by focusing on the employees' identification with the organization. Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa have suggested that employees' commitment is affected by their perception of the organization's commitment to the employees. We propose that this type of commitment consists of both a perception of a global, organizational commitment to employees and a perception of support from supervisors. This study describes the translation of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support and the development of a Survey of Perceived Supervisory Support to measure these concepts.
552Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an instrument to measure the behaviors of leaders was developed using a variety of samples of managers and their subordinates employed in both public and private sector organizations, and it was used to compare the behavior of different types of leaders.
Abstract: An instrument to measure the behaviors of leaders was developed using a variety of samples of managers and their subordinates employed in both public and private sector organizations. Factor analys...
286Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that Cohen's kappa statistic is inherently multivariate in nature, and it is extended to analyze ordinal and interval data, and extended to more than two observers.
Abstract: Cohen's kappa statistic is frequently used to measure agreement between two observers employing categorical polytomies. In this paper, Cohen's statistic is shown to be inherently multivariate in nature; it is expanded to analyze ordinal and interval data; and it is extended to more than two observers. A nonasymptotic test of significance is provided for the generalized statistic.
211Â citations
TL;DR: The structure-of-intellect (SOI) model has been updated in this article to include five content properties termed visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, and behavioral; six operations entitled cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production and evaluation.
Abstract: This paper serves to update the structure-of-intellect (SOI) model. In addition to a previously indicated separation of the figural element of the content facet of the SOI model into visual and auditory components, the memory element within the operations facet has been differentiated into memory recording and memory retention. Research supporting these changes is cited. Thus the revised SOI model now contains five content properties termed visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, and behavioral; six operations entitled cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation; and the same six products as formerly, named units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications.
160Â citations
TL;DR: The Suinn Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale, Elementary Form (MARS-E) as mentioned in this paper is composed of 26 items which assess the degree to which students feel anxiety during the elementary form.
Abstract: The Suinn Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale, Elementary Form (MARS-E) is described along with validity and reliability information. The scale is composed of 26 items which assess the degree to which...
132Â citations
TL;DR: This article examined the concurrent validity of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIS) for both males and females.
Abstract: The present study examined the concurrent validity of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. In all, 267 students (131 males and 136 females), in grades five through eight participated. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated significant relationships between these measures for both males and females. Implications are discussed.
119Â citations
TL;DR: The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a widely used measure of three specific aspects of the burnout syndrome-namely; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a widely used measure of three specific aspects of the burnout syndrome-namely; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. It is rapidly becoming a valued tool in assessment of perceived burnout in human service professionals. Although its reliability and validity are well established, its factor structure is not. In previous studies different researchers have found very different factor solutions. In the present study this problem was solved by principal components analysis of previously published American data and New Zealand data, followed by three- and four-factor varimax rotations. The outcome produced a clear, replicable three-factor solution consistent with that of the MBI authors' descriptions. No replicable four-factor structure was found.
115Â citations
TL;DR: This article investigated the structure underlying responses to the figural Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking when the revised, streamlined scoring procedures are used and found that factor analytic results do not support the recommended score interpretation procedures.
Abstract: Based on data provided by 132 primary grade children, the study investigated the structure underlying responses to the figural Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking when the revised, streamlined scoring procedures are used. Factor analytic results do not support the recommended score interpretation procedures.
92Â citations
TL;DR: The two subscales of the Attitude Toward Statistics scale (Wise, 1985) were administered on the first and last day of class, and the Statistics Attitude Survey (Roberts and Bilderback, 1980) was administered to 302 students in ten sections of an undergraduate introductory statistics course as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The two subscales of the Attitude Toward Statistics scale (Wise, 1985), Attitude Toward the Field and Attitude Toward Course, were administered on the first and last day of class, and the Statistics Attitude Survey (Roberts and Bilderback, 1980) on the last day of class to 302 students in ten sections of an undergraduate introductory statistics course. The scales were reliable measures of students' attitudes toward statistics, were essentially unrelated to sex of respondent and year in college, and on last class administration correlated with course grade. The two subscales of the Attitude Toward Statistics scale were highly correlated with the Statistics Attitude Survey.
68Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to validate the Self Description Questionnaire III (SDQ III) subscales measuring general, school, English, and mathematics self-concepts for a sample of 898 (285 low track, 613 high track) grades 11 and 12 students, and test the equivalency of the factor structure across academic track.
Abstract: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; LISREL) was used to (a) validate the Self Description Questionnaire III (SDQ III) subscales measuring general, school, English, and mathematics self-concepts for a sample of 898 (285 low track, 613 high track) grades 11 and 12 students, and (b) test the equivalency of the factor structure across academic track. The results confirmed a 4-factor structure and revealed all factor loadings and covariances to be invariant across groups; 11 of 21 uniquenesses were noninvariant. Although, in a strict statistical sense, the differentially reliable items bore implications of bias in favor of the high track, these discrepancies, on the basis of absolute values, were judged to be of little practical significance. Overall, in light of the stringency of LISREL CFA procedures in general, and those used in this study in particular, the SDQ III demonstrated exceptionally superior psychometric properties.
65Â citations
TL;DR: Using a variant of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), this program computes the reliability of dimensionally scaled variables when both the number and specific set of judges vary from one assessment to the next as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Using a variant of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), this program computes the reliability of dimensionally scaled variables when both the number and specific set of judges vary from one assessment to the next.
TL;DR: Several different approaches and techniques are reviewed here along with associated strengths and weaknesses and it is argued that a combination of approaches will lead to the best judgment regarding the number of factors to retain.
Abstract: Determining the number of common factors is one of the most important decisions which must be made in the application of factor analysis. Several different approaches and techniques are reviewed he...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the validity of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) for adolescents and found that the RCMAS may indeed be a valid measure of anxiety for adolescents.
Abstract: The Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) originally created in 1956, has been revised by Reynolds and Richmond (1978) New validity data on the scale were needed, and Reynolds (1980, 1982) has provided promising validity data on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) for elementary school aged children Since little validity data are available for the RCMAS with adolescents, this study was designed to examine the concurrent validity of the RCMAS for adolescents The expected relationships between the RCMAS and similar measures from the MMPI were found, indicating that the RCMAS may indeed be a valid measure of anxiety for adolescents Aspects of discriminant validity (Campbell and Fiske, 1959) were evaluated and directions for future validity studies presented
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of two scales to measure racial attitudes in contemporary society is reported. But these scales are difficult to assess in modern society since these negative attitudes are often masked by rationalizations that purportedly do not have to do with racial prejudice.
Abstract: This paper reports the development of two scales to measure racial attitudes in contemporary society. Racial attitudes are difficult to assess in modern society since these negative attitudes are often masked by rationalizations that purportedly do not have to do with racial prejudice. The scales reported here are adapted from earlier racial attitude scales-specifically, the "Social Distance Scale" (Bogardus, 1933; Westie, 1953) and the "Social Situations Scale" (Kogan and Downey, 1956). Both were substantially revised and updated. Factor analyses, validity measures, and reliability coefficients are reported for the two scales and the subscales. The subjects were university teacher education students and students in general education courses in sociology (N = 286).
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between the Style Delineator and the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) and found that the StyleDelineator's sequential types and random types were KAI adaptors and innovators, respectively.
Abstract: The primary purpose of the studies was to examine the relationship between the Gregorc Style Delineator and Kirton's adaptive-innovative distinction. The structure and internal consistency of the Style Delineator were also examined. Two samples (N = 109, N = 135) were given the Style Delineator and the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory. Results showed that the Style Delineator's sequential types and random types (irrespective of concreteness or abstractness) were KAI adaptors and innovators, respectively. Factor analysis of responses to the Style Delineator revealed several orthogonal factors, although factor-items were dispersed among the subscales. Cronbach's alphas indicated that the KAI was reliable, but the alphas for the Style Delineator's 4 subscales ranged from .23 to .66. Issues regarding the construction of the Style Delineator were discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, confirmatory factor analytic techniques were used to examine the dimensionality and stability of the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and the results suggest that the OCQ is composed of two separate, but highly correlated, dimensions.
Abstract: Confirmatory factor analytic techniques were used to examine the dimensionality and stability of the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). Based on the item responses of a cohort of 440 Navy personnel at three time periods, the results suggest that the OCQ is composed of two separate, but highly correlated, dimensions. The dimensions of the OCQ were not stationary, but the results suggest that the value commitment dimension comprised of the nine positively worded items becomes more stable over time. Based on the pattern of factor loadings, squared multiple correlations of the items, and correlations among the factors it would appear that there would not be a loss in validity by using the short form of the OCQ, which consists of the items of value commitment dimension. These results also suggest that the OCQ may not be valid for individuals who have been with an organization for only a short time.
TL;DR: FACSTRAP as mentioned in this paper computes factor analytic results from either correlation or variance-covariance matrices, which is useful for resolving numbers of factors questions, for estimating structure coefficients, and for estimating the invariance of results across samples.
Abstract: In this paper program FACSTRAP is described. The program computes factor analytic results from either correlation or variance-covariance matrices. Pooled estimation procedures are accomodated by rotating each sample result into a common factor space. The program is useful for resolving numbers of factors questions, for estimating structure coefficients, and for estimating the invariance of results across samples.
TL;DR: A new locus of control test, the Internal Control Index (ICI), was examined in this article, where 259 subjects completed the ICI, the Rotter Internal-External Scale of Locus of Control, the Beck Depression Inventory, t...
Abstract: A new locus of control test, the Internal Control Index (ICI), was examined. 259 subjects completed the ICI, the Rotter Internal-External Scale of locus of control, the Beck Depression Inventory, t...
TL;DR: In this article, raw scores on the Standard and Advanced forms of the Raven Progressive Matrices were rescaled in a college sample by means of equipercentile equating to yield a common scale that accommodates a wider range of talent than do the raw scores of either form.
Abstract: Raw scores on the Standard and Advanced forms of the Raven Progressive Matrices were rescaled in a college sample by means of equipercentile equating to yield a common scale that accommodates a wider range of talent than do the raw scores of either form. The common scale is expressed as IQ with mean and standard deviation equated to the national normative sample for the Otis-Lennon IQ Mental Ability Test.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gini-Light-Margolin concept of partioning variance for qualitative data is used to establish correspondences between various kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients under general conditions (multiple raters and polychotomous category systems).
Abstract: Using the Gini-Light-Margolin concept of partioning variance for qualitative data, correspondences are established between various kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients under general conditions (multiple raters and polychotomous category systems). A measure of marginal symmetry for multiple ratings is also developed and is shown to have a proportion-of-variance explanation.
TL;DR: The authors used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the structural reliability of the Teacher Stress Inventory (Pettegrew and Wolf, 1982) with data from 1486 elementary and secondary school teachers.
Abstract: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the structural reliability of the Teacher Stress Inventory (Pettegrew and Wolf, 1982) with data from 1486 elementary and secondary school teachers. Revisions to the instrument were required, resulting in a shortened 36-item, 7-factor measure. Cross-validation with CFA, reliability analyses, and divergent groups validation indicated that this revised inventory has a theoretically verifiable factor structure, good internal reliability, and support for construct validity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that nearly all research situations calling for the study of contrasts can be handled with a single contrast test statistic, that often attributed to R. A. Fisher.
Abstract: The thesis of this article is that the multitude of procedures for testing hypotheses about mean contrasts often presented in statistical methods textbooks is seemingly unwarranted. Nearly all research situations calling for the study of contrasts can be handled with a single contrast test statistic, that often attributed to R. A. Fisher. By jointly considering a probability value and an eta-squared value and by keeping in mind the total number of contrasts studied, one finds that a single contrast test procedure evolves.
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-report measure of stress was developed and tested following Nunnally's (1967) three stages of construct development, and two sub-samples were formed representing different job classes; 781 police officers assigned to patrol duties and 271 officers assigned administrative duties.
Abstract: A self-report measure of stress was developed and tested following Nunnally's (1967) three stages of construct development. The domain of indices, both physiological (somatic) and self (psychological) descriptors, was sampled and initially screened by experts. The items were then administered to a large sample of individuals employed by a large, city police department. Two sub-samples were formed representing different job classes; 781 police officers assigned to patrol duties and 271 officers assigned administrative duties. Because item response frequency distributions were non-normal, polychoric correlations were computed, followed by confirmatory, unrestricted least squares factor analysis in both samples. The factor analytic results support a single substantive dimension with a second, small method factor. A single somatic stress scale, based on the first factor, was then regressed against conditions of work and personal life known to be stress producing and demonstrated the expected relationships. Di...
TL;DR: In this article, the distributional properties of the standardized residual that is commonly used in Rasch model calibration programs were investigated to develop various indices of the residual's distributional property.
Abstract: This study was concerned with an investigation of the distributional properties of the standardized residual that is commonly used in Rasch model calibration programs to develop various indices of ...
TL;DR: The Companion Animal Semantic Differential as discussed by the authors consists of 18 bipolar semantic differential word pairs for assessing the respondent's perception of a childhood companion animal. The measure was administered by the ASPCA.
Abstract: The Companion Animal Semantic Differential consists of 18 bipolar semantic differential word pairs for assessing the respondent's perception of a childhood companion animal. The measure was adminis...
TL;DR: In this paper, classical test theory methods are derived to allow statistical evaluation of all KT(KT- 1)/2 unique, non-trivial difference scores that occur by comparing one or more variables (K) at two or more t...
Abstract: Classical test theory methods are derived to allow statistical evaluation of all KT(KT- 1)/2 unique, non-trivial difference scores that occur by comparing one or more variables (K) at two or more t...
TL;DR: The dimensionality of the construct of original thinking was examined by using measures designed to control both for the occurrence of confounding of the originality by that of fluency and for task ambiguity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The dimensionality of the construct of original thinking was examined by using measures designed to control both for the occurrence of confounding of the construct of originality by that of fluency and for task ambiguity. Subjects were 315 gifted children in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. The results indicated that original thinking was conceptually distinct from general intelligence. Evidence for a general originality construct was mixed. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a variant of a technique developed to enhance the validity of self-reports, the generalized bogus pipeline (GBP), was investigated in three experiments reported in this paper.
Abstract: A variant of a technique developed to enhance the validity of self-reports, the generalized bogus pipeline (GBP), was investigated in three experiments reported in this paper. Empirical support for both the construct validity and the efficacy of the GBP was generally supportive for that manipulation. An important serendipitous finding, however, was that the GBP may be unnecessary when respondent anonymity is assured. Empirical support for the construct validity and efficacy of anonymity assuring procedures was much stronger. Meta-analyses across all three experiments suggests that the effect size of anonymity in obtaining more valid self-reports of sensitive behavior was larger than the effect size of the GBP and that the GBP did little to improve the veracity of self-reports beyond the effect of anonymity. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the relative merits of the bogus pipeline paradigm and anonymity procedures with suggestions to increase the validity of self-reports utilizing an...
TL;DR: In this paper, psychometric information regarding the Computer Aptitude, Literacy, and Interest Profile and the Computer Attitude Scale was obtained from an NSF retraining project preparing computer science teachers for the secondary school level.
Abstract: Psychometric information regarding the Computer Aptitude, Literacy, and Interest Profile and the Computer Attitude Scale was obtained from an NSF retraining project preparing computer science teachers for the secondary school level. Data address: (1) pre-/post-training stability; and (2) validity information involving (2.a.) course achievement predictions, (2.b.) CALIP-CAS interrelationships, and (2.c.) intra-instrument relationships.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted to evaluate a new form of the Sentence Verification Technique (SVT) of measuring comprehension, called the Meaning Identification Technique (MIT).
Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate a new form of the Sentence Verification Technique (SVT) of measuring comprehension. The new form, called the Meaning Identification Technique (MIT), was designed t...