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Showing papers in "Educational Technology Research and Development in 1956"




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study has shown an inverse relationship between complexity of an illustration and its effectiveness in communicating clearly.
Abstract: As readability studies have investigated factors which influence the reading difficulty of verbal text, so this study has been a beginning attempt to isolate the factors which influence the communication potential of illustrative material It is interesting to note that as readability researchers have found a correlational relationship between idea density (number of different ideas per number of running words) and reading difficulty, so this study has shown an inverse relationship between complexity of an illustration and its effectiveness in communicating clearly Similarly, as readability studies show that we must use words that are familiar to the reader, so we must present visual concepts in terms of the background of experience of the intended viewer And as in constructing effective textual material we must organize our material logically, eliminating the unnecessary, so we must simplify the design of illustration, taking care, of course, not to lose the essential

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Among the various kinds of communication content, dramaboth in the form of the legiti ate theater and as presented through the mass media of radio, television, and motion pictures has probably been the least studied by researchers.
Abstract: A AMONG THE various kinds of communication content, dramaboth in the form of the legiti ate theater and as presented through the mass media of radio, television, and motion pictureshas probably been the least studied by researchers. This is particularly true with respect to experimental research, involving the controlled observation of the variables involved in dramatic presentation and their respective independent and interactive effects. By far the bulk of research activity in this area belongs in the content analysis category, and even this has not been particularly extensive.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preproduction testing may be viewed as a sort of “decision insurance” which, although it does not guarantee the desired outcomes, increases the probability of their occurrence.
Abstract: A showing, to a small audience, before production has begun, may be useful to give a film maker advance information about the reactions of an audience to his film. Such tests are most useful when used early in the process of production, but not before the material available for showing to the test audience bears a systematic resemblance to the finished film. In most cases, the story board is the earliest stage at which a film may be tested, although exceptions are found to this rule. Testing cannot be utilized unless the producer's intent and the target audience are specified, and is most apt to be profitable when the content is very complex or when the production unit has had no experience with a topic or technique. Useful information may be obtained by any alert producer, but if the target audience is heterogeneous or has not been clearly specified, or if precise and careful predictions are needed, the services of poll and survey specialists or a phsychological test constructor should be sought.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present further results of the study, covering the second year of experimentation, and present the experimental design of the Instructional Research Program at Penn State University.
Abstract: Last year the Instructional Film Research Program at Pennsylvania State University published a report on the use of closed-circuit television in university teaching. This article presents further results of the study, covering the second year of experimentation. L. P. Greenhill is research associate in the Department of Psychology and associate director of the Instructional Research Program at The Pennsylvania State University. C. R. Carpenter is head of the Psychology Department and director of the Instructional Research Program. W. S. Ray is associate professor in the Department of Psychology and special advisor on experimental design to the Instructional Research Program.

7 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The field of content analysis of communication media is deineate and value ofcontent analysis as a method of audio-visual research is pointed out.
Abstract: We have briefly attempted to deineate the field of content analysis of communication media and point out of value of content analysis as a method of audio-visual research. On the following pages is a bibliography of that part of the literature on content analysis which seems mostuseful for audio-visual researchers.While the bibliography is fairly comprehensive it does tend to omit studies dealing with the analysis of printed materials.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was found that joint pupil-teacher film production was not as effective in producing achievement in the learning outcomes measured as the film-presentation method as regards retention of learning, the experimenter concluded that neither method was superior.
Abstract: Differences in achievement under the two methods in the acquisition of information and in the ability to apply information to novel situations were in favor of the film-presentation method, and were large enough to be significant at the 2 and 5 percent levels of confidence respectively Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, joint pupil-teacher film production was not as effective in producing achievement in the learning outcomes measured as the film-presentation method As regards retention of learning, the experimenter concluded that neither method was superior It was also found that the film-production method was more costly, and that most pupils preferred it even though they did not always feel that they learned the most science by that method

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It may reasonably be assumed that important savings in money and manpower could be realized, and the possibility of a real gain in training effectiveness, by the application of well-designed films to supplement or replace mobile training devices such as are currently being used in Air Force transitional training programs.
Abstract: It may reasonably be assumed on the basis of this study that important savings in money and manpower could be realized, with no loss in training effectiveness, and the possibility of a real gain in training effectiveness, by the application of well-designed films to supplement or replace mobile training devices such as are currently being used in Air Force transitional training programs.

5 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the implications of military research with television as a training and educational medium are reported, and a series of papers reporting the implications and implications of such research are presented.
Abstract: This is the third in a series of papers reporting the implications of military research with television as a training and educational medium. Otello L. Desiderato is assistant professor of psychology at Adelphia College. Richard P. Runyon is chief of the Applications Development Section, TV Division, Signal Corps Pictorial Center, Long Island City, New York. Joseph H. Kanner is assistant chief of the TV Branch, Army Pictorial Service Division, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, Department of the Army.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The WKAR-TV Program Analyzer, an electric rating summaration device, was used to test a inescope of a composite television program for farm men and homemakers entitled Town and Country.
Abstract: The WKAR-TV Program Analyzer,an electric rating summaration device,was used to test a inescope of a composite television program for farm men and homemakers entitledTown and Country. Additional phases of the experiment involved interviews with each group tested on the Analyzer and completion of a questionaire by each subject. The subjects consisted of 20 farm men, 20 rural homemakers and 20 urban homemakers. The WKAR-TV Program Analyzer tests included 10 subjects in each group.









Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of research on motion pictures and television used for education, training, and information on the improvement of production, distribution, and use of films and TV in education are studied.
Abstract: URING and since World War II, a million or so dollars have been spent in research on motion pictures and television used for education, training, and information. For the most part, research results have been published in book form, in technical reports, and in professional journals. But what of the effects of this research on the improvement of production, distribution, and use of films and TV in education? Nobody knows for sure. This in itself indicates that something was amiss in audio-visual research programs of the past.