scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers in "Electromagnetics in 2012"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, three new designs of photonic crystal fiber based intensity and wavelengths splitters/couplers were presented, and numerical simulations have demonstrated the feasibility of planar and two-dimensional 1 × 8 intensity splitters and couplers using an optical signal having a bandwidth of 1 THz and 125 GHz around a central wavelength of 1.55 μm.
Abstract: This article presents three new designs of photonic crystal fiber based intensity and wavelengths splitters/couplers. Numerical simulations have demonstrated the feasibility of planar and two-dimensional 1 × 8 intensity splitters/couplers using an optical signal having, respectively, a bandwidth of 1 THz and 125 GHz around a central wavelength of 1.55 μm. A wavelength demultiplexer has also been simulated for four wavelengths (each also having a bandwidth of 125 GHz) that belong to four telecom windows used in optical fiber communications.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a split-ring resonator with a rotated inner ring is analyzed for frequency tuning of the magnetic resonance of the split ring resonator, which reveals an increase in the resonance frequency with an increasing angle between the splits.
Abstract: Absract In this article, a split-ring resonator with a rotated inner ring is analyzed for frequency tuning of the magnetic resonance of the split-ring resonator. Simulated results reveal an increase in the resonance frequency with an increasing angle between the splits. A simple theoretical model is proposed for accurate estimation of this resonance frequency for angular separation between the splits using simplified analytical formulations. The computed results using the proposed model are verified with simulated results. A close comparison between the present formulation and previously measured results for conventional circular split-ring resonators is also revealed.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the winding function method is modified to locate broken bars in squirrel-cage induction motors, and saturation profile as an effective parameter on fault diagnosis accuracy is taken into account.
Abstract: In this article, the winding function method is modified to locate broken bars in squirrel-cage induction motors. Hence, saturation profile as an effective parameter on fault diagnosis accuracy is taken into account. Broken bars are detected for different distributions of broken bars over different motor poles. The influence of control techniques on locating broken bars is investigated in detail. The competency of the amplitude of the sideband components at frequencies (1 ± 2k)fs as common indices for broken bars recognition is studied in the controlled motor via the open-loop constant voltage/frequency and closed-loop direct torque control techniques.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved single waveguide probe technique is presented to nondestructively determine the permittivity and permeability of sheet materials, using Love's equivalence theorem to derive a magnetic field integral equation that is subsequently solved for the theoretical reflection coefficient using the method of moments.
Abstract: An improved single waveguide probe technique is presented to nondestructively determine the permittivity and permeability of sheet materials. The impetus for the technique is to address the unreliable results yielded by the existing single-probe two-layer method while preserving its physical ease of measurement. Included in this article is the theoretical development of the method and its experimental validation. The theoretical development uses Love's equivalence theorem to derive a magnetic field integral equation that is subsequently solved for the theoretical reflection coefficient using the method of moments. Experimental permittivity and permeability results for two magnetic shielding materials are presented and compared to results obtained using established techniques to validate the proposed method. Profile plots of the electric and magnetic fields in the material under test region of the measurement geometry are provided and analyzed to yield further physical insight.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics of circular waveguides filled with metamaterials are studied and conditions under which the hybrid mode separates into the transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes are obtained.
Abstract: In this article, characteristics of circular waveguides filled with metamaterials are studied Also, for the first time, hybrid modes are investigated, and several new conclusions in hybrid mode behavior are drawn Particularly, conditions under which the hybrid mode separates into the transverse electric and transverse magnetic (n = 0) modes are obtained This condition eases mode excitation in the waveguide without power being coupled to the undesired modes Frequency dispersive behavior of the modes under isotropic conditions is addressed with potential applications The anisotropic implementation, which offers a good technique for the practical realization of metamaterial-filled circular guides, is also investigated

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For verification purposes, an ultra-wideband Wilkinson power divider that operates over a frequency range extending from 2 to 12 GHz is designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured and the results of the full-wave simulation and measurements verify the validity of the design procedure.
Abstract: An ultra-wideband unequal-split Wilkinson power divider with a 2:1 split ratio is presented. To achieve the ultra-wideband characteristics, the conventional quarter-wave arms of the divider are replaced by tapered lines. Moreover, two extra tapered transformers are incorporated at the output ports for matching purposes as the designed divider is of an unequal-split type. To obtain good isolation between the output ports, five isolation resistors are used, the values of which are determined using the simple odd-mode analysis of the Wilkinson power divider. For verification purposes, an ultra-wideband Wilkinson power divider that operates over a frequency range extending from 2 to 12 GHz is designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. The results of the full-wave simulation and measurements verify the validity of the design procedure.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and fast analytical approach is used for these calculations based on the distribution of microscopic surface Ampere's currents and the discretization technique, and the results for the interaction magnetic force obtained using the analytical method and discretisation technique are compared with the finite-element method by using FEMM 4.2 software.
Abstract: Calculation of the interaction magnetic force between two ring permanent magnets of trapezoidal cross-section and a ring permanent magnet above the infinite linear magnetic plane is presented in this article. The simple and fast analytical approach is used for these calculations based on the distribution of microscopic surface Ampere's currents and the discretization technique. The results for the interaction magnetic force obtained using the analytical method and discretization technique are compared with the finite-element method by using FEMM 4.2 software (Meeker, n.d.).

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Caixia Feng1, Jing Yang1, Liyun Yan1, Yi Zhang1, Yanfeng Geng1, Wenmei Zhang1 
TL;DR: In this article, an X-band broadband substrate-integrated waveguide slot antenna is presented, which consists of a substrate layer and two metal layers, and the ellipse slot on the top metal layer radiates an electromagnetic wave.
Abstract: An X-band, broadband substrate-integrated waveguide slot antenna is presented in this article. It consists of a substrate layer and two metal layers. The ellipse slot on the top metal layer radiates an electromagnetic wave. The coplanar waveguide structure with a butterfly-shaped slot on the bottom metal layer is used to feed to the substrate-integrated waveguide. The butterfly-shaped slot, the coplanar feed line, and the ellipse slot produce three resonant frequencies that can be combined by adjusting parameters; the bandwidth can then be broadened. The experiment results show that the center frequency of the realized antenna is 9.81 GHz, the absolute bandwidth is 880 MHz, and the relative bandwidth is 8.9%. Compared with the results for normal substrate-integrated waveguide slot antennas, the relative bandwidth is improved about 5%.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two low profile microstrip antennas, which can be mounted on metallic objects for radio frequency identification applications, are proposed, and the size of the antennas is only 84 mm × 26 mm.
Abstract: Two low-profile microstrip antennas, which can be mounted on metallic objects for radio frequency identification applications, are proposed. By using a single-layer FR4 as the substrate, the thickness of the antennas is only 1.6 mm (about 1% dielectric wavelength at 900 MHz). In order to broaden the bandwidth, slots are added on the surface of the patch to excite two different modes. Compared to conventional microstrip antennas, the impedance bandwidth (voltage standing wave ratio < 3) of the design can reach 100 MHz, and the 3-dB gain bandwidth is about 50 MHz, which can satisfy most applications for UHF radio frequency identification systems. The size of the compact design is only 84 mm × 26 mm. Prototypes were fabricated and measured. The read range of the designed antennas can reach 4 m when mounted on metallic plates.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved design procedure using a full-wave analysis technique is presented for planar slot array antennas, which is illustrated for a planar array designed for a radiometer-type application.
Abstract: An improved design procedure using a full-wave analysis technique is presented for planar slot array antennas. The method is illustrated for a planar array designed for a radiometer-type application. In the proposed method, initially, the antenna is designed by the well-known Elliott technique. Subsequently, a perturbation approach is employed using a full-wave analysis technique. The analysis utilizes the method of moments solution to the pertinent integral equations for the aperture electric field of all slots. The radiating slots are perturbed by using numerically determined partial derivatives, while all the coupling slots are perturbed to maintain the relative excitations of the radiating waveguides, thereby improving the return loss. Convergence is reached within a few iterations. The method may be applied to large arrays made up of subarrays.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new compact patch antenna with frequency and polarization diversity is presented and experimentally verified, where four double cross-slots are embedded into corners of a square patch, and the length of the slots are changed according to the ON/OFF states of the PIN diodes located on the slots.
Abstract: A new compact patch antenna with frequency and polarization diversity is presented and experimentally verified. Four double cross-slots are embedded into corners of a square patch, and the length of the slots are changed according to the ON/OFF states of the PIN diodes located on the slots. The compactness of this antenna is more than 36% in comparison to an ordinary dual-band square patch antenna.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new defected microstrip structure resonator is realized by etching an open ring in the microstrip line, which can be used in microstrip bandpass filters to eliminate the spurious response.
Abstract: A new technique for suppressing the spurious passband of microstrip bandpass filters using defected microstrip structures is presented. This new defected microstrip structure resonator is realized by etching an open ring in the microstrip line. Due to its bandstop nature, the defected microstrip structure resonator can be used in microstrip bandpass filters to eliminate the spurious response. A detailed, fast, and accurate analysis using multiconductor transmission lines, and the method of lines is introduced to design the defected microstrip structure structure. The great advantage of the proposed technique is that the design procedure of the filter does not differ from its conventional counterpart; also, the transmission zeros can be allocated to suppress any unwanted passband. To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed method, simulated and measured results for two typical coupled-line and interdigital bandpass filters are presented. The results reveal that the defected microstrip structur...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of material inclusions on the input impedance of loaded dipoles is analytically investigated, based on the mode-matching technique, and an analytical expression for the impedance of the dipoles in terms of geometries and frequency is proposed.
Abstract: The influence of material inclusions on the input impedance of loaded dipoles is analytically investigated. Novel and accurate analytical expressions for the input impedance of the loaded dipoles are proposed based on the mode-matching technique. Boundary conditions are also enforced to obtain several simultaneous equations for the discrete modal coefficients inside the radiating region. A study of the input impedance of the whole multi-layered structure is accomplished by the cascade connection of mediums as characterized by their constitutive parameters. Computation is performed to illustrate impedance behavior in terms of geometries and frequency. Derived analytical formulas are successfully validated through a proper comparison with the results obtained with the commercial software CST Microwave Studio (www.cst.com).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a novel ultra-wideband bandstop filter with three semi-lumped resonators based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology is presented, where stopband rejection depth and bandwidth are controlled by the elements of each resonator.
Abstract: A novel ultra-wideband bandstop filter with three semi-lumped resonators based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology is presented. Stopband rejection depth and bandwidth are controlled by the elements of each resonator. The filter not only has controllable transmission zeros, but it also features compact size due to the low-temperature co-fired ceramic 3-D structure and meandered topology. In addition, multi-layer capacitors are employed to enlarge the capacitance without size increments. A lossless transmission line model analysis is used to derive design equations. To validate the proposed structure, a multi-layer bandstop filter centered at 3.2 GHz with bandwidth of over 85% is designed and built. Good agreement between measured and simulated results is obtained.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical numerical procedure to compute the magnetostatic field generated from permanent magnets shaped by a helicoidal geometry of a toroidal kind is presented, which is shown by computing the distribution of the magnetic flux B on a surface parallel to one of the four surfaces that surround the magnet.
Abstract: This article presents an analytical numerical procedure to compute the magnetostatic field generated from permanent magnets shaped by a helicoidal geometry of a toroidal kind. The transversal section of these magnets is pseudorectangular, and the magnetization model that has been used is based on the equivalent magnetic charge. The modulus of the magnetization vector M has a constant value in all points of the magnet case study. M has the same direction as the binormal in each point of the barycentric curve relative to the helicoidal magnet of a toroidal kind. The procedure proposed to evaluate the magnetic field is shown by computing the distribution of the magnetic flux B on a surface parallel to one of the four surfaces that surround the magnet. This evaluation has been performed with reference to a discrete set of points belonging to the same surface. Successively, a bidimensional interpolant function is used to virtually evaluate B in each point of the previous surface that contains the poin...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Weber transform and mode matching were used to determine the electrostatic potential of a long conducting cylinder penetrating a circular aperture on a conducting plane, and the boundary conditions were enforced to obtain series equations for the discrete modal coefficients.
Abstract: Absract An electrostatic problem of a long conducting cylinder penetrating a circular aperture on a conducting plane is solved in this study. The Weber transform and mode matching are utilized to determine the electrostatic potential. The boundary conditions are enforced to obtain series equations for the discrete modal coefficients. Computations are carried out to illustrate the static fields, surface charge densities, and capacitance changes for various geometries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that the resulting appreciable increase in the floating-point operations count would result in only a negligible loss of overall computational efficiency using either central processing units or graphical processing units, translating into sizable reductions in code complexity and development costs.
Abstract: A computationally efficient and streamlined approach for coding a high-order finite-difference time-domain algorithm on both central and graphical processing units is presented. This objective was achieved through extending the update equations of the convolutional perfectly-matched layer absorbing boundary conditions throughout the numerical domain with appropriate parameter selections. It is demonstrated that the resulting appreciable increase in the floating-point operations count would result in only a negligible loss of overall computational efficiency using either central processing units or graphical processing units. This achievement translates into sizable reductions in code complexity and development costs. Comparative analyses were also presented for the standard finite-difference time-domain method, resulting in an efficient accelerated algorithm that does not degrade with model size reduction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the properties of conductive plastic houses with PCBs and found that they are resistant to PCBs, but the PCBs are not suitable for conductive materials.
Abstract: This work was done partly during a research stay funded by the “Programa de formacion y movilidad del personal docente e investigador de la Universidad Shielding Properties of Conductive Plastic Housings with PCBs 10 Politecnica de Cartagena (PMPDI-UPCT-2007)” at the Physical Layer Group, Department of Electronics, The University of York.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the shape reconstruction of a metallic cylinder by measured scattered fields is studied, where different differential evolutionary algorithms are applied to reconstruct the location and shape of the two-dimensional metallic cylinder.
Abstract: The application of four techniques for the shape reconstruction of a metallic cylinder by measured scattered fields is studied in this article. These approaches are applied to two-dimensional configurations. Finite-difference time-domain is employed for the analysis of the forward scattering part, while the inverse scattering problems are transformed into optimization problems. Different differential evolutionary algorithms are applied to reconstruct the location and shape of the two-dimensional metallic cylinder. These techniques have been tested in the case of simulated measurements contaminated by additive white Gaussian noise. The reconstructed results by algorithm with self-adaptive control parameter settings are better than these obtained by the standard differential evolution algorithm and dynamic differential evolution algorithm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved quasi-analytic method of offset reflectors' direct impulse response analysis is presented, where the offset reflector is illuminated by a time-domain Gaussian beam.
Abstract: For impulse-radiating-antenna applications, an improved quasi-analytic method of offset reflectors' direct impulse response analysis is presented in this article. The offset reflector is illuminated by a time-domain Gaussian beam. The proposed method can eliminate errors caused by numerical differentiation because the numerical differentiation of step response is avoided. Time-domain physical optic approximation is utilized to investigate the direct impulse response. With the appropriate coordinate transform, the direct impulse response integral problem can be reduced to one-dimensional angular integral, which is independent of the reflector's size. Adaptive interpolation is adopted when the impulse response changes rapidly.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a zeroth-order resonant antenna with spiral slots on the ground plane or chip inductors was proposed to reduce the antenna size by examining the equivalent circuit parameters; the spiral-slotted ground plane configurations are then proposed based on this principle.
Abstract: In this article, novel zeroth-order resonant antennas are presented. A reduction in the antenna size is achieved by using spiral slots on the ground plane or chip inductors. The proposed idea is explained by examining the equivalent circuit parameters; the spiral-slotted ground plane configurations are then proposed based on this principle. The circuit parameters of the transmission line with spiral-slotted ground plane are extracted and compared with those without spiral-slotted ground plane. The antenna design is optimized for small dimensions and high radiation efficiency through a parametric study. The experimental results support the proposed idea and theory.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered a small island close to an unfriendly shore and studied if and how the occupation of this land mass and the radiation through it could offer to one's own country an increased capability to interfere with the opponent's submarine communications.
Abstract: The present work considers a small island close to an unfriendly shore. It is studied if and how the occupation of this land mass and the radiation through it could offer to one's own country an increased capability to interfere with the opponent's submarine communications. The simplified electromagnetic model is treated by utilizing the quasi-analytic scattering integral technique, while the derived solution has been tried, tested, and verified. The produced results show that the negative effect of the radiating island on communication between the vehicles of the rival country is substantial in most cases. This applicable conclusion is mainly attributed to the vastly larger sea losses compared to the fading of the propagating wave through land.

Journal ArticleDOI
Xinwei Chen1, Li Li1, Yi Zhang1, Yanfeng Geng1, Wenmei Zhang1 
TL;DR: In this article, a balanced dual-band bandpass filter is proposed based on the asymmetrical coupled lines formed by stepped-impedance resonators, and the measured results show that the center frequencies of the filter are 2.43 GHz and 5.23 GHz with insertion losses of 1.5 dB and 1.9 dB, respectively.
Abstract: In this article, a balanced dual-band bandpass filter is proposed based on the asymmetrical coupled lines formed by stepped-impedance resonators. The high-impedance lines of stepped-impedance resonators are coupled with the low-impedance lines of stepped-impedance resonators respectively, and two segments of asymmetrical coupled lines have different coupled gaps. The differential-mode resonant frequencies of the proposed filter are decided by stepped-impedance resonators, and better common-mode signal suppression is obtained by adjusting the two coupled gaps. The measured results show that the center frequencies of the filter are 2.43 GHz and 5.23 GHz with insertion losses of 1.5 dB and 1.9 dB, respectively. Moreover, the common-mode signals are suppressed to −31 dB and −46.5 dB at 2.43 GHz and 5.23 GHz.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work explores the genetic algorithm in conjunction with full-wave simulation and the cluster parallel computation to design a microstrip reflectarray antenna with better performances, and demonstrates that the gain has been considerably improved at the design frequency of 5.8 GHz.
Abstract: The design of the microstrip reflectarray antenna is commonly based on the reflection phase curve, but this is not an accurate method, as many parameters have been neglected in the design procedure. This work explores the genetic algorithm in conjunction with full-wave simulation and the cluster parallel computation to design a microstrip reflectarray antenna. A microstrip reflectarray antenna, which consists of a 7 × 7 rectangular-patch/ring-combination reflection elements and is illuminated by a patch antenna, is designed for high gain. Results demonstrate that in comparison with the design method based on the reflection phase curve, the proposed optimization method is able to design a microstrip reflectarray antenna with better performances; e.g., the gain has been considerably improved (from 18.1 dBi to 19.5 dBi) at the design frequency of 5.8 GHz.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors optimized the radius and inter-element spacing of concentric-ring arrays for three-dimensional beam scanning with a minimum peak side-lobe level.
Abstract: Absract Optimization design of wideband concentric-ring arrays for three-dimensional beam scanning with a minimum peak side-lobe level is addressed in this article. To obtain three-dimensional beam scanning with the lowest peak side-lobe level over a wide bandwidth, concentric-ring array geometries, i.e., radius and inter-element spacing of each ring, are optimized. Optimal array geometries are solved via the differential evolution algorithm, and the results are presented for wideband concentric-ring arrays with different scan angles. The peak side-lobe level of the optimal wideband concentric-ring arrays dropped significantly compared to the periodic arrays after geometry optimization was performed. In addition, the comparison with the periodic wideband array shows that not only does the optimal wideband concentric-ring array have a comparable directivity, but the number of elements is also saved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical technique combining the multi-domain pseudospectral time-domain method and the Monte Carlo method for determining the scattering of an object buried below a random rough surface separating two half-spaces is presented.
Abstract: Absract This article presents a numerical technique combining the multi-domain pseudospectral time-domain method and the Monte Carlo method for determining the scattering of an object buried below a random rough surface separating two half-spaces. The numerical technique is employed to determine the scattering of a cylinder buried below a random rough surface of finite length under various conditions. Sample numerical results are presented, validated, and analyzed. The results illustrate the significant impact of the roughness of the surface and the electromagnetic properties of the lower half-space on the scattered signature of the buried cylinder.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an elliptic low-pass filter is implemented in coplanar waveguide technology by etching an open complementary split-ring resonator and one open split ring slot in the central transmission strip.
Abstract: In this article, an elliptic low-pass filter is implemented in coplanar waveguide technology by etching an open complementary split-ring resonator and one open split-ring slot in the central transmission strip. The structures behave as series-connected parallel resonant tanks, whereas metallic patches etched in the back side of the substrate provide the required shunt capacitances to achieve the elliptic function response. An order-5 elliptic low-pass filter has been designed to illustrate the possibilities of this new approach. Since the open complementary split-ring resonator is an electrically small resonator and the dimension of the open split-ring slot is also very small, the designed filter dimensions are also small compared to the filters designed by split-ring resonators, complementary split-ring resonators, or other procedures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid approach consisting of initially retrieving the shape and the position of the scattering objects using a linear sampling method and then determining the electric permittivity and conductivity of the scatterers using an intelligent and deterministic method is proposed.
Abstract: Absract A new hybrid method for a complete identification of multiple scattering two-dimensional objects using microwaves is proposed in this study, where the scatterers are assumed to be separated with different homogenous dielectric mediums. The hybrid approach consists of initially retrieving the shape and the position of the scattering objects using a linear sampling method and then determining the electric permittivity and conductivity of the scatterers using an intelligent and deterministic method—the so-called adjoint sensitivity analysis. This approach is technically correct and well organized, which results in high computational speed, efficiency, and stability. In addition, the technique can be generalized for any scatterer structure. Numerical results are used to validate the feasibility of the approach proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a double-sided complementary split-ring resonator half-mode substrate integrated waveguide filter was proposed to provide lower resonance frequency compared to its conventional counterpart because of the coupling effect between the complementary split ring resonators of the top and bottom plates.
Abstract: A novel technique of miniaturizing for a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter by using a double-sided complementary split-ring resonator is presented in this article. With the proposed technique, a double-sided complementary split-ring resonator half-mode substrate integrated waveguide filter provides lower resonance frequency compared to its conventional counterpart because of the coupling effect between the complementary split-ring resonators of the top and bottom plates. The property of the double-sided complementary split-ring resonator is modeled by an LC resonance circuit. The frequency response of the double-sided complementary split-ring resonator shows bandpass characteristics. By applying the classical filter design methodology, the proposed filter was designed for desired filter specifications. Both circuit and full-wave simulated frequency responses have been attributed to the theory of the proposed technique, and good agreement was achieved with experiment results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combination of target decomposition and maximum likelihood estimator is addressed as a new algorithm to investigate radar targets and it will be demonstrated that several probability density functions can be used to estimate the α-angle.
Abstract: In Earth's surface monitoring, the most significant signature of the target is the scattering mechanism, i.e., α-angle, whose evaluation requires special attention and solution. In these investigations, the α-angle possesses statistical features depending on the type of the scattering. There are several methods, such as target decomposition, eigenvector analysis, and the maximum likelihood estimator, to recognize the target in natural environments. In this article, the combination of target decomposition and maximum likelihood estimator is addressed as a new algorithm to investigate radar targets. It will be demonstrated that several probability density functions, such as Rayleigh, normal, gamma, and binomial, can be used to estimate the α-angle. To validate analytical results, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data, provided by the European Space Agency, are investigated. The consequences justify the potential of the proposed algorithm.