Showing papers in "EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales in 2018"

Expansión de la ciudad turística y nuevas resistencias. El caso de Airbnb en Madrid

Abstract: The recent and rapid expansion of touristification offers some critical factors that have fueled the local indignation and local resistance within the 'tourist city'. These protests are very focused on the negative impacts of touristification on the local real estate market, on the construction of the city for the monoculture of tourism, on the evictions of families from touristized neighborhoods and on the deterioration of neighborhood coexistence. In this way, different local actors and social groups show a range of non-linear histories and diverse discourses about the impacts of the recent and rapid expansion of urban (in) formal tourism in their local communities. In this article, in the first place, we analyze the expansion of Airbnb in the city of Madrid. The results reflect that the Airbnb market in the city of Madrid is controlled by professional actors who do not comply with the principles of the sharing economy. Its activity is based on taking advantage of the "rent gaps" generated by Airbnb and expanding real estate income by transforming residential housing into short-term rentals for tourists, which drives up touristification processes. This process is generating discomfort among citizens and is giving rise to new resistances against the touristization of the city. In second place, the article analyzes the social responses that are taking place against the recent urban touristification that has taken place in the center of the city of Madrid, paying special attention to the variety of political actors, strategies and collective actions in the center of Madrid over the past years. This article seeks to analyze how touristification is expanding through Airbnb, and to offer an analysis of the approach with which urban social movements fight for an inclusive urban coexistence in the complex 'tourist city'.

Aplicación del metodo delphi en el diseño de una investigación cuantitativa sobre el fenómeno FABLAB

Abstract: The ease of access to technology has led to the arrival of a new industrial revolution that enables citizens to stop being mere users and become creators and builders of their own assets, relying on social trends based on collaborative culture. The emergence of the Fablab -Fabrication Laboratory- as environments that enhance these capacities in the users has been decisive in this technological democratization, and continues in an incessant rhythm, extending by the whole planet. Through seven stages, we describe in this article, the process of construction and validation of the information retrieval tool called FabLab Global Survey, with the objective of characterizing the FabLab phenomenon. The lack of theoretical references and the limited academic literature on the subject makes necessary to design such a tool based on contributions from the experts in the FabLab phenomenon and, for this purpose, it was considered appropriate to validate it using the Delphi method, since it allows the transmission of the subjective information provided by the experts, respecting their peculiarities. The challenge we face as researchers lies in our ability to transform the results obtained for their valuation through quantitative analytical tools. To compensate and balance the subjectivity of the opinions expressed by the panel of experts using nominal scales, the Torgerson`s Model is used, which allows a rescaling of the original qualitative scale on an interval scale (quantitative) by verifying the equivalence between them. Likewise, and once the adequacy of the scale used is verified, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the contributions generated by the group of experts is carried out, allowing to profile the characteristics of the resulting questionnaire. The excellent reception of the Fablab Global Survey obtained during the distribution among the managers of the FabLabs - which point out their suitability of the questions - shows the appropriateness of the Delphi method for the generation of research tools that allow, as it is the case in hand, open new lines of research.

Una Relectura de Fotovoz como Herramienta Metodológica para la Investigación Social Participativa desde una Perspectiva Feminista

Abstract: In the context of a growing presence of visual methods in social research, photovoice is positioned as a participatory methodological strategy combining photography production and community action, with an explicit influence of the feminist perspective. However, the links between the photovoice methodology and feminist thought have not been sufficiently elaborated and have been mostly limited to the task of identifying community needs for women and other subjects considered marginalized. In this paper we propose a re-reading of the photovoice methodology in the light of conceptual tools coming from the post-structuralist feminism framed in the third wave. We argue that such redefinition allows updating the links between photovoice and its feminist imprint and broadening its methodological scope. To illustrate this, we present a study conducted with photovoice methodology in a Mexican province, whose objective was to explore the relationship between gender and social action in the experience of activist women. In contrast with its traditional definition, we argue that photovoice can be conceived as a methodological strategy that allows: a) emphasizing the agency of participants; b) diversifying and expanding the social actors to which the methodology is directed; c) critically examining politics of representations and intervene in the cultural and symbolic order; d) privileging the emergence of “situated knowledge” and the connections between different perspectives; and e) implementing in the methodological level the feminist principle according to which ‘the personal is political’. We conclude by proposing that this particular re-reading of photovoice allows to enrich its methodological potentialities as it enables a renewed articulation between feminist epistemologies, participatory perspectives, exploration of subjectivity and action-oriented research.

Discursos sobre la escasez: estrategias de gestión de la privación alimentaria en tiempos de crisis

Abstract: The economic crisis has forced some Spaniards to apply for social aid. Although it is not possible to adequately quantify how many people are in food deprivation, it is a problem that needs to be diagnosed given its severity. This paper explores the way in which this group manages food aid in a context that is new to them in a double sense: it is the first time that they find themselves without resources to solve their daily needs and this is the first time they request aid social. The data come from in-depth interviews conducted with 14 people who have participated in a food emergency program in 2012. It has been shown that people with severe material deprivation manage food aid with expertise. Nonetheless, this effort does not meet their basic needs because they prioritize other payments before food. It has also been seen that they perceive their situation as provisional and show indignation towards a situation of which they feel victims. They hope to leave this situation through the employment and not through the institutional aid.

El análisis de la desigualdad urbana. Propuesta y validación de un índice de nivel socio-económico en áreas urbanas españolas (1991-2001)

Abstract: El analisis de la desigualdad en las ciudades cuenta con una amplia tradicion, desde los analisis de areas urbanas mediante ecologia factorial de la Escuela de Chicago a los estudios contemporaneos sobre ‘vulnerabilidad urbana’. Desde un punto de vista operativo su objetivo principal ha consistido en elaborar un indice sintetico que permita situar a las areas urbanas en un continuum respecto a los recursos que poseen sus residentes y/o los riegos que enfrentan. En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta y validacion de un indicador para medir el nivel socio-economico de areas urbanas. En primer lugar, se revisan algunos aspectos basicos de esta tradicion en el analisis de la sociologia urbana. En segundo lugar, se presenta la propuesta para, en tercer lugar, proceder a su validacion, finalizando con unas breves conclusiones sobre el indicador propuestos y sus posibles limitaciones. The analysis of inequality in cities has a wide tradition, from the analysis of urban areas through factorial ecology of the Chicago School to contemporary studies on 'urban vulnerability'. From an operative point of view, its main objective has been to elaborate a synthetic index that allows to place to the urban areas in a continuum with respect to the resources that own its residents and / or the risks that they face. This paper presents a proposal to measure the socio-economic level of urban areas and its validation. First, some basic aspect in the analysis of urban inequalities are reviewed. Then, the proposal is presented and validated, and finally, some few conclusions about the proposal and its limitations are included.

Aproximación metodológica al análisis de contenidos a partir del discurso de los actores. Un ensayo de investigación social de procesos de desarrollo local (Loja, Ecuador)

Abstract: El analisis de contenidos esta en el centro de gran cantidad de estudios de investigacion social. Por su parte, el analisis del sistema de actores tambien ha sido ampliamente explotado en el estudio de procesos de desarrollo local, bajo diferentes aproximaciones. Sin embargo, este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar algunas de las potencialidades y ventajas del analisis de contenidos a partir del discurso de los actores implicados en procesos de desarrollo local. Para ello, se toma como punto de partida la informacion primaria obtenida de las entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a una muestra de actores sociales, economicos e institucionales vinculados a la puesta en marcha de la central eolica Villonaco (Loja, Ecuador). Segun el gobierno ecuatoriano, esta ha de tener una clara proyeccion en el desarrollo local, y de ahi el interes por analizar estos procesos desde esta perspectiva metodologica. Para mostrar las potencialidades del analisis de contenidos a partir del discurso de los actores se utiliza el software MAXQDA, que permite, tras la codificacion de la informacion, analizar los diferentes temas y subtemas que definen las posiciones y valoraciones de los actores implicados. The content analysis is at the core of a large number of social studies. On the other hand, the stakeholder analysis has been widely used in the study of local development processes from different approaches. However, this paper aims to show the potential and advantages of content analysis based on the actors’ discourse involved in local development processes. Primary information obtained from interviews conducted with a sample of social, economic and institutional actors linked to the starting up and operation of Villonaco Wind Farm (Loja, Ecuador), has been taken as a starting point. According to the Ecuadorian government, this wind farm should have a clear projection in local development, hence the interest in the analysis of these processes using this methodological approach. Software MAXQDA is used to show the potential of content analysis. This tool allows, after the encoding process of information, to analyze the various topics and subtopics that define the positions adopted by the actors and their appraisals of the studied processes.

Imaginarios sociales y representaciones: su aplicación a análisis discursivos en tres ámbitos diferentes

Abstract: This article analyzes the notions of social representations and imaginaries through the study of journalistic texts in three case studies belonging to three areas of national events in Chile: the student movement of 2011, the drug-crime association and the Chilean-Mapuche conflict. The main objective is to reflect on the notions of social representations and imaginaries and differentiate them in the analyzed texts with the objective of identifying the contributions of these notions in the construction of a social reality, in the sense of Berger and Luckmann (1976). It is proposed as a thesis that the notions of social representations and imaginaries refer us to levels of differentiated analysis regarding the construction and interpretation of social reality. The representations lead to a plane of the apparent, while the social imaginaries constitute the foundational plane of meaning of society. The methodology used is of a qualitative nature and the Content Analysis is applied to the case study that concerns the student movement of 2011, the Sociological Analysis of the Discourse for the case study that deals with the drug-crime association and the Discourse Analysis for study the mediatization of the Mapuche Chilean conflict. The results of the work highlight the importance of application of the notions of representations and social imaginaries to the study of the written press in what concerns the study of social reality. Likewise, this work deepens in the distinction between imaginaries and representations with the objective of proposing research clues for the study of journalistic texts.

El análisis reticular de coincidencias

Abstract: The goal of this paper is the proposal of a new framework for the study of data structures based on the combination of several types of multivariate and social network analysis. By means of these techniques we obtain the most frequent events in a given set of scenarios as well as those events that tend to occur with them. In this respect we can define several coincidence gradients for the events under study. Ranging from zero to total coincidence and passing through statistically probable coincidences with predetermined confidence levels. The appearance structure of the set of events studied according to the selected coincidence gradient can be conveniently represented by a graph. In addition to its rationale, three free software programs are shown so that any user could apply this framework: coin, netcoin and webcoin. This type of procedure can be applied to the exploratory analysis of questionnaires, to the study of semantic networks, to the revision of databases and even to the comparison of different techniques of statistical analysis of interdependence. This is made posible by using factorial and classificatory methods and different methods for representing graphs based on attraction-repulsion forces, like those of Fruchterman-Reingold and Kamada-Kawai.

Métodos digitales para el estudio de la fotografía compartida. Una aproximación distante a tres ciudades iberoamericanas en Instagram

Abstract: In this article we address the empirical study of shared urban photography in Instagram. We study how three Iberoamerican cities, Buenos Aires, Mexico y Madrid, are represented in the social plaftorm through a dataset of five thousands pictures labeled with the hashtags #buenosaires, #cdmx and #madrid respectively. We propose a distant approach (Moretti, 2007, 2015) based on four techniques of data analysis (Gandolmi and Haider, 2015) applied to cultural research. We inquire about the ways in which the cities are represented by the users on the platform, identifying also some social uses of hahstags. At the methodological level, we explore the possibilities of data analytics to conduct a sociocultural study. At last, we draw some conclusions about data-based research methods, the highlights of urban representations for each city in a comparative way, and the social usage of shared photography in Instagram.

Análisis de la evaluación y las prescripciones morales sobre el comportamiento de las mujeres líderes en la literatura managerial

Abstract: The role of women in management world seems to have become one of the central themes of the current political and media agenda One of the dissemination tools of the leadership models associated with this group is the managerial literature, which spreads management fashions to the directive class and the general public In order to identify if the roles assigned to women leaders move away from the traditional femenine gender stereotype, we will try to identify the values that are associated to them through an analysis of managerial literature Thus, in the present article a proposal of methodological application of the Appraisal Theory will be made for the study of the moral prescriptions contained in the managerial literature

De viajes teórico-metodológicos y mapas. Bitácora de una travesía entre la noción de representación visual como reflejo hacia la de práctica y su aplicación en una caso de estudio con fotografías familiares personales

Abstract: En este articulo se pretende dar cuenta de la metodologia elaborada en una investigacion con fotografias familiares y personales. La metodologia porta la huella de los viajes disciplinares que se realizaron en torno a la nocion de representacion. A lo largo de este viaje, es posible identificar ciertas transformaciones en los sentidos de la nocion de representacion. Por un lado, el abandono de una idea referencial y heteronoma de la representacion visual, en aras de la ponderacion de sus modos de producir significados y de su capacidad de agencia. Por otro, el paso de su utilizacion exclusiva como fuentes de informacion empirica hacia su consideracion como objetos con una vida social y cultural y la relevancia de los modos de ver de una determinada epoca.Se analizaran las aproximaciones de la historia, la historia del arte, los estudios de genero y los estudios visuales. ?Como resolver las distintas y distantes respuestas ante el significado de una imagen? Haremos explicita nuestra propuesta metodologica para dar una respuesta a esta pregunta. La intencion es ponderar de modo coral las instancias de produccion y uso de las imagenes asi como su contenido y la relacion con otras representaciones. El objetivo que subyace a esta apuesta metodologica es analizar la cualidad agencial de las representaciones visuales en la construccion de lo social. Sera central la nocion de performatividad que se utiliza en los estudios de genero. A traves de esta nocion y de practicas de re-presentacion podemos rastrear como las imagenes hacen algo especifico en la construccion de diferencias sociales, como se vinculan con un contexto mas amplio, que hacen los espectadores con ellas y que posibilidades hay de resistencias.

El fetichismo de la transcripción: Cuando el texto pierde el lenguaje analógico

Abstract: El concepto marxista de fetichismo nos ayuda a entender como los regimenes liberales, tanto de caracter productivo como de naturaleza consumptiva, construyen un mundo de objetos circulantes que aparecen divorciados de los contextos en los que se produjeron. Lo mismo se puede decir de la transcripcion cuando esta se externalizada y es consumida —cual que dato primario— por los grupos de investigacion. En el articulo se discute la importancia de la transcripcion en el proceso de investigacion. En primer lugar, se atiende su relevancia en la dimension analitica y como parte de las preocupaciones metodologicas para evitar la perdida de continuidad en la transformacion de la oralidad en documento primario. Se analizan los problemas derivados de mercantilizar la transcripcion en los contextos de externalizacion del trabajo de campo. En segundo lugar, se contextualiza el trabajo de transcripcion en el proceso artesanal de la investigacion cualitativa y se incide en las posibilidades que brinda para realizar un analisis continuo del proceso de investigacion. En ultimo lugar, el articulo discute la dimension etica que contiene la transcripcion literal como proceso a traves del que se devuelve, en forma de escucha, el tiempo a las personas que ofrecieron su palabra a la investigacion. The Marxist concept of fetishism helps us to understand how liberal regimes, both productive and consumptive, construct a world of circulating objects that appear divorced from the contexts in which they are produced. The same can be said of transcription when it is outsourced and consumed as a primary data by research groups. The importance of transcription in the research process is discussed in the article. First, we take into account its relevance in the analytical process and as part of the methodological concerns to avoid the loss of continuity in the transformation of orality into a primary document. We analyze the problems derived from commercialization of the transcription in the contexts of outsourcing of the field work. Secondly, the work of transcription is contextualized in the artisanal process of qualitative research and it focuses on the possibilities it offers to carry out a continuous analysis in the research process. Finally, the article discusses the ethical dimension of the literal transcription as a process through which we return the people that offered they time and they word to the research in the form of listening.

Estudios de agenda setting en Cuba: propuesta de metodología para un desarrollo posible

Abstract: Los nuevos escenarios mediaticos, el contexto social, economico y politico del pais, y la necesidad de transformar el modelo de prensa para dar mayor participacion a la audiencia, hacen que en Cuba los estudios sobre agenda setting se hayan transformado a las circunstancias particulares que rigen el sistema nacional de medios Una de las areas en las cuales ha sido preciso introducir modificaciones es la metodologia para profundizar en este proceso Por ello el presente estudio tiene como objetivo Proponer una metodologia para desarrollar estudios de agenda setting en Cuba a partir del analisis de las relaciones entre las agendas politica, mediatica y publica, y los factores que en ella incidenLa metodologia se desarrolla en torno a tres areas importantes para los estudios de agenda setting: la correlacion estadistica entre los objetos y atributos, las influencias sobre el contenido mediatico, y las condiciones contingentes Los principales aportes de la propuesta radican en la posibilidad de implementar investigaciones contextualizadas a la realidad cubana, cuyas caracteristicas y evolucion la convierten en un sistema complejo con determinadas particularidades The new media scenarios, the social, economic and political context of the country, and the need to transform the press model to give greater participation to the audience, make in Cuba the studies on agenda setting have been transformed to the particular circumstances that govern The national media system One of the areas in which changes have been made is the methodology to deepen this process Therefore, the present study aims to propose a methodology to develop studies of agenda setting in Cuba based on the analysis of relations between political, media and public agendas, and the factors that affect it The methodology is developed around three important areas for the agenda setting studies: the statistical correlation between the objects and attributes, the influences on the media content, and the contingent conditions The main contributions of the proposal lie in the possibility of implementing contextualized research to the Cuban reality, whose characteristics and evolution make it a complex system with certain particularities

¿Artesanía o cazador tras la huella?. Reflexiones para el análisis cualitativo de datos

Abstract: Within the social sciences, methodological debates contribute to the understanding of social research. This paper discusses one way of understanding the role of the investigator in relation to the approach and analysis of the object/subject of study. The objective is to question the use of the researcher's metaphor as a craftsman. This image appears in the 1950s in order to explain the creativity required by the research process and qualitative data analysis. However, the artisan's metaphor represents a deductive approximation of the researcher to the subject/object of study. On the contrary, the qualitative analysis is oriented by inductive procedures. The metaphor of the hunter after the prey is then proposed as a resource with a paradigmatic and epistemological consistency that contributes to the understanding and training in the qualitative research.

El Modelo living apart together (LAT) y el Modelo cohabitante en las Fuerzas Armadas españolas

Abstract: Labor mobility is common in certain professions, including the Armed Forces Military people have to assume several changes of assignment along their carriers and, sometimes, these changes implies geographical mobility In these situations, when the military has a partner and /or children can take two alternatives The first is to move just the military to the new location, creating a living apart together model (LAT) and, the second, is when the couple or the whole family move together, creating a cohabiting model This article has the objective of studying the presence and features of the LAT Model and the Cohabiting Model in the Spanish Armed Forces To this end, a methodology was designed based on the survey technique with a self-administred questionnaire structured from three thematic areas (sociodemographic, military and opinion) and which was spread by different associations of military and families of Spanish military The results show which are the main variables that affect the decision to choose one or other of two models (labor, economic and family) and how each model of living affect the couple and the children

Madres e hijas: ¿Se hereda el modelo de maternidad?

Abstract: En el presente trabajo se analiza la posible transferencia del modelo de maternidad entre madres e hijas y los factores de los que puede depender dicha influencia. Se ha llevado a cabo una investigacion cualitativa con mujeres con hijos y sus madres y se confirma, en los casos analizados, la hipotesis de partida de que la influencia es positiva. Sin embargo, ello no significa que siempre la estrategia de la hija siga la misma direccion que la de la madre. Se puede deducir, de los casos analizados, que la direccion que adopte la hija estara determinada por dos factores. El primero seria la contemporaneidad de la estrategia de maternidad seguida por las progenitoras, es decir, lo asumible en terminos culturales y sociales que la estrategia seguida por la madre sea para la hija. El segundo factor seria la satisfaccion de la vivencia en la infancia de las hijas con la estrategia seguida por sus madres. Para que las hijas sigan una estrategia similar a la de sus madres es necesario que dicha estrategia haya sido satisfactoria para la hija en su infancia y que se considere social y culturalmente acorde al pensamiento del momento. In this paper, it is analysed the possible transfer of motherhood model between mothers and daughters and the factors that may depend on this influence. It has carried out a qualitative research with women with children and their mothers. In the cases analysed, the hypothesis that the influence is positive it has been confirmed. However, this does not mean that the daughter always take the same direction taken by the mother. The direction that takes this influence is due mainly to two factors. On the one hand, to the contemporaneity of maternity strategy followed by the progenitor, and secondly, to the satisfaction of the experience in childhood daughters with the strategy followed by their mothers. For the daughters to follow a similar strategy of their mothers is necessary that this strategy had been successful for the child in its infancy and that socially and culturally was according to the thinking of the moment.

Diferencias entre mujeres y hombres en la asociación entre la salud autopercibida y la mortalidad en las edades adultas en Europa

Abstract: Objetivo: Explorar el patron por edad de la relacion entre el indicador de salud autopercibida y la mortalidad en las edades posteriores a la juventud (35-79) para hombres y mujeres en seis paises europeos con trayectorias de morbilidad diferenciadas: Alemania, Francia, Espana, Italia, Polonia y Hungria. Metodos y datos: Descripcion de los patrones tanto de la prevalencia de mala salud autopercibida como de la diferencia entre las transformaciones logaritmicas de las probabilidades de morir y de la prevalencia de mala salud en los anos 2005 y 2009. Los datos proceden de la encuesta sobre Condiciones de Vida en la Union Europea (EU-SILC) para la salud autopercibida, y de la Human Mortality Database (HMD) para la mortalidad. Resultados: Ambos indicadores muestran un patron creciente por edad aunque el valor relativo de este incremento no es igual para la mortalidad y para la mala salud. La prevalencia de mala salud autopercibida aumenta con la edad con una intensidad menor que la mortalidad en ambos sexos en todos los paises analizados. Este cambio en la relacion entre ambos indicadores con la edad muestra valores similares entre mujeres y hombres, menos en el caso de Polonia y Hungria. Conclusiones: El cambio en la relacion entre salud percibida y mortalidad con la edad se explicaria mediante la normalizacion por parte del individuo de la propia morbilidad. El diferente cambio en esta relacion entre mujeres y hombres parece deberse a mayores niveles de desigualdad de genero en aquellos paises donde se observa esta diferencia, aunque estos resultados deberan comprobarse futuros trabajos. Goal: To explore the age pattern of the relationship between self-perceived health and mortality at ages beyond youth (35-79) for men and women in six European countries with different with different patterns of morbidity: Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Hungary. Methods and data sources: Descriptive analysis of the patterns of both the prevalence of poor self-perceived health and the difference between the logarithmic transformations of the mortality probabilities and the prevalence of poor health in 2005 and 2009. The data about self-perceived health come from the European Union statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC), whereas mortality data come from Human Mortality Database (HMD). Results: Both indicators show a growing pattern by age though the relative value of this increase is not equal in mortality and poor self-perceived health. Poor self-perceived health prevalence rises by age with a lower intensity than mortality for both sexes in all the analysed countries. This change by age in the relationship between both health outcomes shows similar values for women and men, with the exception of Poland and Hungary. Conclusions: The change in the relationship by age between self-perceived health and mortality would be explained by the process of standardization of individual’s morbidity. Different age changes between sexes seem to be related with higher levels of gender inequalities in countries where this difference is observed, though this must be confirmed in future research.

La reconstrucción de las causas de muerte por el método MODICOD en el análisis demográfico-sanitario. De la CIE-9 a la CIE-10 a un nivel de cuarto dígito

Abstract: Despite the accumulated knowledge about mortality and longevity, it is essential to know in the depth of the fourth phase of the Epidemiological Transition in which Spain, like other neighboring countries, is in to anticipate a new step in the Health Transition as well as its impact in the coming years. In this context, the analysis of the data of the causes of death is necessary in order to follow its evolution and changes. However, the codification of causes of death is interrupted by the successive revisions to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). For this reason, the methodology of the reconstruction of causes of death proposed by France Mesle and Jacques Vallin (1988, 1996) is used and applied in the countries that are part of the international network Mortality, Divergence and Causes of Death (MODICOD) and in which the authors participate in representation of Spain. The present work describes the phases of this protocol and exemplifies it with the date of Spanish causes of death for the period 1980 to 2015, reconstructing series between ICD-9 and ICD-10. The results obtained ensuring the monitoring of 6,902 rubrics of continuous and homogenized causes of death at a fourth digit level of the ICD-10, which for the first time is established at a level of the fourth digit of the ICD-10, that are configured as a demographic-epidemiological methodological instrument.