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Showing papers in "EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors take a comprehensive triple impact perspective (economic, social, and environmental) of the object of study and develop forty-seven impact indicators across the three areas of measurement.
Abstract: Over the last decade, the rise of peer-to-peer online markets has become a major sociocultural and economic phenomena and been described as a collaborative or sharing economy. However, understanding their impact has been mired in controversy and disagreement. Proponents of the sharing economy hail its potential to be a panacea for many of the world’s problems, but more critical perspectives point to research that undermines these claims. The rapid growth of this type of activity has placed public administrators in particular under pressure to develop appropriate policy and regulation. However, policy development is severely hindered by a lack of data and suitable measurement techniques. Work to develop appropriate data measurement tends to focus on economic measurement at the expense of social and environmental impact. This research paper seeks to contribute to understanding this problem area by taking a comprehensive triple impact perspective (economic, social and environmental) of the object of study. Employing a Delphi technique, the research developed forty-seven impact indicators across the three areas of measurement.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose an instrumento aplicable in entornos hispanoparlantes to measure the political efficacy of candidates in the Ecuadorian presidential election of 2017.
Abstract: El sentido de eficacia politica constituye un concepto explicativo fundamental para el entendimiento del repertorio de conductas politicas que tienen lugar en contextos democraticos. El presente trabajo tiene el proposito de contribuir metodologicamente a la medicion del sentido de eficacia politica, para lo cual propone un instrumento aplicable en entornos hispanoparlantes, tomando como punto de partida la evidencia empirica de su desempeno psicometrico en el caso ecuatoriano. Esta escala de eficacia politica cuenta con dos componentes o subescalas: a) la adaptacion y traduccion de la escala de eficacia politica interna (4 items) formulada por Niemi, Craig y Mattei (1991), y b) el desarrollo de 4 items para la medicion de la eficacia politica externa de los individuos, tomando como referencia la literatura disponible sobre el tema. Para la evaluacion de las propiedades psicometrica del instrumento propuesto se emplearon dos muestras no probabilisticas tomadas antes (n_1 = 1136) y despues (n_2 = 540) de las elecciones presidenciales ecuatorianas celebradas durante el ano 2017. Los resultados mas relevantes del estudio son los siguientes: primero, las pruebas de validez de constructo, mediante Analisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), permiten verificar la bidimensionalidad de la escala, siendo capaz de medir de forma diferenciada la eficacia politica interna y externa. Segundo, la confiabilidad de cada subescala cuenta con valores estadisticamente satisfactorios. Tercero, las pruebas de validez externa corroboran las expectativas teoricas relativas a la existencia de patrones de asociacion distintos entre cada dimension del sentido de eficacia politica y otras variables de interes para la investigacion sociopolitica. Cuarto, el analisis de invarianza de medida del instrumento, efectuado a traves de Analisis Factorial Confirmatorio Multigrupo (AFCMG), sugiere la existencia de invarianza factorial, lo cual significa que los items del instrumento son capaces de realizar la misma distincion entre eficacia interna y externa en las dos muestras analizadas, ademas de ser interpretados de forma identica por los participantes de cada grupo. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones y limitaciones de los resultados obtenidos, asi como las recomendaciones para futuros esfuerzos de investigacion que permitan mejorar el ajuste de la escala propuesta al conjunto de paises hispanoparlantes. Political efficacy sense constitutes a fundamental explanatory concept for understanding the repertoire of political behaviors that take place in democratic contexts. The purpose of this work is to contribute methodologically to the measurement of political efficacy sense, for which it proposes an applicable instrument for Spanish-speaking environments, taking as a starting point the empirical evidence of its psychometric performance in the Ecuadorian case. This scale of political efficacy has two components or subscales: a) the adaptation and translation of the internal political efficacy scale (4 items) developed by Niemi, Craig and Mattei (1991), and b) the development of 4 items for the measurement of the external political efficacy of the individuals, taking as reference the available literature about this subject. For the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the proposed instrument, two non-probabilistic samples were used, same as were taken before (n_1 = 1136) and after (n_2 = 540) of the Ecuadorian presidential elections held during the year 2017. The most relevant results of the study are the following: first, the tests of construct validity, through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), allow to verify the two-dimensional structure of the scale, being able to measure differently the internal and external political efficacy. Second, the reliability of each subscale has statistically satisfactory values. Third, tests of external validity corroborate theoretical expectations relative to the existence of different association patterns between each dimension of political efficacy sense and other interest variables for sociopolitical research. Fourth, the measurement invariance analysis of the instrument, performed through Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA), suggests the existence of factorial invariance, which means that the items of the instrument are capable of making the same distinction between internal and external efficacy in the two analyzed samples, in addition they are interpreted identically by the participants of each group. Finally, the implications and limitations of the obtained results, as well as the recommendations for future research efforts to improve the adjustment of the proposed scale to the set of Spanish-speaking countries are in discussion.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison between the lexical worlds of politicians and technicians with respect to social inclusion policies in Andalusia has been made using Discourse Analysis and Lexicometry.
Abstract: Las politicas de inclusion social han sido analizadas desde muy diferentes perspectivas, pero en este articulo queremos presentar el analisis de las mismas desde el marco del Analisis del Discurso y la Lexicometria. Para ello nos hemos centrado en el discurso de dos de sus principales actores, aquellos que las disenan (politicos) y aquellos que las ejecutan (tecnicos), recogidos mediante entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales que se hicieron en el trabajo de campo de un proyecto de investigacion mas amplio sobre la Politicas Sociales autonomicas en financiado por el por el Ministerio de Economia y Empresa (MIMECO) de Espana, en la convocatoria de proyectos de Investigacion+Desarrollo 2014-2017. Para el analisis del discurso desde parametros lexicos hemos utilizado el software Iramuteq, el cual, mediante un sistema de codificacion y de analisis multidimensional estadistico, nos permite profundizar y categorizar los mundos lexicos presentes en los discursos. En este caso, establecemos una comparativa entre los mundos lexicos de los politicos y de los tecnicos con respecto a las politicas de inclusion social en Andalucia. El resultado de la aplicacion de esta metodologia pone de manifiesto, en un primer momento, la oportunidad que ofrece la lexicometria como una primera forma de acercamiento a las representaciones sociales de los distintos actores, que posteriormente habran de ser analizados en mayor profundidad con otras metodologias cualitativas. En un segundo momento, ya centrado en el caso analizado, la investigacion nos muestra la presencia de dos discursos sobre las politicas de inclusion social en funcion del perfil del actor que lo enuncia, comprobandose en muchos casos, la distancia entre la percepcion teorica (politicos) y la percepcion pragmatica (tecnicos), asi como la necesidad de que ambos sean compartidos en aras de una mejora de la eficacia de las politicas de inclusion social.Social inclusion policies have been analyzed from very different perspectives, but in this article we want to present their analysis from the framework of Discourse Analysis and Lexicometry. To this end, we have focused on the discourse of two of its main actors, those who design them (politicians) and those who execute them (technicians), collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups that were done in the field work of a broader research project on autonomous Social Policies funded by MIMECO in the call for R&D projects (2014-2017). For the analysis of discourse from lexical parameters we have used the Iramuteq software, which, through a system of coding and statistical multidimensional analysis, allows us to deepen and categorize the lexical worlds present in the discourse. In this case, we establish a comparison between the lexical worlds of politicians and technicians with respect to social inclusion policies in Andalusia. The result of the application of this methodology shows, at first, the opportunity offered by lexicometry as a first way of approaching the social representations of the different actors, which will later have to be analysed in greater depth with other qualitative methodologies. In a second moment, already centred on the case analysed, the research shows us the presence of two discourses on social inclusion policies according to the profile of the actor who enunciates them, proving in many cases the distance between the theoretical (political) perception and the pragmatic (technical) perception, as well as the need for both to be shared in order to improve the effectiveness of social inclusion policies.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a literature review on the publications in international scientific journals on migrations and big data as well as specifically on migration and Twitter, as a specific social media, is presented.
Abstract: En este articulo, basado en una revision bibliografica sobre lo que se ha publicado en revistas cientificas internacionales sobre migraciones y big data asi como sobre migraciones y Twitter, en tanto que un medio social especifico, se pretende identificar que tipo de investigaciones sobre migraciones se estan publicando actualmente basandose en datos que proceden de estas fuentes. Y, particularmente, nos interesa identificar los metodos, tecnicas de investigacion y tipo de software que se manejan en estos trabajos, desde la perspectiva de tres momentos clave en el estudio de lo que se publica en los medios sociales o el uso de big data: extraccion, procesamiento y analisis. Nuestra revision se desarrolla teniendo en cuenta lo que se publico en los ultimos 5 anos incluido en las bases de datos ProQuest, Scopus y Web of Science, que recogen miles de revistas, libros, tesis doctorales, etc. de caracter multidisciplinar. Los resultados apuntan a que son aun pocas las publicaciones en materia de big data y Twitter que abordan procesos migratorios, en relacion a otras tematicas. En cuestion de estrategias metodologicas, tecnicas y software, los articulos que hemos encontramos van desde lo mas artesanal a lo mas sofisticado, en este caso, con publicaciones que suelen estar encabezadas por cientificos que cuentan con cierto bagaje en computacion. In this article, based on a literature review on the publications in international scientific journals on migrations and big data as well as specifically on migrations and Twitter, as a specific social media, we try to identify what type of research on migrations is currently being published based on data that comes from these sources. And, particularly, we are interested in identifying the methods, research techniques and type of software that are handled in these works, from the perspective of three key moments in the research on social media or big data: extraction, processing, and analysis. Our review is developed taking into account what was published in the last 5 years that was included in ProQuest, Scopus and Web of Science databases, which comprise thousands of journals, books, doctoral theses, etc. of a multidisciplinary nature. The results suggest that there are still few publications on big data and Twitter that address migration processes, in relation to other issues. In terms of methodological strategies, techniques and software, the articles we have found range from the most artisan to the most sophisticated, in this case, with publications that are usually lead by scientists who have a certain background in computing.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Autonomia de la Migración (AOM) as mentioned in this paper is a school of thought in the field of political science that advocates the notion of autonomy of migration.
Abstract: Las migraciones y los controles migratorios se han convertido en objeto de maximo interes academico, institucional y mediatico. Ademas de los enfoques convencionales sobre la movilidad humana y su gestion, han surgido interpretaciones alternativas con repercusiones epistemologicas, metodologicas y politicas. Este articulo se centra en la emergencia de la escuela de pensamiento llamada “la Autonomia de la Migracion”. A traves del analisis de las obras de varios autores y proyectos (algunos cartograficos), que se han ido consolidando como referentes de esta tradicion politica, teorica y metodologica, identificamos una serie de conceptos clave y realizamos una genealogia de dicha escuela de pensamiento, dando a conocer los multiples contextos donde surge y se difunde entre varias disciplinas e iniciativas activistas, incluyendo algunas de las reacciones criticas a sus posibles limitaciones. Abordamos algunas de sus consecuencias metodologicas a traves de un ejemplo empirico.Migration movements and migratory controls are becoming a hot topic within academia, governmental institutions and media circles. Beyond conventional approaches to human mobility and its management, alternative interpretations are surfacing with important epistemological, methodological and political repercussions. This piece focuses on the emergent school of thought known as “Autonomy of Migration”. By engaging the textual production and projects (including cartographies) of key authors and collectives of this tradition, we identify central concepts of this political, theoretical and methodological school of thought. We also trace a genealogy of this tradition, pointing to the different historical contexts from which it emerged and expanded to several scholarly fields and activist initiatives, including some of the critical reactions to its possible limitations. This article includes a brief discussion on its methodological underpinnings through an empirical case.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analysis shows that cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs) contribute most to years gained until 1996, while ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) contribution most thereafter.
Abstract: espanolLas enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, han contribuido de manera decisiva al aumento de la esperanza de vida (LE) en Espana. Las contribuciones a la LE se calculan a traves de un analisis de descomposicion por sexo y grupos de edad quinquenales. Dividimos los anos estudiados en dos periodos, 1980–1996 y 1996–2012. Utilizando la Human Cause-of-Death Database (HCD), examinamos subcausas especificas a un nivel de 4 digitos de ICD-10 y como contribuyen al aumento o disminucion de LE tanto en hombres como en mujeres. El analisis muestra que las enfermedades cerebrovasculares (CBVD) son las que mas contribuyen a los anos ganados hasta 1996, mientras que las enfermedades isquemicas (IHD) son las que mas contribuyen posteriormente. Entre las mujeres, el mayor aumento se debe a subcausas especificas de las CBVD; en los hombres, las subcausas de IHD tambien tienen un papel importante. En lo que respecta a la contribucion por edad, las ganancias por CBVDs son particularmente significativas en las edades mayores, mientras que las contribuciones por las IHD son mas relevantes a partir de los 50 anos, especialmente entre los hombres. La brecha entre hombres y mujeres en la LE esta influenciada por la evolucion diferente de varias enfermedades circulatorias durante el periodo de estudio, pero la evolucion de estas enfermedades no siempre se refleja por igual en ambos sexos. Ademas, se pone en evidencia la necesidad de una mayor precision en los registros para aprovechar las potencialidades de la clasificacion a 4 digitos de la CIE, alcanzando de este modo un conocimiento mas profundo de las tendencias de salud. Finalmente, el estudio muestra la mortalidad debida a factores modificables que se clasifican principalmente en las IHD, y la consiguiente necesidad de que el sistema de salud espanol actue sobre ellas. EnglishThe circulatory system diseases have contributed decisively to an increase in life expectancy (LE) in Spain. The contribution to LE is calculated through a decomposition analysis by sex and five-year age groups. We divide the years studied into two periods, 1980–1996 and 1996–2012. Using the Human Cause-of-Death Database (HCD), we examine specific subcauses at a 4-digit ICD-10 level and how they contribute to the change in LE among men and among women. The analysis shows that cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs) contribute most to years gained until 1996, while ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) contribute most thereafter. Among women, the largest increase is due to specific CBVDs subcauses; among men IHD subcauses also have an important role. Regarding contribution by age, gains by CVDs are particularly significant at older ages, while contributions by IHDs are more relevant from the age of 50 onwards, especially among men. Furthermore, the gender gap in LE is influenced by the different evolution of various circulatory diseases during the period of study, but the evolution of these diseases is not always reflected equally in both sexes. The study evidences the need for greater precision in the registers in order to take advantage of the potentialities of the 4-digit classification of the ICD, thus leading to a better in depth knowledge in health trends. Finally, it shows the mortality due to modifiable factors mainly classified in IHDs, and the consequent need for the Spanish health system to act on them.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an update of the sociolibidinal types approach is proposed from an articulation between social structures defined by sociology and affective structures characterized by psychoanalytic psychology.
Abstract: espanolEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo del enfoque de los tipos sociolibidinales, elaborado originalmente por el sociologo Alfonso Orti. Se plantea una actualizacion de este modelo teorico-metodologico a partir de una propuesta de articulacion entre estructuras sociales definidas por la sociologia y estructuras afectivas caracterizadas por la psicologia dinamica de orientacion psicoanalitica. Adicionalmente se presentan algunas notas metodologicas orientadas a la aplicacion de la perspectiva sociolibidinal en el seno de investigaciones empiricas. Se concluye la validez metodologica de este enfoque sociopsicohermeneutico dentro de la tradicion cualitativa en sociologia. La capacidad heuristica y reveladora de sus resultados en investigaciones empiricas avalan y contrastan el caracter fecundo del mismo para la investigacion social. EnglishThe aim of this work is to contribute to the development of the sociolibidinal types approach, originally developed by the sociologist Alfonso Orti. An update of this theoretical-methodological model is proposed from an articulation between social structures defined by sociology and affective structures characterized by psychoanalytic psychology. In addition, some methodological notes are presented oriented to the application of the sociolibidinal perspective within empirical investigations. We conclude the methodological validity of this sociopsychic-hermeneutical model within the qualitative tradition in sociology. The heuristic capacity and the revelation of its results in the available empirical investigations are contrasted with its fruitful character for social research.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative longitudinal approach was used to understand how intentions and decisions are formed, maintained, or reformulated throughout the migration process in the Community of Madrid, carried out in 4 waves between 2009 and 2016.
Abstract: espanolLa perspectiva longitudinal cualitativa, aunque potencialmente adecuada, no ha recibido mucha atencion en el campo de la migracion internacional. Especialmente, las intenciones y decisiones residenciales de los migrantes se suelen estudiar desde un punto de vista estatico, lo cual no permite explicar el fenomeno como proceso. El presente articulo demuestra la necesidad de una aproximacion dinamica y cualitativa para explicar como se forman, mantienen o reformulan las intenciones / decisiones a lo largo del proyecto migratorio. Para ello, se utiliza un estudio de caso ucraniano en la Comunidad de Madrid, realizado en 4 oleadas entre los anos 2009 y 2016. Mediante este estudio que articula las dimensiones temporales, espaciales y relacionales a la vez, se explican las aportaciones, pero tambien las dificultades y los retos conceptuales, metodologicos y analiticos de esta aproximacion. Entre otros, se destaca la capacidad de observar los procesos causales cognitivos, lo que posibilita una mayor profundizacion sobre como se modelan las intenciones y toman decisiones residenciales. EnglishThe qualitative longitudinal approach, although potentially adequate, has not received much attention in the field of international migration. Especially, the residential intentions and decisions of migrants are usually studied from a static point of view, which does not explain the phenomenon as a process. This article demonstrates the need for a dynamic and qualitative perspective to explain how intentions / decisions are formed, maintained or reformulated throughout the migratory project. For this, we use the Ukrainian case study in the Community of Madrid, carried out in 4 waves, between 2009 and 2016. Through this study that hat articulates the temporal, spatial and relational dimensions at the same time; we discuss the conceptual, methodological and analytical contributions and challenge of this approach. Among others, we highlight the ability to observe the cognitive causal processes, which allows a deeper understanding of how intentions are modelled and residential decisions are made.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new paradigm from International Relations: the world-ecology is proposed to explain the phenomenon of international migration, which is based on the concept of world-in-motion.
Abstract: A lo largo del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI la comunidad academica ha desarrollado numerosas teorias para explicar el fenomeno de las migraciones internacionales, tal como Massey et al. (1998) recogieron en su famoso libro “Worlds in motion”. Sin embargo, una mayoria de estudios producidos en este campo se han referido principalmente a casos empiricos recurriendo al uso de los principales paradigmas cuyas explicaciones de la realidad han tendido a reiterarse. Rompiendo con esta tendencia, en los ultimos anos han ido desarrollandose nuevos enfoques, cuyo caracter interdisciplinar ha permitido llevar a cabo estudios novedosos que han aportado respuestas diferentes a los interrogantes mas clasicos acerca de las migraciones internacionales. Esta investigacion pretende contribuir a dicha tendencia presentando un nuevo paradigma proveniente de las Relaciones Internacionales: la ecologia-mundo. Situando las relaciones socio-ecologicas como epicentro del desarrollo del capitalismo global, el paradigma creado por Jason W. Moore permitira no solo llevar cabo novedosas investigaciones de los fenomenos sociales y politicos, sino que abrira una nueva ventana teorica para conectar sus postulados con una infinidad de areas de estudio. En base a su perspectiva holistica, historica y transnacional, la ecologia-mundo se ofrece como un nuevo paradigma idoneo para explicar fenomenos globales tan diversos como el cambio climatico, la crisis economica o la movilidad humana. Gracias a sus multiples herramientas teoricas, el paradigma aqui presentado ofrece una infinidad de posibilidades para el desarrollo de estudios criticos que expliquen las migraciones humanas desde prismas hasta ahora inexplorados. El objetivo de este articulo por lo tanto sera doble. En primer lugar, se perseguira caracterizar la ecologia-mundo definiendo sus raices teoricas y sus principales planteamientos analiticos con el objetivo de dar a conocer una propuesta hasta ahora largamente desconocida en el mundo hispanoparlante. En segundo lugar, se buscara resaltar las principales contribuciones que los constructos teoricos del paradigma ofrecen para el estudio de las migraciones. Throughout the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the academic community has developed numerous theories to explain the phenomenon of international migration, as Massey et al. (1998) collected in his famous book "Worlds in motion". However, a majority of studies produced in this field have referred mainly to empirical cases resorting to the use of the main paradigms whose explanations of reality have tended to be reiterated. Breaking with this trend, in recent years, new approaches have been developed, whose interdisciplinary character has allowed to carry out innovative studies that have provided different answers to the most classic questions about international migrations. This research aims to contribute to this trend by presenting a new paradigm from International Relations: the world-ecology. Placing socio-ecological relations as the epicenter of the development of global capitalism, the paradigm created by Jason W. Moore will allow not only to carry out novel investigations of social and political phenomena, but will also open a new theoretical window to connect his postulates with an infinity of study areas. Based on its holistic, historical and transnational perspective, world-ecology offers a new paradigm suitable to explain diverse global phenomena such as climate change, economic crisis or human mobility. Thanks to its multiple theoretical tools, the paradigm presented here offers an infinity of possibilities for the development of critical studies that explain human migrations from prisms until now unexplored. The objective of this article will therefore be twofold. Firstly, it will define the world-ecology paradigm by identifying its theoretical roots and its main analytical approaches. Secondly, it will seek to highlight the main contributions that the theoretical constructs of the paradigm offer for the study of migrations.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the first route is provided and a series of elements that could be a triggering factor of violence are identified, including the presence, in certain situations of exclusion, of masculinity role models in which aggressiveness and violence gain special relevance; and the existence of diverse circumstances that force women to start a relationship and, in this way, put them in a position of increased vulnerability.
Abstract: Partiendo de la evidencia de que, en contextos de exclusion social, la prevalencia de violencia de genero en la pareja se incrementa, hemos querido analizar las dinamicas de la relacion entre estos dos fenomenos. Para ello, realizamos 16 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres supervivientes, que evidenciaron que la situacion de exclusion podia ser tanto un factor desencadenante como un producto de dicha violencia. Aqui analizamos en detalle el primer recorrido e identificamos una serie de elementos que pueden favorecer la aparicion de violencia. Los clasificamos en dos grandes grupos: por un lado, factores que condicionan el proceso de formacion de pareja; por otro, factores que facilitan la aparicion de violencia de genero en una pareja ya constituida. Entre los primeros cabe senalar la existencia, en determinadas situaciones de exclusion, de unos modelos de masculinidad en los que la agresividad y la violencia cobran especial relevancia, asi como la existencia de diferentes circunstancias que fuerzan a las mujeres a iniciar una relacion y, de esta manera, las situan en un posicion de espacial vulnerabilidad en ella. Entre los segundos cabe mencionar la ausencia de apoyos familiares y sociales, que incrementa la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres; los efectos de la acumulacion de dificultades en distintas esferas; el abuso de drogas por parte del varon; y la presencia de un entorno que, en ocasiones, tiende a no censurar el recurso a la violencia de genero. La novedad del analisis aqui realizado reside tanto en el recurso a la nocion de exclusion social como en la importancia atribuida a las relaciones de poder de genero a la hora de analizar la etiologia de la violencia. Es decir, que el papel jugado por los factores antes mencionados se interpreta en todo momento a la luz del trasfondo estructural de relaciones desiguales de genero en el que estos operan y en ausencia del cual su efecto seria necesariamente diferente. Based on evidence that, in situations of exclusion, the prevalence of gender-based intimate partner violence increases, this paper analyses the dynamics of the link between these circumstances. To this end, 16 in-depth interviews were conducted with women survivors. They revealed two different routes: being in a situation of exclusion could be a triggering factor or a result of such violence. In this paper a detailed analysis of the first route is provided and a series of elements that could be a triggering factor of violence are identified. These are categorised into two groups: on the one hand, factors that condition the process of formation of couples; on the other hand, factors that facilitate the emergence of gender-based intimate partner violence in an already established intimate relationship. Among the first should be noted: the presence, in certain situations of exclusion, of masculinity role models in which aggressiveness and violence gain special relevance; and the existence of diverse circumstances that force women to start a relationship and, in this way, put them in a position of increased vulnerability in it. Among the second should be noted: the lack of family and social support, that increases women´s powerlessness; the effects of the accumulation of difficulties in diverse spheres; the male abuse of drugs; and the presence of an environment which, sometimes, does not disapprove the use of gender-based intimate partner violence. The novelty of the analysis performed herein resides in its reference to the notion of social exclusion and in the importance attributed to gender power relations when analysing the aetiology of violence. In other words, at all times the role of the aforementioned factors is interpreted in the light of the structural background of unequal gender relations in which it operates and without which their effect would necessarily differ.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize, evaluate and critically broadens contemporary debates about the exercise of contextualization to understand the new challenges and possibilities that social research brings, through the concepts of operational-logic, make-scale and mereology.
Abstract: El presente escrito sintetiza, evalua y amplia criticamente los debates contemporaneos sobre el ejercicio de contextualizacion para comprender los nuevos desafios y posibilidades que acarrea la investigacion social. Para esta tarea, primero, se introduciran las ideas centrales de los Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnologia con la finalidad de comprender como el proceso de contextualizacion afecta directamente el objeto de estudio. Segundo, se senalara que este objeto posee un estatus ontologico emergente puesto que se deben redefinir constantemente las relaciones que lo componen. Tercero, se resaltaran las contribuciones de Marilyn Strathern a los debates anteriores por medio de sus reflexiones sobre las escalas. Por ultimo, mediante los conceptos de logicaperceptiva, hacer-escala y mereologia se sustentara que la ontologia, la epistemologia, la metodologia y la reflexividad se encuentran en una retroalimentacion permanente. Ademas, se resaltara que este vinculo implica reevaluar la posicion politica del investigador, la forma en que se entiende el trabajo de campo y el mundo no-humano. This paper synthesizes, evaluates and critically broadens contemporary debates about the exercise of contextualization to understand the new challenges and possibilities that social research brings. For this task, first, the central ideas of the Social Studies of Science and Technology will be introduced in order to comprehend how the contextualization process directly affects the object of study. Second, it will be noted that this object has an emerging ontological status since the relationships that compose it must be constantly redefined. Third, Marilyn Strathern’s contributions to the previous debates will be highlighted through her reflections on the scales. Finally, through the concepts of operational-logic, make-scale and mereology it will be sustained that ontology, epistemology, methodology and reflexivity are in permanent feedback. In addition, it will be emphasized that this link implies reevaluating the political position of the researcher, the way in which fieldwork and the non-human world are understood.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the association between employment discrimination and health in Andalusia (Spain) based on a sample of 1200 individuals and find that people reporting employment discrimination present a higher use of primary health services, a result that might be related with the higher prevalence of depressive disorders of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.
Abstract: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la asociacion entre discriminacion laboral y salud en Andalucia (Espana). Este estudio se basa en una muestra de 1200 individuos. El indicador de discriminacion laboral fue disenado a traves de una pregunta abierta que se referia a otros tipos de discriminacion. Aunque la categoria discriminacion laboral no se incluyo inicialmente en el cuestionario, el 65% de los participantes se consideraron sujetos a discriminacion laboral mientras que solo el 35% informaron otras causas habituales de discriminacion. Las medidas de propension muestran que las personas que reportan discriminacion laboral presentan un mayor uso de servicios de salud primaria, un resultado que podria estar relacionado con la mayor prevalencia de trastornos depresivos en grupos socioeconomicamente desfavorecidos. Aunque se necesita profundizar en esta materia, la orientacion futura de las politicas sociales y de salud de la UE deberian incluir como objetivo la reduccion del impacto social del desempleo y la precariedad laboral a fin de reducir la discriminacion y promover la equidad en salud. The present study aims to explore the association between employment discrimination and health in Andalusia (Spain). This study is based on a sample of 1200 individuals. The employment discrimination indicator was designed is through the results of an open-ended question that refers to other types of discrimination. Although the category ‘employment discrimination’ were not initially included in the questionnaire, 65% of participants perceived themselves as subject to employment discrimination while only 35% reported other usual causes of discrimination. Employment discrimination has been found similarly associated to poor health outcomes. Propensity scores show people reporting employment discrimination present a higher use of primary health services, a result that might be related with the higher prevalence of depressive disorders of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Although additional research is needed, the future orientation of EU social and health policies should aim to reduce the social impact of unemployment and insecure jobs in order to reduce discrimination and promote health equity.


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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the role played by migratory trajectories, language, stigma and identity in the educational aspirations of returning youth at the Autonomous University of Sinaloa (UAS).
Abstract: El objetivo de este articulo es describir de manera general la tecnica de investigacion Foto-voz y valorar si ampliar los alcances de esta tecnica, al tema de migracion de retorno, nos ayuda a comprender el rol que juegan las trayectorias migratorias, el lenguaje, el estigma y la identidad en las aspiraciones educacionales de los jovenes de retorno en la Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa (UAS). Asimismo, es nuestro objetivo presentar los principales hallazgos en las tres categorias de analisis propuestas: las trayectorias migratorias, el estigma- identidad, y las aspiraciones educativas de los jovenes retornados. Utilizamos el instrumento de la Foto-Voz, la cual es una tecnica de investigacion cualitativa, de muestreo intencional y de accion participante. Participaron jovenes de retorno, jovenes sin experiencia migratoria y profesores y profesoras de la Facultad de Estudios Internacionales y Politicas Publicas de la UAS en Culiacan, Sinaloa, en un taller de fotografia donde expresan sus experiencias migratorias, su identidad y sus aspiraciones educativas por medio de fotos y pequenas narrativas. Se reclutaron 15 participantes, por medio de invitacion directa, difusion de informacion del taller de fotografia y por medio de bola de nieve. Dentro de los resultados podemos destacar que ampliar el alcance de Foto-voz al tema de migracion de retorno de jovenes, tiene utilidad al proporcionar a los y las recien llegadas herramientas para expresar su identidad (todavia incomprensible para ellos) con representaciones simbolicas a traves de fotografias. Sus testimonios reflejan una introspeccion y un esfuerzo de autoconocimiento sobre sus sentimientos y perspectivas. Con esta tecnica identificamos y priorizamos situaciones de exclusion e inclusion en las trayectorias migratorias y en el proceso de inmersion en la universidad de los jovenes retornados.The objective of this article is to describe in a general way the Photo-voice research tecnique and assess whether extending the scope of this tecnique to the issue of return migration helps us to understand the role played by migratory trajectories, language, stigma and identity in the educational aspirations of returning youth at the Autonomous University of Sinaloa (UAS). Likewise, it is our objective to present the main findings in three categories of analysis: migratory trajectories, stigma-identity, and the educational aspirations of young returnees. Methodology: Foto-Voz is a technique of qualitative research, non-representative sampling and participatory action. Participated in a photography workshop: young people of returned, young people without migratory experience and professors from the Faculty of International Studies and Public Policies of the UAS in Culiacan, Sinaloa, where they express their migratory experiences and their educational aspirations through photos and small narratives. 15 participants were recruited, through direct invitation, dissemination of information from the photography workshop and by a snowball. Findings: Extending the scope of the Fotovoz to the issue of return migration of young people, is useful in providing newcomers with tools to express their identity (still incomprehensible to them) with symbolic representations through photographs. Their testimonies reflect an introspection and an effort of self-knowledge about their feelings and perspectives. Under this methodology we identify and prioritize situations of exclusion and inclusion in migratory trajectories and in the process of immersion in the university of the young returned.

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TL;DR: In this paper, a sociological analysis of the conceptual struggles between the three narratives -the humanism, the transhumanism and the posthumanism- which have different positions on either to keep or to go off the limits of the human nature to suggest a limited "proactionary principle" of enhancement based in the notion of "biocultural capital" is presented.
Abstract: Las sociedades contemporaneas proyectan horizontes de futuro, ventanas sociologicas de exploracion lanzadas desde el presente hacia el futuro que afrontan las ventajas, asi como los peligros que afectan a la naturaleza humana tanto en la esfera publica asi como en la privada. Estas constelaciones enfrentan la incertidumbre, eso “desconocido conocido” (el punto ciego desde el que observo y veo que no veo) pues en cuanto ambito de lo indeterminado ( Apeiron segun Anaximandro) permanece todavia velado, pero es desvelable a traves de las premisas de perfectibilidad y racionalidad abiertas por la Ilustracion, especialmente a traves de la figura de Condorcet que actua como narrativa preparatoria. El objetivo principal de este trabajo se expresa en el analisis sociologico de las disputas sostenidas entre tres de las narrativas -el humanismo, el transhumanismo y el poshumanismo- que asumen contornos distintos entre los conocimientos de las ciencias y las humanidades que pugnan o bien por preservar o bien por transgredir los limites de lo humano, para concluir proponiendo un “ principio proaccionario ” limitado de transgresion basado en la nocion de “capital biocultural”. Contemporary societies project horizons of future, sociological windows of exploration projected from the present into the future, which take into account the dangers which will affect the human experience in the public as well as in the private spheres. They imagine how the human life will be in the future according to the decisions taken in the present. These constellations face uncertainty, that “known unknown” (the blind point from which I observe and don´t see that I don´t see) because as a part of the undeterminate yet veiled, could be unveiled throughout the premises of perfectibility, calculation and rationality which were open by the influence of Enlightenment, mainly by the figure of Condorcet who stablished the preparatory narrative. The main goal of this paper is the sociological analysis of the conceptual struggles between the three narratives -the humanism, the transhumanism and the posthumanism- which have different positions on either to keep or to go off the limits of the human nature to suggest a limited “proactionary principle” of enhancement based in the notion of “biocultural capital”.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a methodological exercise carried out as part of a research project on the new modes of construction of police news on television in Argentina, focusing on the ways of accessing the sources, circulation of information, news presentation strategies and how audiences decode and interpret them.
Abstract: Este articulo presenta un ejercicio metodologico realizado en el marco de un proyecto de investigacion sobre los nuevos modos de construccion de la noticia policial en television. El topico de la inseguridad se enmarca en un proceso social, cultural y politico vinculado al crecimiento de la violencia y el delito en las sociedades contemporaneas, pero tambien al incremento y transformacion de su visibilidad. Partiendo de la hipotesis de que los medios de comunicacion son dispositivos centrales en la construccion del espacio de lo publico, indagamos en la produccion de contenidos sobre “inseguridad” en noticieros de television, en los modos de acceso a las fuentes, circulacion de la informacion, estrategias de presentacion de las noticias y la forma en que las audiencias las decodifican e interpretan. Para esto, nos propusimos observar, en forma simultanea, tres espacios/situaciones durante la emision de un noticiero central de un canal de aire de la Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires. Por un lado, en la instancia de produccion, la sala de control y el movil principal del dia. Por otro, incorporamos la recepcion visualizando en vivo el mismo noticiero en un ambito familiar. La experiencia implico la participacion de cuatro investigadores en tres locaciones distintas. El objetivo es presentar la potencialidad y dificultades que emergieron de este ejercicio de observacion participante grupal y multisituada. This article presents a methodological exercise carried out as part of a research project on the new modes of construction of police news on television in Argentina. The topic of insecurity is part of a social, cultural and political process linked to the growth of violence and crime in contemporary societies, but also to the increase and transformation of its visibility. From the hypothesis that the media are central in the construction of public spaces, we investigate the production of content regarding “insecurity” in television news, focusing on the ways of accessing the sources, circulation of information, news presentation strategies and how audiences decode and interpret them. To reach this objective, we observe simultaneously three space-situations during a central TV news show broadcast by an over-the-air channel in Buenos Aires. On one hand, we analyze the production of news, from the broadcasting room and the main live reporting from the street. On the other hand, we also study news reception by visualizing the same TV show in a family environment. The experience involved the participation of four researchers in three different locations. The paper presents the potentiality and difficulties that emerged from this multi local and synchronic observation exercise.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the main contributions to the research on foreign migration through the application of social network analysis are examined, especially for the Spanish context, and the strengths and limitations of this methodological approach are suggested.
Abstract: El presente trabajo examina las principales aportaciones realizadas a la investigacion de la inmigracion extranjera aplicando el analisis de redes sociales, fundamentalmente en el contexto espanol. Para ello, se emplea una doble perspectiva. Por un lado, se atiende a la aproximacion metodologica particular utilizada en la recogida de datos y en las tecnicas estadisticas usadas para su analisis. Por otro, se ubican los trabajos en los ejes tematicos principales identificados. Previamente, se contextualiza la cuestion en el debate mas general sobre redes migratorias y capital social, se presentan algunos conceptos sobre el analisis de redes y se proporcionan algunas claves sobre la recogida de datos reticulares y las tecnicas mas apropiadas para su explotacion. Por ultimo, se sugieren las fortalezas de esta perspectiva metodologica y las limitaciones a las que se enfrenta su utilizacion.In this paper, the main contributions to the research on foreign migration through the application of social network analysis are examined, especially for the Spanish context. A dual perspective is used. On one hand, the focus is on the specific methodological approach applied for the data collection and the statistical techniques chosen for the analysis. On the other hand, the works are classified according to a proposed thematic division. Previously, the topic is framed in the more general debate about migration networks and social capital, some concepts on network analysis are introduced and some key facts about network data collection and the appropriate techniques for their exploitation are discussed. Finally, the strengths and the limitations of this methodological approach are suggested.

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TL;DR: In this article, a set of techniques aimed to decompose inequality in an educational transition (expectation of transition in this case) into a primary (via performance) and a secondary effect (directly on the decision-making).
Abstract: El estudio de la desigualdad educativa en Espana se ha visto dificultado por la carencia de informacion longitudinal sobre transiciones educativas. Como resultado, distintos procedimientos metodologicos habituales en el estudio de las desigualdades educativas en el ambito internacional han sido escasamente desarrollados en el caso espanol, lo que contribuye a un importante desconocimiento de los mismos. El presente articulo pretende ofrecer una revision pedagogica de tales procedimientos, ejemplificando su uso con la expectativa de transicion a la educacion postobligatoria tal y como fue manifestada por el alumnado participante en las pruebas PISA en el ano 2015. En primer lugar, se presentan un conjunto de tecnicas dirigidas a descomponer la desigualdad en una transicion educativa (expectativa de transicion en este caso) en un efecto primario (a traves del rendimiento) y un efecto secundario (directamente sobre la toma de decision). Aplicadas al caso de la expectativa de transicion a la educacion postobligatoria en Espana, tan solo el 40% de la desigualdad observada opera a traves del rendimiento exhibido en las pruebas PISA. En segundo lugar, se introduce el metodo KHB, procedimiento dirigido a solucionar el problema del rescalamiento en modelos no lineales anidados y que, aplicado al estudio de la desigualdad educativa, permite poner a prueba la participacion de mecanismos especificos de toma de decision en la construccion de desigualdades. Tercero y ultimo, se introduce el denominado modelo de compensacion, donde los efectos secundarios del origen social no son constantes y se concentran en los niveles bajos de rendimiento. En efecto, se ha podido comprobar que la mayor desigualdad en la expectativa de transicion a la educacion postobligatoria se observa en la parte baja de la distribucion de rendimiento, siendo que dicho mecanismo de compensacion da cuenta del 20% de la desigualdad observada. The study of educational inequality in Spain has been hindered by the lack of appropriate longitudinal datasets on educational transitions. As a result, different methodological procedures common in the study of educational inequality in the international context have been barely implemented in the Spanish case, which contributes to a widespread lack of awareness of their existence. This work intends to offer a pedagogical review of such procedures, exemplifying their use with the expectation of transition to post-compulsory education as it was manifested by the participants in 2015 PISA. In the first place, I present a set of techniques aimed to decompose inequality in an educational transition (expectation of transition in this case) into a primary (via performance) and a secondary effect (directly on the decision-making). Applied to the expectation of transition to post-compulsory education in Spain, just 40% of inequality works through the performance exhibit in PISA. In the second place, I introduce the KHB method, aimed at addressing the rescaling problem in non-linear nested models which, applied to the study of educational inequality, makes it possible to test the participation of specific decision-making mechanisms in the construction of inequalities. Finally, I present the Compensatory Advantage model, where secondary effects are supposed to be non-constant and inequality is supposed to concentrate at low levels of performance. Indeed, we observe that the largest inequalities are found at the bottom of the performance distribution and that this compensation mechanism accounts for 20% of the observed inequality.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the relationship between age and subjective well-being follows a "U-shape", where happiness would be high in youngsters, would decrease to a minimum about midlife, and would ascend to reach again a high point in old age.
Abstract: El objetivo del articulo es responder a dos importantes preguntas relacionadas con la igualdad intergeneracional en bienestar emocional: ?Son las personas mayores tan felices como las jovenes? ?Cual es la relacion entre edad y felicidad? El actual consenso academico considera que tal relacion adopta la forma de una curva en “U”, es decir, la felicidad seria alta en la juventud, descenderia llegando a un minimo hacia la mitad del curso vital, y remontaria hasta alcanzar de nuevo un alto nivel en la vejez. Segun esta tesis, las personas mayores serian tan felices como las jovenes. Sin embargo, estos resultados estan condicionados por las propias limitaciones metodologicas del analisis de regresion. Ademas, estos analisis pretenden describir la relacion generica y universal existente entre un concepto abstracto de edad y la felicidad. Pero como era previsible, la variable edad, desprovista de todo contenido social, tiene una escasa influencia en la felicidad de las personas. Estos estudios carecen de interes sociologico alguno porque ocultan la verdadera relacion existente entre la “edad social” de las personas y su felicidad. Tras exponer una critica a los analisis de regresion, tal y como son habitual y convencionalmente aplicados por los cientificos sociales, se propone segmentar la variable edad, estudiando el bienestar emocional de las personas en las distintas etapas de su ciclo vital (ninez, juventud, edad adulta, edad madura y vejez) utilizando analisis descriptivos multivariables. Se demuestra, asi, que la relacion edad-felicidad adopta la forma de una “ola” o “S” tumbada y que, por tanto, la felicidad de los mayores es bastante inferior a la de los jovenes. The article aims to answer two important questions, both linked to emotional well-being throughout lifetime: Are old as happy as young people? What is the relationship between age and happiness? The current academic consensus states that the relationship between age and subjective well-being follows a "U-Shape". Happiness would be high in youngsters, would decrease to a minimum about midlife, and would ascend to reach again a high point in old age. Then, according to this thesis, old would be as happy as young people. However, we show that these research results come from the own methodological constraints of regression analysis. Additionally, these analyses try to find the generic and universal relationship between age, considered as an abstract variable, and happiness. But, not surprisingly, an age variable devoid of any social content and context has a meagre influence on people happiness. These inquiries lack any sociological interest because hide more than reveal the actual relationship between “social age” and happiness. The article deploys a critique of the irreflexive and conventional way in which regression analysis is used by social scientists. The segmentation of age in five stages (childhood, youthfulness, adulthood, maturity and old age), and descriptive multivariate analysis are proposed as the best methodology to study happiness throughout the lifetime. Finally, it is proved that the age-happiness relationship follows the pattern of a “wave” or “S lying down-shape”. Therefore, the happiness of the old is much lower than that of young people.