Showing papers in "Energy in 1993"

TL;DR: In this article, the theoretical basis and several applications of the theory of exergetic cost, a major approach to the field of thermoeconomics, are presented in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a thermochemical process that uses concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat, where the chemical equilibrium components consist of metallic iron in the solid phase and a mixture of 667% H 2 and 333% CO in the gaseous phase.

TL;DR: In this article, a review of technological options for mitigating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is presented, including efficiency improvements, renewable energies, clean fossil and zero-carbon energy technologies, carbon sequestration and disposal, enhancement of natural carbon sinks (halting deforestation, afforestation, and other sink enhancement options), and geo-engineering measures to compensate for increases in CO2 concentrations.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated trends in energy intensities for 31 countries over the period from 1950 to 1988, using a purchasing power parity-based GDP measure and United Nations energy statistics.

TL;DR: In this article, a decomposition method is used to divide a change in manufacturing energy consumption into three effects: output growth, energy intensity and structural change, using energy-balance tables and manufacturing statistics for 26 selected countries in the period 1973-1980 and 1980-1988.

TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-component (NB 3 /H 2 O) Kalina-type cycle that utilizes the exhaust from a gas turbine was investigated, where the turbine-inlet pressure of 5.96 × 10 6 N/m 2 and temperature of 755.372 K were kept constant, as well as the working fluid temperature at the condenser outlet.

TL;DR: In this paper, the exergetic efficiencies of solar-assisted heat-pump systems for domestic heating were investigated experimentally, and the experimental results were obtained for typical days during the months of December, January, February, March, April, and May.

TL;DR: In this paper, a graphical exergy analysis that generates energy-utilization diagrams (EUDs) was used to compare the recently advanced thermal power systems and their potential for substantial improvements.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the impact of solar energy systems on greenhouse gas emissions, environmental degradation, and human health and safety compared with conventional nuclear and fossil-energy options.

TL;DR: In this article, the current housing stock in China, its energy consumption, and the engineering methods and economic assumptions used to develop the energy standard are described, and a steady-state calculational method of the Ministry standard agrees well with the results of dynamic DOE-2 building energy simulations.

TL;DR: In this article, the design parameters of a heat engine operating under radiative heat transfer conditions were examined to find the maximum power output, and it was found that the ratio of the cold to the hot reservoir temperature must be less than 0.2 for an optimal design.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a method for dynamic simulation of a two-reactor adsorption heat pump, where the operating principle of the system is described and the governing equations are derived, taking into account the efficiencies of the various components.

TL;DR: An analytical method for the second-law-based thermoeconomic optimization of a sensible heat-storage system, in which the energy is stored in a large liquid bath from a hot-gas source, is presented in this article.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a study on process energy use of two asphalt-mixing plants and show that aggregate moisture content and rainfall level are closely related, and that maintaining a low aggregate moisture level, such as isolating aggregates from rain, offers great potential for energy savings.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the progress in implementing energy efficiency in the iron and steel industry and carried out an analysis by means of the exergy method, utilizing the concept of usable exergy.

TL;DR: The average societal cost of conserved energy is 2.1 cents/kWh, including 0.3 cents for program administration and marketing, far less than the cost of building and operating new electric power plants as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, the Monte Carlo simulation technique for determining uncertainties of the thermal parameters needed in designing heat exchangers is discussed, and an illustrative example is presented of the overall heat-transfer coefficient U obtained from the simulation is found to have a distribution well approximated by the Weibull model.

TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between the spot price for natural gas for a delivery month and the futures contract price for the same delivery month is examined and the estimated regression equation provides a good summary of the relationship for spot and futures prices for the time period and can also be used to obtain accurate forecasts of spot prices.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the decomposition tree approach, which is a procedure for studying the influence of level of sector disaggregation in a systematic manner, and propose two indicators to measure it.

TL;DR: In this article, the heat transfer coefficients for both spherical and cylindrically shaped food products were determined for hydrocooling (water cooling) experiments at different water temperatures.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed stochastic and quasi-dynamic vector-optimization models which can be used as computerized planning tools to determine the optimum combination of these options with conventional energy-conversion technologies for regional energy-supply systems with disaggregated, fluctuating energy-exergy demand profiles.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a substantial revision to obtain an improved representation for the assumed linearity of the damages with atmospheric CO 2 levels and to incorporate an adjustment period for reaching thermal equilibrium in the atmosphere.

TL;DR: In this article, an accounting methodology is presented for decomposing the total change in the energy-to-GDP ratio over time into its component parts: sectoral mix effect, changes in the quality of energy inputs, factor substitution effect, and a residual variable which mainly represents technical change.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss both the technical potential for lighting savings and the achievable potential from existing programs aimed at realizing those savings in both the U.S. and Canada.

TL;DR: A wide spectrum of technologies, design practices, and control strategies exist to increase lighting energy efficiency as discussed by the authors, including lamps, ballasts, fixtures, controls, and design issues as well as other building systems and features with which lighting interacts, including HVAC.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered a scenario of a private office workplace with display screen tasks and adjacent corridor, where the lighting control strategy for each case includes both automatic and manual controls, including window, room, and task lighting controls from the display-screen operator position.

TL;DR: In this article, a nonlinear programming model is developed to examine the effects of introducing demand-side measures into the utility planning process, including the cost to the utility, sulfur dioxide emissions, regional economic effects, and net value to customers.

TL;DR: In this paper, the sulfate aerosols produced by atmospheric oxidation of SO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion scatter solar radiation and enhance the reflectivity of clouds, both effects decrease the absorption of solar radiation by the earth-atmosphere system.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the opportunities to reduce the electricity required for lighting in prototypical Thai offices, hotels, and shopping centers, and calculate the savings from lighting conservation measures directly and from associated reductions in cooling load.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of these parameters are examined by solving the transient one-dimensional heat-conduction differential equation using the finite difference method within typical wall constructions of various orientations with periodic outdoor boundary conditions, during typical winter and summer days.