Showing papers in "Energy in 1998"

TL;DR: A decomposition method for factorizing changes in energy demand or gas emissions over time with the advantage of giving perfect decomposition is introduced and may be generally applied in energy and environmental decomposition studies.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that optimal selection of working-fluid composition is a powerful tool for an efficient ORC design.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that thermodynamics offers a means of accounting for both resource inputs and waste outputs in a systematic and uniform way, and they extend the applications of exergy analysis to resource and waste accounting and present the results in an integrated analytical framework.

TL;DR: In this paper, a novel solar chemical reactor was designed to perform the combined ZnO-reduction and CH4-reforming processes, consisting of a gas-particle vortex flow confined to a solar cavity-receiver that is exposed to concentrated solar irradiation.

TL;DR: In this article, a method is proposed by which pyrolysis rates of biomass materials can be predicted from the species compositions in terms of the basic constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and their individual kinetic parameters.

TL;DR: A system for obtaining environmental context through audio for applications and user interfaces that relies on unsupervised training for segmentation of sound scenes and detects and classifies events and scenes using a HMM framework.

TL;DR: In this paper, the requirements for energy and greenhouse gases in Australia during 1993/94 for different aspects of living and how these amounts vary with changing household characteristics were investigated and compared.

TL;DR: A combination of exergetic and economic analysis for complex energy systems is proposed in this paper, where the exergy of a material stream is decomposed into thermal, mechanical and chemical exergy flows and an entropy-production flow and a unit exergy cost is assigned to each disaggregated exergy in the streams at any state.

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of climatic variables on variations in residential electricity consumption in Hong Kong for the period 1980-1994 has been investigated, and the association between a potential weather stress index, clo, and rec was also examined.

TL;DR: In this paper, an inventory of biofuel use in Asia has been developed at the regional level for the year 1990, and the biofuel energy estimates are used to calculate atmospheric emissions of SO 2 and NO x.

TL;DR: In this article, a second-law comparison of irreversibilities is used to determine the optimum duct geometry which minimizes losses for a range of laminar flows and constant heat flux.

TL;DR: In this article, materials requirements for the solar cells based on four types of thin-film photovoltaics have been estimated and compared with global reserves, resources and annual refining.

TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical and experimental exergy analysis of a solar-assisted heat pump for air heating is presented, and an experimental prototype is tested to determine exergetic efficiency, total system irreversibility and component irreversibilities.

TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 in KOH/methanol-based electrolyte has been investigated on a lead wire electrode at ambient temperature and pressure.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison between models developed by the present authors and 16 other models for different geographical and varied meteorological conditions is made using the mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean percentage error (MPE), and mean absolute bias error(MABE).

TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of energy consumption, efficiency, and savings in China in the period 1980-94 is presented, which supports the conclusion that the energy efficiency has improved since China's economic reform.

TL;DR: In this paper, coal pyrolysis and gasification reactions were carried out in a fluidized-bed reactor (0.1m i.d. by 1.6m height) over a temperature range from 1023 to 1173 K at atmospheric pressure.

TL;DR: In this article, the potentials for energy-efficiency improvements in the short and medium term have been extensively studied and several analyses have indicated that energy efficiency improvements of about 30-50% are technically feasible in industrialized countries over a period of one to two decades.

TL;DR: In this paper, the conversion sector and end uses for transportation, industrial, residential and commercial applications were evaluated in Turkey, and the energy and exergy utilization in Turkey were analyzed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the results in terms of tower characteristics, water-outlet temperature, water to air flow rate ratio (L/G ratio) and efficiency.

TL;DR: In this article, an outline of a methodology which may be used to optimise the development of a tidal current resource is presented. And the size and potential of the European tidal current energy resource is indicated and a brief description of a potential technology option is given.

TL;DR: For small villages, hybrid options have advantages over traditional diesel systems because they reduce fuel consumption and O and M costs while improving the quality of service as discussed by the authors. But these advantages are limited to small villages.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors calculated the apparent thermal capacitance of a building by adding the distributed specific heat of all building elements, which is obtained by forcing the solution of a lumped-system differential equation to follow the experimentally validated, finite-difference solutions of a rigorous set of coupled differential equations describing the heat transport and energy balance in buildings.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors applied exergy analysis to the life cycle of steel and showed that process improvement and increased recycling within the lifecycle of steel will reduce exergy consumption in the U.K.

TL;DR: In this article, a mixture of capric and lauric acids was evaluated as a possible phase change media suitable for low-temperature thermal energy storage systems and the properties of different combinations of acids were verified against existing literature data with the use of a differential scanning calorimeter.

TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the conversion of municipal solid waste, automobile shredder residue and other plastic/rubber wastes to hydrogen is described both from a technical and an economic point of view.

TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal operation of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant with heat storage is discussed and a nonlinear optimization model based on real data is formulated and representative case studies are performed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the economic viability of vertical ground-source and air-source systems in the city of Johannesburg, R.S.A., and determined the capital costs and optimum borehole length of the ground system.

TL;DR: In this paper, the relative importance of fuel intensity, clinker activity, the cement/clinker ratio, and the use of waste tires as an alternative fuel in the changes of clinker fuel use was estimated using the Laspeyres index method.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described a 1995 survey (1120 questionnaires) in the urban and rural rain-forests of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, on fuel use for cooking.