Showing papers in "Engineering and Technology Journal in 2021"

A Review on Path Planning Algorithms for Mobile Robots

Abstract: Mobile robots use is rising every day. Path planning algorithms are needed to make a traveler of robots with the least cost and without collisions. Many techniques have been developed in path planning for mobile robot worldwide, however, the most commonly used techniques are presented here for further study. This essay aims to review various path planning strategies for mobile robots using different optimization methods taken recent publisher’s paper in last five year.

Detection Face Parts in Image Using Neural Network Based on MATLAB

Abstract: Recently, face recognition system (FRS) is implemented in different applications including a range of vital services like airports and banking systems for security purposes. Therefore, deployed surveillance systems have been established which led to the urgent need to develop a vital face recognition system. In this work, a new algorithm was proposed for recognition of the face, personal and color images by training the convolutional neural network using the MATLAB program to build a new program for detection of the face, then building a separate program to discover the lips, nose, and eyes, New methods were explored to analyze the main and independent components to improve face detection, which is considered one of the important techniques in this work using neural networks and implementation through the MATLAB program.

Design and Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles Application

Abstract: In electrical vehicle applications, power density plays a significant role in improving machine performance. The main objective of this paper is to design and analyze the performance of in-wheel outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in electric vehicles based on a previously designed model. The key challenge is to achieve the best machine performance regarding the highest torque density and lowest torque ripple. This work also aims at reducing the machine cost by using permanent magnet (PM) material, which has less energy density than the PM used in the previously designed model. An optimization procedure is carried out to improve the generated torque, keeping the same aspects of size and volume of the selected machine. On the other hand, the other specifications of the machine are taken into consideration and are maintained within the acceptable level. According to their major impact on the machine’s performance, the most important parameters of machine designing is selected during the optimization procedure. This proposed machine is implemented and tested using the finite element software package “MagNet 7.4.1” with Visual Basic 16.0 programming language and MATLAB 9.5 Simulink for post-processing.

Pattern Recognition of Composite Motions based on EMG Signal via Machine Learning

Abstract: في السنوات القليلة الماضية ، يلعب العلاج الطبيعي دورا مهما للغاية أثناء إعادة التأهيل. يتم بذل العديد من الجهود لإثبات فعالية التطبيقات الطبية / السريرية والتطبيقات البينية بين الإنسان والآلة (HMI). واحدة من أكثر طرق التحكم شيوعا هي استخدام إشارات تخطيط كهربية العضل (EMG) الناتجة عن تقلصات العضلات لتنفيذ أجزاء جسم الإنسان التعويضية. تقدم هذه الورقة نظام تصنيف إشارات تخطيط كهربية العضل EMG على أساس إشارة تخطيط كهربية العضل EMG. يتم جمع البيانات من عضلات العضلة ذات العضلة الثنائية والعضلة ثلاثية لست حركات مختلفة ، مثل الركوع والتصفيق والمصافحة والمعانقة والقفز والركض باستخدام شارة Myo مع ثمانية أجهزة استشعار تخطيط كهربية العضل EMG. يتم استخدام مربع متوسط ​​الجذر (RMS) وقيمة الانحراف المعياري المطلق للاختلاف (DASDV) وتحليل المكونات الأساسية (PCA) لاستخراج البيانات من الإشارة الخام ولتحسين دقة التصنيف. يتم تطبيق طريقة التعلم الآلي (ML) ، أي يتم استخدام جهاز (Vector Vector (SVM و (K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN للتصنيف ، وتبين النتائج أن KNN يحقق نسبة دقة أعلى من SVM

Integral Sliding Mode Control Based on Barrier Function for Servo Actuator with Friction

Abstract: This paper proposes the use of the integral sliding mode control (ISMC) based on the barrier function to control the servo actuator system with friction. Based on the barrier function, the main features of the ISMC design were preserved, additionally, the proposed control design is done without the need to know the bound on the system model uncertainty, accordingly, the overestimation of the control gain doesn’t take place and the chattering is eliminated. Moreover, the steady-state error can be adjusted via selecting the barrier function parameter only. The simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed ISMC based on the barrier function where the system angle successfully follows the desired angular position with a small pre-adjusted steady-state error. Additionally, the obtained results clarify superior features compared with a traditional ISMC designed to the same actuator.

Strength Analysis of an Aircraft Sandwich Structure with a Honeycomb Core: Theoretical and Experimental Approaches

Abstract: In this paper, the strength of aircraft sandwich structure with honeycomb core under bending load was evaluated theoretically and experimentally based on failure mode maps. A failure mode map for the loading under three-point bending was constructed theoretically to specify the failure modes and corresponding load. Three point bending test for aluminum honeycomb sandwich beam has been achieved to measure the peak load and maximum deflection. The obtained results elucidated a good agreement between the theoretical solutions and experimental tests, where the error ratio was not exceeded 12%. The core height, the cell size and the cell wall thickness were selected to explore the effect of honeycomb parameters on the strength of sandwich structure. In order to obtain the optimum solution of peak load and maximum deflection and energy absorption, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used. Results showed that the maximum bending load, minimum deflection, and maximum energy absorption were found at 25 mm core height, 10 mm size cell and 1 mm cell wall thickness. The optimal value of maximum bending load, minimum deflection and maximum energy absorption were 1975.3415 N, 1.0402 mm and 1.0229 J respectively.

Intrusion Detection System for NSL-KDD Dataset Based on Deep Learning and Recursive Feature Elimination

Abstract: Intrusion detection system is responsible for monitoring the systems and detect attacks, whether on (host or on a network) and identifying attacks that could come to the system and cause damage to them, that’s mean an IDS prevents unauthorized access to systems by giving an alert to the administrator before causing any serious harm. As a reasonable supplement of the firewall, intrusion detection technology can assist systems to deal with offensive, the Intrusions Detection Systems (IDSs) suffers from high false positive which leads to highly bad accuracy rate. So this work is suggested to implement (IDS) by using a Recursive Feature Elimination to select features and use Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for classification, the suggested model gives good results with high accuracy rate reaching 94%, DNN was used in the binary classification to classify either attack or Normal, while RNN was used in the classifications for the five classes (Normal, Dos, Probe, R2L, U2R). The system was implemented by using (NSL-KDD) dataset, which was very efficient for offline analyses systems for IDS.

A Review on Microbial Fuel Cells

Abstract: The Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a bioreactor with which the chemical energy in chemical bonds of organic compounds are converted to electricity under anaerobic conditions through catalytic reactions of micro-organisms. It has been familiar for a long time that electricity can be generated directly through using bacteria to break organic matter. A microbial fuel cell can also serve in different wastewater treatment to destroy organic matter. The development of MFC technology requires a greater understanding of the microbial processes for MFCs, and their components, limitations, factors and design this system, to be simpler and large scale system developed; so that it would increase electricity production while being cost-effective. This review discusses, what is the MFCs and the basic principle of how MFC operate, the most essential MFC components and their relevance, multiple MFC designs that have been presented as efficient configurations, Applications of MFCs, and several types of wastewater as substrates in MFC also highlighted.

Encryption VoIP based on Generated Biometric Key for RC4 Algorithm

Abstract: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls are susceptible to interfere at many points by many attackers, thus encryption considered an important part in keeping VoIP. In this paper, Encryption VoIP based on Generated Biometric Key for RC4 Algorithm is proposed to encrypt the voice data before transmitting it over the network. The system uses a stream algorithm based on RC4 encryption with the new method of biometrics based Key generation technique. This system has generated complex keys in offline phase which is formed depend on features extracted using Linear Discernment Analysis (LDA) from face images. The experimental work shows that the proposed system offers secrecy to speech data with voice cipher is unintelligible and the recovered voice has perfect quality with MSR equal to zero and PSNR equal to infinity.

A Brief Survey on Modern Iris Feature Extraction Methods

Abstract: يتم استخدام انظمة المقاييس الحيوية للتحقق من الشخص بناء على الخصائص الخاصة للشخص والتي استخدمتها في تطبيقات واسعة مثل الاتصالات الآمنة والتجارة حيث تتطلب مصادقة هوية الشخص. يستخدم نظام التعرف على الاشخاص بأستخدام قزحية العين على نطاق واسع لاستقراره وتفرده مقارنة بأنظمة المقاييس الحيوية الأخرى. يتكون نظام التعرف القائم على القزحية من مراحل هي توطين القزحية وتطبيعها واستخراج المميزات والمطابقة. تأثير استخراج المميزات كبير على دقة وموثوقية نظام القياسات الحيوية. في هذا العمل ، تم إجراء مسح لبعض أحدث الأعمال البحثية ومقارنتها من حيث الدقة في تميز الافراد.

An Improved Method for Combine (LSB and MSB) Based on Color Image RGB

Abstract: Image steganography is the art of hiding data into an image by using the secret key. This paper presents two techniques that combine the most significant bit (MSB) as well as the least significant bit (LSB) based on a color image (24bit for RGB). The presented study proposes a novel method to combine (LSB and MSB) bits based on check MSB values and replace bits from LSB with a secret message. The result of this proposed method that made not affect quality stego -image based on the resulting histogram that shows a match between the cover image and stego- image and more secure because not hidden in all image. The factors were used Mean Square Error (MSE), Compute Payload, in addition to Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). The PSNR’s rate is high and MSE is less. The result of this paper when applying on the different image gives high PSNR of 87.141 and less MSE of 0.00012 when inserting message 80 bits and reduction value PSNR of 72.023 and MSE of 0.0040 when inserting message 1200 bits and measure entropy is the same value for cover image and stego –image then this method is more security for the attacker.

Thermal Investigations of Double Pass Solar Air Heater with Two Types of Porous Media of Different Thermal Conductivity

Abstract: This study describes an experimental investigation of the thermal efficiency of stainless steel mesh and steel wool as a porous medium in the lower channel of a double pass solar air heater. An experimental setup was planned and developed. Various types of porous media with high thermal conductivity and with different porosities have been tested. The effects of the porosity of wire mesh, the thermal conductivity of porous media, mass flow rate, and the intensity of radiation have been studied. Experimental results show that thermal efficiency with using porous media is greater than without using porous media. When used steel wool as a porous medium, the thermal efficiency reached 79.82 percent while it can be achieved 76. The percent by using stainless mesh as porous material. The reduction in porosity increasing thermal efficiency. The thermal efficiency of multi-pass solar air collector when used steel wool as porous media is 6, 12.6 and31.7percent higher than without porous media at porosity 98.75, 97.5, and 96.25percent. While it can increase 8.1 and 28.5 percent at porosity 97.875 and 95.75 percent when using stainless steel as porous media.

Al2O3-TiO2-PMMA Bio-Composite Coating Via Electrostatic Spray Technique

Abstract: This work aims preparation of polymer-based biocomposite coating by electrostatic spray method onto 316L stainless steel substrate, the present work will compare the effects of incorporation of Al2O3 and TiO2 particles at a different percentage of (10,15 and 20 % wt. from Al2O3 and TiO2 with (90,85 and 80% wt. PMMA - based electrostatic deposition coating is studied. The structure and chemical composition of composite coatings were studied by using (SEM) & (EDS) and mechanical properties (Microhardness and adhesion strength) of Al2O3-TiO2-PMMA composite coating. The SEM&EDX result showed that the composite coating to be dense with uniform dispersants and continuous with a well homogenous mixture within coating exhibits a much-increased Microhardness and remarkably improved adhesion strength.

Congestion Avoidance and Control in Internet Router Based on Fuzzy AQM

Abstract: The internet has made the world a little community, linking millions of people, organizations, and equipment for different purposes. The great impact of these networks in our lives makes their efficiency a vital matter to take care of, and this needs handling some problems including congestion. In this paper, the fuzzy-PID controller is used to control the nonlinear TCP / AQM model. This controller adjusts congestion of the computer network and commits controlled pressurized signaling features. Many experiments were carried out using different network parameter values, various queue sizes, and additional disturbances to verify the robustness and efficiency of the proposed controller. From all experiments carried out in the NS-2 simulator version (2.35), the results show the superiority of the FPID controller under different network traffic conditions.

Survey of Recent Video Watermarking Techniques

Abstract: With the development of the Internet coupled with expanding the accessibility of multimedia, various copyright issues have resulted. Several researchers have been working on watermarks to provide the security, durability, and a perception of multimedia. This paper a review of some recent works is presented related to video watermarking techniques, this study focuses on the pros and cons of recent video watermarking, areas of application, and the different types and attacks that are standing against these watermarking techniques. The results obtained from this study showed that watermark techniques based on the transfer domain, are more popular than those of the spatial domain.

A Proposal Video Encryption Using Light Stream Algorithm

Abstract: Video encrypting is one technique to protect digital videos, it used to avoid unwanted interference and viewing of the transmitted videos. In this paper, a new selective video cryptography algorithm is suggested using light stream algorithm. As it known video size is large in size and it consume time in the encryption process, ChaCha a light encryption algorithm has been used to reduce the encryption time, encryption is done by Xoring frames of video with the key generated from ChaCha algorithm, it produced an acceptable results from robustness point view, but still encryption process consumed time, thus to speed up this process, feature detection operator (FAST) is used to encrypt key points result from FAST operator, in addition key points from this is increased to optimized between speed and robustness of proposed algorithm. In evaluation process, some of measuring quality factors MSE, PSNR, Correlation, NPCR, UACI and entropy are specified for evaluating and comparing between two suggested encryption algorithms which gave good result in encryption process (ChaCha and ChaCha with FAST Enhancement). Experimental results have discovered that the current projected has less encrypting time and better encrypting influence.

Design of Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for Uncertain Pendulum System

Abstract: خلاصة هذا العمل بناء مسيطران غير خطيان بالأرتكاز على نظرية مسيطر متكيف ذو سطح أنزلاقي لنظام بندليوم مع وجود الاحتكاك و القيم المتغيرة و الاضطرابات الخارجية. المسيطر متكيف ذو السطح الانزلاقي يتميز عن المسيطر الانزلاقي التقليدي. اولا مقدار الكسب للمسيطر يقل الى اقل مستوى مقبول, ثانيا الحد الاعلى من القيم المتغيرة غير مطلوب معرفته. أظهرت النتائئج أمكانية مسيطر متكيف ذو السطح الأنزلاقي تقليل قيمة التذبذب وكذلك تقليل مقدار الكسب للمسيطر وع ضمان الأستقرارية.

Behavior of Single Micropile Under Different Lateral Load Rates

Abstract: micropiles صغيرة قطرها (أقل من 300 مم) أكوام بديلة مسبوكة في مكان والتي يمكن تثبيتها في زوايا مختلفة من العمودي وقادرة على مقاومة كل من الأحمال المحورية والجانبية.تعرض هذه الورقة عملا تجريبيا لميكروب واحد تم إدخاله في رمل النهر الجاف بنسب مختلفة إلى الطول (L / D) (13 ، 15 ، 27 ، 42 ، و 50). يتم تنفيذ عمل تجريبي على نماذج الوبر لمحاكاة حركة الحمل الجانبي ، معتمدا على رأس الوبر لتوضيح سلوك micropile بسبب اختلاف معدلات الحمل الجانبي. تم اختبار خمسة وأربعين نموذجا (ثمانية عشر نموذجا لكومة قصيرة ، نموذج ثمانية عشر لكومة طويلة وتسعة نماذج للوسيطة) مضمنة في كثافات نسبية مختلفة من التربة الرملية. توضح النتائج أنه لنفس الكثافة النسبية ، ينخفض ​​الحمل الجانبي عند زيادة معدل الحركة من (3.37 إلى 3.97 ثم 4.59 مم / دقيقة) على التواليفي نفس معدل التحميل الأفقي ، زادت قيمة الحمل الجانبي مع زيادة الإزاحة الأفقية حتى تصل إلى 12 مم في نهاية الاختبار. انخفضت مدة الاختبار مع زيادة معدل الحركة والحد الأقصى لمدة الاختبار المسجلة لنموذج micropile (L / D) من 50 مع الكثافة النسبية 75 ٪ عندما يكون معدل نقل الحمل الجانبي 3.37 ملم / دقيقة. أيضا ، وجد أن مدة الاختبار تزداد عندما تزداد الكثافة النسبية بنفس معدل الحركة.

Characteristics of Asphalt Binder and Mixture Modified With Waste Polypropylene

Abstract:  This paper investigates the probability of using Waste Polypropylene (WPP) as modifier.  It is aimed to enhance the properties of asphalt binder and mixture.  Two types of asphalt binder (40/50) and (60/70) were used.  Three percentages of WPP (1%, 3%, and 5%) were added to (60/70) asphalt binder/mixture,  The outcomes indicated that 3% of WPP was optimum percentage that gave best results. Improving asphalt materials to develop the overall performance of asphalt binders and mixtures has been the focus of several investigations made over the past few decades. The application of discarded waste plastics in asphalt modification was one of the steps taken in this direction. Using waste materials in pavement construction would not only enhances asphalt properties but would also bring out significant saving in road material costs and help towards tackling disposal problems of such waste materials, which tend to be hazardous in as much as they can cause pollution of water, soil, and air. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the probability of using Waste Polypropylene (WPP) as modifier to enhance the properties of asphalt binder and mixture. In this paper, two types of asphalt binder (40/50) and (60/70) were used. Three percentages of WPP (1%, 3%, and 5%) were added to (60/70) asphalt binder/mixture to obtain the modified samples that were tested using several laboratory tests and their results were compared to original (60/70) asphalt binder/mixture and to those of (40/50) asphalt binder/mixture besides comparing with the Iraqi Specifications. The outcomes indicated that 3% of WPP was the optimum percentage that gave best results for asphalt binder and asphalt mixture compared to original and other percentages of asphalt samples and according to the Iraqi Specifications. A R T I C L E I N F O Handling editor: Wasan I. Khalil

Estimation of the Components of Residential Solid Waste in Baqubah City and their Generation Rate

Abstract: Municipal solid waste is of variable, non-uniform inconsistent nature and the method by which the sample to acquire is decisive if the results are to be reliable. For data collection, an integrated methodological approach was introduced, including field investigation, questionnaire survey, and personal interviews, which were employed to estimate the rate of waste production and physical composition at the source of generation. Samples were collected from different socio-economic clusters (socio-income level). According to the results of the preliminary survey for 99% confidence interval and 10% standard error, the optimum sample size was 105 households, in Baqubah City in Diyala Governorate by implementation a completely random block design for sampling. Up to 105 units were sampled which were allocated to high, middle, and low-income socio-economic categories, yielding an average of 650 kg of waste collected daily for one week. It is concluded that Baqubah city has an average generation rate of 0.56 kg/ person/ day which is lower in the high-economic level zone in the city than in the other zones. Among the total waste generated in the city, 68% is food waste, 5.2% paper waste,7.4% plastic waste, 5.8% metal, 2.3% glass waste,3.1% textile waste, while the remaining percentages represent miscellaneous combustible and noncombustible materials.

Optimal Placement and Size of Distributed Generators Based on Autoadd and PSO to Improve Voltage Profile and Minimize Power Losses

Abstract: This work aims to improve the voltage profile and reduce electrical network losses through optimal planning of distributed generators. A new search algorithm (Autoadd) along with the (PSO) are introduced to choose the best location and size for distributed generators. Two systems are implemented; a 33-bus test network and a 30-bus of a local community in the city of Al- Diwaniyah. At the power flow, a solution is implemented using a fixed-point iteration method within an OpenDSS environment to check the performance of both networks. Moreover, the optimal location and size of the distributed generators are determined using Autoadd and PSO methods. The Autoadd method is implemented within the OpenDSS environment, while the (PSO) method is implemented within the MATLAB-OpenDSS environment through the com-interface. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed methods are validated by comparison with the published researches. The results have proven that the fixed-point method has achieved high efficiency and accuracy in terms of analyzing the power flow, whereas the (Autoadd) algorithm has achieved a better effect in terms of improving the voltage profile and minimizing losses.

Impact of Distributed Generation on a Distribution Network Voltage Sags in Baghdad City

Abstract: Voltage sags are considered as one of the most detrimental power quality (PQ) disturbance due to their costly influence on sensitive loads. This paper investigates the voltage sag mitigation in distribution network following the occurrence of a fault. Two software are used in this work; the 1st is MATLAB R2017a for implementation of the Differential Evaluation (DE) algorithm to find the optimal location and size DG and while the 2nd software is CYME 7.1 for the distribution system modelling and analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested by implementing it on IEEE 33-bus system, and then it is applied to Al-Masbh distribution network in Baghdad city as a case study. The paper aims to enhance voltage profile, power loss reduction, and relieve distribution lines overloading, by optimal placement of distributed generation (DG). The results indicate the efficiency of the proposed method comparing with Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA).

Modelling of Future Water Use Scenarios Using WEAP Model: A Case Study in Baghdad City, Iraq

Abstract: Iraq is one of the Middle East countries that suffer from water scarcity. In addition to the water policy of the upstream riparian countries; rapid population increase, economic growth, and climate changes are the major stressors of water resources available for domestic and agricultural sectors in this country. Therefore, it is of importance to determine the optimal water management methodology. This study aims to identify the optimal water allocation among the domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors of Baghdad city under present and potential future scenarios. As such, the WEAP model was used to assess and analyze the current and projected balance of water resource management. The model was firstly calibrated and validated using the monthly streamflow data at Sarai station on the Tigris River. Subsequently, the calibrated model was fed with different future scenarios over the period 2020-2040. The employed future scenarios included normal growth population rate (I), high growth population rate (II), halved river discharges (III), combined scenario of the high population with halved water flow (ΙV) and the simulated future water year type scenario (V). Results proved that the WEAP model satisfactorily modeled the water supply/demand in Baghdad with R2 and Pbias of 0.73 and 2.43%, respectively during the validation period. Also, it was found that the water demand and supply were unmet under all proposed future scenarios which implies that there is a swift need for sustainable water management in Iraq and in Baghdad.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Plane Steel Frame with Rubberized Connecting Technology Subjected to Seismic Effect

Abstract: This paper representsexperimental and numerical study the behavior of the rubberized steel frame connections. One single-bay, one-story without elastic buckling are cyclically tested. The experimental specimens are simulated and analyzed by the ABAQUS program. Four specimens of steel plane portal frame are investigated under horizontal reversed cyclic loads. The specimen connections are developed by using different diameters of composite steel bolts/rubberinstead of conventional steel bolts to connect the beams with columns. The yield and ultimate strength, ductility, envelope curves, and damping ratio of these specimens are analyzed and compared. The finite element method is used to establish and verify the results of the laboratory test. The results of the experimental and numerical tests gave a large load-carrying capacity, reduction in the stresses, excellent ductility and energy dissipation capacity, and remarkably improved damping ratio.

Detection of confusion behavior using a facial expression based on different classification algorithms

Abstract: Confusion detection systems (CDSs) that need Noninvasive, mobile, and cost-effective methods use facial expressions as a technique to detect confusion. In previous works, the technology that the system used represents a major gap between this proposed CDS and other systems. This CDS depends on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) that is used to extract facial features. The FACS shows the motion of the facial muscles represented by Action Units (AUs); the movement is represented with one facial muscle or more. Seven AUs are used as possible markers for detecting confusion that has been implemented in the form of a single vector of facial action; the AUs that have been used in this work are AUs 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, and 23. The database used to calculate the performance of the proposed CDS is gathered from 120 participants (91males, 29 females), between the ages of 18-45. Four types of classification algorithms are used as individuals; these classifiers are (VG-RAM), (SVM), Logistic Regression and Quadratic Discriminant classifiers. The best success rate was found when using Logistic Regression and Quadratic Discriminant. This work introduces different classification techniques to detect confusion by collecting an actual database that can be used to evaluate the performance for every CDS employing facial expressions and selecting appropriate facial features.

Effect of Pulse Electric Field on Water Characteristics as a Disinfection Function in Filtration Unit

Abstract: This paper studied the impact of the addition of pulse electric-filed low voltage (PEF-LV) in the filtration process by designing, constructing, and operating a pilot-scale. The Disinfectant process (DP) demonstrated several benefits in terms of efficiency and ease of application, without the use of any chemical additive. This system contains two pairs of silver mesh electrodes inside the filtration column test with a low pulse voltage for killing microorganisms. The parametric effects of DP performance, such as alternating current pulse frequency and the voltage applied were investigated. The effect of PEF-LV on the biological, physical, and chemical characteristic of water was studied. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine the change of the cell wall morphology of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus cells for influent, and treated water. The results show the removal efficiency of E. coli and S. aureus 96 % at 30 V and 0.5 Hz.

Optimal H-infinity PID Model Reference Controller Design for Roll Control of a Tail-Sitter VTOL UAV

Abstract: In this work, an optimal and robust controller based on consolidating the PID controller and H-infinity approach with the model reference control is proposed. The proposed controller is intended to accomplish a satisfactory transient response by including the reference model. A Tail-Sitter VTOL UAV system is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller. A dynamic model of the system is formulated using Euler method. To optimize the design procedure, the Black Hole Optimization (BHO) method is used as a new Calibration method. The deviation between the reference model output and system output will be minimized to obtain the required specifications. The results indicate that the proposed controller is very powerful in compensating the system parameters variations and in forcing the system output to asymptotically track the output of the reference model.

Investigation of Thickness Distribution Variation in Deep Drawing of Conical Steel Products

Abstract: This study investigates the thickness variation behavior of deep drawing conical products under the effect of different forming parameters such as die wall inclination angle, punch velocity, sheet thickness, and sheet metal type. Two types of sheet metal were used, low carbon (AISI 1008) and galvanized steel sheets, of 110 mm diameters circular blanks at 0.9 and 1.2mm thickness formed by tooling set (punch, die, and blank holder). The conical dies inclination angles were at 70ᵒ, 72ᵒ, and 74ᵒ where, the punch velocity was 100, 150, and 200 mm/min. Numerical simulation was conducted using ABAQUS 6.14 where a dynamic explicit solver was used to perform forming of conical products. The results show that maximum thinning occurs at punch nose radius region and maximum thickening in sidewall region and thinning are increased with the increasing of die sidewall angle and sheet thickness. In regard to sheet type, the Lankford coefficients r-value shows a great role in thinning behavior with respect to rolling (r-values direction). The results have shown a good agreement between experimental and numerical work with a maximum discrepancy of 5%.