Showing papers in "Ethics & Behavior in 2001"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed 1 decade of research on cheating in academic institutions and found that cheating is prevalent and that some forms of cheating have increased dramatically in the last 30 years.
Abstract: This article reviews 1 decade of research on cheating in academic institutions. This research demonstrates that cheating is prevalent and that some forms of cheating have increased dramatically in the last 30 years. This research also suggests that although both individual and contextual factors influence cheating, contextual factors, such as students' perceptions of peers' behavior, are the most powerful influence. In addition, an institution's academic integrity programs and policies, such as honor codes, can have a significant influence on students' behavior. Finally, we offer suggestions for managing cheating from students' and faculty members' perspectives.
1,079Â citations
TL;DR: Cheaters and non-cheaters were assessed on two types of motivation (mastery and extrinsic), on perceived social norms regarding cheating, on attitudes about cheating, and on knowledge of institutional policy regarding cheating behavior as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Cheaters and noncheaters were assessed on 2 types of motivation (mastery and extrinsic), on perceived social norms regarding cheating, on attitudes about cheating, and on knowledge of institutional policy regarding cheating behavior. All 5 factors were significant predictors of cheating rates. In addition, cheaters were found lower in mastery motivation and higher in extrinsic motivation in courses in which they cheated than in courses in which they did not cheat. Cheaters, in courses in which they cheated, were also lower in mastery motivation and higher in extrinsic motivation than were noncheaters. Finally, cheaters differed from noncheaters on perceived social norms regarding cheating, on their knowledge of institutional policy regarding cheating, and on their attitudes toward cheating. Implications of these findings for institutional interventions are discussed.
329Â citations
TL;DR: This paper found that up to 30% of psychology professors paraphrased the same paragraph or a comparable one that was easier to read, whereas only 3% appropriated text from the easier read version.
Abstract: In Study 1, college professors determined whether each of 6 rewritten versions of a paragraph taken from a journal article were instances of plagiarism. Results indicated moderate disagreement as to which rewritten versions had been plagiarized. When another sample of professors (Study 2) was asked to paraphrase the same paragraph, up to 30% appropriated some text from the original. In Study 3, psychology professors paraphrased the same paragraph or a comparable one that was easier to read. Twenty-six percent of the psychologists appropriated text from the original version, whereas only 3% appropriated text from the one that was easier to read. The results of these studies are discussed in the context of existing definitions of paraphrasing and plagiarism.
208Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined students' attitudes toward cheating and whether they would report instances of cheating they witnessed and found that students perceived cheating behaviors involving exam-related situations to be serious, whereas plagiarism was rated as less serious.
Abstract: In this study, we examined students' attitudes toward cheating and whether they would report instances of cheating they witnessed. Data were collected from three educational institutions in Singapore. A total of 518 students participated in the study. Findings suggest that students perceived cheating behaviors involving exam-related situations to be serious, whereas plagiarism was rated as less serious. Cheating in the form of not contributing one's fair share in a group project was also perceived as a serious form of academic misconduct, although a majority of the students admitted having engaged in such behavior. With regard to the prevalence of academic cheating, our findings suggest that students are morally ambivalent about academic cheating and are rather tolerant of dishonesty among their peers. On the issue of whether cheating behaviors should be reported, our findings revealed that a majority of students chose to take the expedient measure of ignoring the problem rather than to blow the whistle o...
132Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe ways that institutions can have a significant impact on attitudes toward and knowledge about academic integrity as well as reducing the incidence of academic dishonesty, including the content of an effective academic honesty policy, campuswide programs designed to foster integrity, and the development of a campus-wide ethos that encourages integrity.
Abstract: Academic dishonesty among students is not confined to the dynamics of the classrooms in which it occurs. The institution has a major role in fostering academic integrity. Ways that institutions can have a significant impact on attitudes toward and knowledge about academic integrity as well as reducing the incidence of academic dishonesty are described. These include the content of an effective academic honesty policy, campus-wide programs designed to foster integrity, and the development of a campus-wide ethos that encourages integrity.
119Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that qualitative research has considerable potential of inducing negative psychological states, and present a series of recommendations that can be used to address such ethical concerns, including the protection of the confidentiality of not only the participants but also of 3rd parties mentioned in transcribed narratives.
Abstract: Qualitative research occupies a useful and important role in social science inquiry. Nonetheless, when ethical issues surrounding this research are discussed, elements of risk may be neglected. Qualitative research often raises concerns about the protection of the confidentiality of not only the participants but also of 3rd parties mentioned in transcribed narratives. Moreover, we argue that, in some instances, qualitative research has considerable potential of inducing negative psychological states. We conclude by presenting a series of recommendations that can be used to address such ethical concerns.
99Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors surveyed students' evaluative perceptions of instructor behavior and their possible influence on academic dishonesty, and found that over 20% of students admitted to academic dishonestness in at least one class during 1 term at college.
Abstract: In this study, I surveyed students' evaluative perceptions of instructor behavior and their possible influence on academic dishonesty. Slightly over 20% of 1,369 student respondents admitted to academic dishonesty in at least 1 class during 1 term at college. Students who admitted to acts of academic dishonesty had lower overall evaluations of instructor behavior than students who reported not committing academic dishonesty. Implications for student learning and the enhancement of academic integrity in the classroom are discussed.
73Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the definition, prevalence, perceived prevalence and severity of academic dishonesty at the graduate level in a sample of 246 graduate students, 49 faculty, and 20 administrators, and found that between 2.5% and 55.1% of students selfreported engaging in academically dishonest behaviors, depending on the nature of the behavior.
Abstract: We investigated the definition, prevalence, perceived prevalence and severity of, as well as justifications for and expected responses to, academic dishonesty at the graduate level in a sample of 246 graduate students, 49 faculty, and 20 administrators. Between 2.5% and 55.1% of students self-reported engaging in academically dishonest behaviors, depending on the nature of the behavior. Students and faculty rated 40 examples of academically dishonest behaviors similarly in terms of severity, but faculty tended to underestimate the prevalence of academic dishonesty. Students and faculty also reported how they would idealistically and realistically expect themselves to respond to cheating situations. Students rated 21 behaviors in terms of their likeliness to increase or decrease academically dishonest behavior. Suggestions are given for developing a climate or culture of academic integrity to address academic dishonesty.
68Â citations
TL;DR: This paper found that women did not experience more negative affect than did men, although they reported experiencing less positive affect after cheating, and the gender difference in positive affect was partially mediated by the gender differences in attitudes.
Abstract: Although women hold more negative attitudes toward cheating than do men, they are about as likely to engage in academic dishonesty. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that this attitude-behavior inconsistency should lead women to experience more negative affect after cheating than would men. This prediction was tested in a sample of 92 male and 78 female college students who reported having cheated on an examination during the prior 6 months. Consistent with the results of previous research, women reported more negative attitudes toward cheating than did men, but cheated at the same rate. However, women did not experience more negative affect than did men, although they reported experiencing less positive affect. The gender difference in positive affect was partially mediated by the gender difference in attitudes.
49Â citations
TL;DR: In contrast to the behavioral sciences, the nature and impact of ethical procedures such as informed consent and constraints on the use of deception have been addressed infrequently in the marketing discipline.
Abstract: In contrast to the behavioral sciences, the nature and impact of ethical procedures such as informed consent and constraints on the use of deception have been addressed infrequently in the marketing discipline. This article describes an initial investigation into the methodological and ethical practices reported in published marketing research articles since the mid-1970s. Empirical articles appearing in the Journal of Marketing Research and the Journal of Consumer Research between 1975 and 1976, 1989 and 1990, and 1996 and 1997 were coded according to methodological and ethical practices employed and compared with recent trends in the social psychological research literature. The marketing findings revealed an increase over time in laboratory experimentation, the utilization of active deception and debriefing, and the use of university student samples. Although the results suggest that marketing researchers use deception with less frequency and intensity overall than social psychologists, the observed ri...
26Â citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated school psychology doctoral students' beliefs concerning their preparation for, and concern about, dealing with 12 ethical issues based on year in graduate school and whether they had taken an ethics course.
Abstract: This study investigated school psychology doctoral students' beliefs concerning their preparation for, and concern about, dealing with 12 ethical issues based on year in graduate school and whether they had taken an ethics course. Two hundred thirty-three doctoral students from 18 of the 44 American Psychological Association accredited programs in school psychology listed in the December 1996 issue of the American Psychologist completed ethical issues surveys. Results showed that students who had taken an ethics course and those with more years of graduate education said they felt more prepared to deal with ethical issues than students who had not taken an ethics course and who had fewer years of graduate education. Participants believed they were least prepared to deal with ethical issues involving child custody cases, possible ethical violations by colleagues, and potentially violent clients. Participants' concern about dealing with ethical issues was negatively related to their number of internship hours.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight three issues in narrative research: privileging some voices over others, a potential inherent conflict of interest for some researchers, and the protection of research participants.
Abstract: Smythe and Murray (2000) presented the basic ethical issues in narrative research (NR) in a comprehensive, well-reasoned, and direct manner. In this critique, we highlight 3 issues. Two matters appear to challenge the internal inconsistency of the assumptions of NR: privileging some voices over others and a potential inherent conflict of interest for some researchers. We also examine some issues regarding the protection of research participants and conclude with modest recommendations.
TL;DR: The authors found that the minority who report that their training prepared them to do so "very well" were more likely to have received "content-specific" training related to the topic or an opportunity to explore themselves as sexual beings, or both.
Abstract: How do therapists learn to manage sexual feelings in the therapeutic relationship in an ethical, responsible manner? Data from 293 university-based psychotherapists show that the minority who report that their training prepared them to do so "very well" were more likely to have received "content-specific" training related to the topic or an opportunity to explore themselves as sexual beings, or both. In addition, they had experience with supervisors who modeled the belief that sexual feelings are a normal, expected part of any human relationship and must be anticipated and planned for by therapists.
TL;DR: The distinction between informational and relational views of deception elucidates this difference as discussed by the authors, and it is shown that fewer research procedures are deceptive on a relational view than on an informational view.
Abstract: A lively exchange sparked by Ortmann and Hertwig's (1997) call to outlaw deception in psychological research was intensified by underlying differences in the meaning of deception. The conception held by Broder (1998), who defended deception, would restrict research more than Ortmann and Hertwig's (1997, 1998) conception. Historically, a similar difference in conceptions has been embedded in the controversy over deception in research. The distinction between informational and relational views of deception elucidates this difference. In an informational view, giving false information, allowing false assumptions, and withholding information are deceptive. In a relational view these failures to inform are not necessarily deceptive. Rather, relational criteria, including denial of right to the truth, betrayal of trust, and impairment of commerce with reality finally determine what is deceptive. Analyses reveal that fewer research procedures are deceptive on a relational view than on an informational view. Surv...
TL;DR: Employee relations ethics is defined as "treating employees properly, with respect and dignity" as mentioned in this paper, which is used both individually and collectively to analyze the negative human results from a moral rather than an economic perspective.
Abstract: Much is being written today about the changing nature of the American workforce. This article summarizes 10 of these changes: (a) global competition; (b) the changing skills of work; (c) the declining impact of unions; (d) the altered human composition of the workforce; (e) the effects of continuous improvement, downsizing, and reengineering; (f) the growing use of part-time employees; (g) the widening income gap; (h) lessened employer and employee loyalty and commitment; (i) early retirement programs; and (j) telecommunications and virtual employees. Rather than just identifying and documenting these trends, this article discusses the ethical implications of such movements. In this article, employee relations ethics is defined as "treating employees properly, with respect and dignity." The term employee relations ethics is used both individually and collectively to analyze the negative human results from a moral rather than an economic perspective. The age-old clash between bottom-line mentality (economi...
TL;DR: Differences in perceptions of IRB members from the other samples with respect to the risks of the protocols without informed consent and on the feasibility of conducting the research in employment organizations are discussed in terms of implications for industrial and organizational psychology research.
Abstract: Although informed consent is a primary mechanism for ensuring the ethical treatment of human participants in research, both federal guidelines and American Psychological Association ethical standards recognize that exceptions to it are reasonable under certain conditions. However, agreement about what constitutes a reasonable exception to informed consent is sometimes lacking. We presented the same protocols to samples of respondents drawn from 4 populations: Institutional review board (IRB) members, managers, employees, and university faculty who were not members of IRBs. Differences in perceptions of IRB members from the other samples with respect to the risks of the protocols without informed consent and on the feasibility of conducting the research in employment organizations are discussed in terms of implications for industrial and organizational psychology research.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a new theory of management for the new millennium: "new" not because singularly the ideas are recent, but because the combination of these older ideas collectively is novel.
Abstract: This article presents a "new" theory of management for the new millennium: "new" not because singularly the ideas are recent, but because the combination of these older ideas collectively is novel. To some extent, this article represents the reestablishment of previously existing employment ethics that for various and sundry reasons lapsed into disuse in the past several decades. This article discusses employee relations ethics (ERE) in terms of an ERE credo and a set of assumptions. The modern millennium mission states that all organizations (public and private) should primarily be employee centered, not owner or administrator controlled, customer or client driven, or both.
TL;DR: The authors argue that any conclusion based on inferential statistics contains an important and intractable value judgment, and conclude that researchers should use the same rationale for examining the ethical ramifications of committing errors in statistical inference that they use to examine the ethical parameters of a proposed research design.
Abstract: Although many researchers may perceive empirical hypothesis testing using inferential statistics to be a value free process, I argue that any conclusion based on inferential statistics contains an important and intractable value judgment. Consequently, I conclude that researchers should use the same rationale for examining the ethical ramifications of committing errors in statistical inference that they use to examine the ethical parameters of a proposed research design.
TL;DR: This article examined industry trends in the utilization of contingent workers and training expenditures in an attempt to explain the relation between the two variables, and also examined the ethical responsibility of organizations to train and develop employees.
Abstract: Are employers utilizing temporary workers as a means to decrease the funds allocated to the training and development of full-time workers? This article examines industry trends in the utilization of contingent workers and training expenditures in an attempt to explain the relation between the two variables. The article also examines the ethical responsibility of organizations to train and develop employees. Data were collected from organizations that participated in a survey soliciting information regarding temporary workers and training expenditures between the years 1980 and 1999. The results suggest that a relation does exist between the variables. Data were also collected from Fortune magazine databases concerning "America's Most Admired Companies" and the "100 Best Companies to Work for" (see Appendixes A and B). These data suggest that training has an impact on the various attributes of organizations that are included on these lists.
TL;DR: It would be shortsighted to rule managed care out of one's practice, says the author, who is a former corporate manager pursuing counseling as a 2nd career.
Abstract: Written by a former corporate manager pursuing counseling as a 2nd career, this article offers pointed views on managed mental health. Values of practitioners that are a mismatch for managed care are noted, and more specific disadvantages and advantages are examined. Loss of client confidentiality is addressed and procedures and technologies for its reclamation are noted. Negative effects on therapy are acknowledged and potential for better accountability and research are pointed out. Economic disadvantages of a small provider's practice as well as opportunities for creating new value and additional income are reviewed. The relatively sudden emergence of managed care is credited with a natural time lag preceding regulatory responses. Acknowledging that most new practitioners have little choice about the clients they serve, the article concludes that it would be shortsighted to rule managed care out of one's practice.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss how globalization has altered the context of industrial relations systems around the world and analyze the consequences of the reduction in significance of the national context to the changing standards of employee relations ethics.
Abstract: This article reviews the globalization process and how it impacts the standards of employee relations ethics in the United States. John Dunlop's industrial relations systems framework is employed to assess how the globalization process has altered the ideology that binds the industrial relations system together and the body of rules created to govern behavior in the workplace and work community. I discuss how globalization has altered the context of industrial relations systems around the world and analyze the consequences of the reduction in significance of the national context to the changing standards of employee relations ethics. I also review the significance of why national differences in the contexts of industrial relations systems relating to the technological characteristics of the workplace, the product and factor markets, and the locus of distribution and power, are disappearing and being integrated rapidly into the global economy. Additionally, the article discusses the role of multinational c...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the importance of and concomitant ethical and legal concerns regarding the implementation of team-based work system designs in American corporations and conclude by reconciling some of the important issues and providing direction for future action.
Abstract: This article presents the importance of and concomitant ethical and legal concerns regarding the implementation of team-based work system designs in American corporations. It concludes by reconciling some of the important issues and providing direction for future action.
TL;DR: The authors suggests that psychology will be better served ethically when we recognize the biases of our discipline and give credence to the values of cultures other than our own, and that society in general, and organized psychology in particular, have difficulty accepting and appreciating people who are different from traditional cultural and social norms.
Abstract: This article reviews some historical stereotypes and notes that society in general, and organized psychology in particular, have difficulty accepting and appreciating people who are different from traditional cultural and social norms. The history of Western civilization is written by the "winners" and usually does not capture the life and contributions of minority populations. This article suggests that psychology will be better served ethically when we recognize the biases of our discipline and give credence to the values of cultures other than our own.
TL;DR: The authors argue that their concern for privileging voices needs to balance against the risk of exploiting some research participants, that conflicts of interest are best resolved through appropriately prioritizing ethical principles and in consultation with others, and that the researcher's ability to protect participants from harm can be enhanced through appropriate clinical training and access to clinical expertise.
Abstract: In this brief note, we respond to Gottlieb and Lasser's (2001/this issue) critical commentary on our work on narrative research ethics. We argue that their concern for privileging voices needs to be balanced against the risk of exploiting some research participants, that conflicts of interest are best resolved through appropriately prioritizing ethical principles and in consultation with others, and that the researcher's ability to protect participants from harm can be enhanced through appropriate clinical training and access to clinical expertise. We welcome Gottlieb and Lasser's specific recommendations for ethical practice in narrative research and encourage further ethical reflection by other researchers in this area.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Research on academic dishonesty provides an important source of information on its causes and creates a basis for developing interventions to promote academic integrity, prevent Academic dishonesty, and rehabilitate offending students.
Abstract: Research on academic dishonesty provides an important source of information on its causes and creates a basis for developing interventions to promote academic integrity, prevent academic dishonesty, and rehabilitate offending students. However, research on academic dishonesty can itself raise ethical issues, as illustrated in the following vignettes. These cases are based on research designs that have been used in published studies.
TL;DR: In this paper, a retired career Naval officer discusses problems of downsizing and retrenchment from a "military" perspective in terms of what I refer to as a "broken covenant."
Abstract: Employee relations ethics (ERE), or the lack thereof, is a problem and an issue in both private and public organizations. This article is a case study in military ERE. A retired career Naval officer, I discuss problems of downsizing and retrenchment from a "military" perspective in terms of what I refer to as a "broken covenant."
TL;DR: State universities have grown to become monumental enterprises generating revenues of more than $124 billion a year in the sale and delivery of education and other services as mentioned in this paper. They compete in a marke...
Abstract: State universities have grown to become monumental enterprises generating revenues of more than $124 billion a year in the sale and delivery of education and other services. They compete in a marke...
TL;DR: An instructor's decision to drop an exam score and assign a penalty to all class members because no one was willing to identify students who allegedly cheated is described, including how the class members felt about the incident as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An instructor's decision to drop an exam score and to assign a penalty to all class members because no one was willing to identify students who allegedly cheated is described, including how the class members felt about the incident For the most part, students held the cheaters responsible for their penalties The instructor received only slightly lower student evaluations, as compared to the 2 other courses she taught that year