Showing papers in "European Journal of Cognitive Psychology in 1999"
TL;DR: The results indicate that the spatial manipulation of material during synthesis draws on the resources of spatial working memory, whereas the maintenance of verbal representations can play an important role in making effective use of cognitive resources during the task as a whole.
Abstract: A series of three experiments is reported that have examined how the specialist components of the working memory model (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) are involved during the performance of mental synthesis. The results indicate that the spatial manipulation of material during synthesis draws on the resources of spatial working memory, whereas the maintenance of verbal representations can play an important role in making effective use of cognitive resources during the task as a whole. These results are interpreted within the framework of a revised model of visuo-spatial working memory, in which the specialist components act as temporary storage buffers for visuo-spatial and verbal material, whereas the generation and maintenance of conscious visual images is primarily seen as being a function of the central executive component.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the level of competence of elderly people in tasks measuring visuo-spatial working memory and, in particular, passive and active components of the system was investigated, showing that elderly people are selectively impaired in active tasks, and these tasks were also more sensitive in detecting differences within the older group.
Abstract: Recent theoretical accounts of working memory proposed a distinction between passive storage and active processing of visuo-spatial information. These hypotheses are based on empirical evidence showing that individual differences in visuo-spatial abilities are frequently modulated by this variable. However, results from age differences studies are not clear, and this research was designed to specifically investigate the level of competence of elderly people in tasks measuring visuo-spatial working memory and, in particular, passive and active components of the system. Three groups of participants (mean ages were approximately 22, 66, and 76) were tested in eight cognitive tasks tapping passive storage and active manipulation in various aspects of visuo-spatial and verbal processing. Results showed that elderly people are selectively impaired in active tasks, and these tasks were also more sensitive in detecting differences within the older group. These data highlight the need for theoretical models of wor...
103 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated the timing relations between phonological encoding and the initiation of articulation in German noun phrases and found that the second syllable of the first word has only weak facilitation effects.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the timing relations between phonological encoding that is, the generation of an abstract phonological representation of a to-be-produced utterance and the initiation of articulation. Previous research (Meyer & Schriefers, 1991) using a picture-word paradigm suggested that, in the production of simple one-word naming responses, a speaker completes phonological encoding of the complete word before articulation is initiated. In the present study, this question was investigated for the production of German no-determiner noun phrases (e.g. roter Tisch, “red table”;). The results showed reliable facilitation effects for distractors that are identical to the first syllable of the first word of the noun phrase. For the second syllable of the first word, only weak facilitation effects were obtained. For the second word, no significant facilitation effects were obtained. However, additional analyses showed that two groups of speakers can be distinguished, one showing only f...
88 citations
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of 7- and 9-year-olds to comprehend idiomatic expressions with respect to the presence of a linguistic context and of the level of semantic analysability of the idiom's meaning. Experiment 1 tested the comprehension of semantically analysable and non-analysable idioms, presented in a linguistic context, using a multiple-choice task. Experiment 2 used an out-of-context presentation with the same types of idioms and task. The results showed that the level of semantic analysability of an idiomatic expression influenced the ability to understand it. Moreover, younger children were more sensitive to the presence of an informative context than older children. The results are discussed with respect to the strategies children use to interpret non-literal expressions.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared time-based and event-based prospective memory with young and older participants using two types of on-going tasks: general questions and face-identification.
Abstract: Time-based prospective memory is assumed to involve more self-initiated activities than event-based prospective memory. As age negatively affects self-initiated activities, older participants will show more prospectivememory deterioration than younger participants in time-based tasks. Einstein, McDaniel, Richardson, Guynn, and Cunfer (1995) indeed observed such a decrement in time-based prospective memory while d'Ydewalle, Utsi, and Brunfaut (1996) obtained a better time-based than event-based prospective memory among elderly. The on-going concurrent activity in Einstein et al. (1995) involved answering general questions, whereas d'Ydewalle et al. (1996) used a face-identification task. In an attempt to explain the discrepant results, the present experiment compares time- and event-based memory with young and older participants using the two types of on-going task. However, the better performance of the older participants in the timebased prospective memory task is obtained in the two on-going tasks. A di...
72 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of adding CS to lip reading on phonological perception, and found that CS substantially improved performance suggesting that CS corrects for lip reading ambiguities, and the integration of CS and lip reading and lip-reading combined to produce unitary percepts.
Abstract: Deaf children exposed to Cued Speech (CS: system designed to reduce lip-reading ambiguity) either before age 2 (“early”) or later at school (“late”) were presented with words and pseudowords with or without CS. The first goal was to examine the effects of adding CS to lip-reading on phonological perception. Results showed that CS substantially improved performance suggesting that CS corrects for lip-reading ambiguities. CS effects were significantly larger in the “early” than the “late” group, particularly with pseudowords. The second goal was to establish the way in which lip-reading and CS combine to produce unitary percepts. To address this issue, two types of phonological misperception resulting from CS's structural characteristics were analysed; substitutions based on the similarity between CS units, and intrusions of a third syllable for bisyllabic pseudowords requiring three CS units. The results showed that the frequency of such misperceptions increased with CS. The integration of CS and lip-read ...
68 citations
TL;DR: The involvement of working memory sub-systems in syllogistic reasoning problems was assessed by dual task methods as discussed by the authors, which indicated that the more skilled participants were generally following a high demand strategy, which loaded the central executive, phonological loop and imagery subsystems, but that lower skill participants were following a less demanding strategy which did not load working memory components.
Abstract: The involvement of working memory sub-systems in syllogistic reasoning problems was assessed by dual task methods. Effects of skill level and training on working memory involvement in syllogistic reasoning were examined. In Study 1, participants were pre-selected into groups of High and Low skill at syllogistic reasoning on the basis of a pencil-and-paper screening test. Six separate High and Low skill groups completed syllogistic reasoning tasks in control conditions and each group was also tested under one of the following six dual task conditions: articulatory suppression, unattended speech, verbal random generation, spatial random generation, tapping in a simple pattern, unattended pictures. The results indicated that the more skilled participants were generally following a high demand strategy, which loaded the central executive, phonological loop and imagery sub-systems, but that lower skill participants were generally following a less demanding strategy which did not load working memory components ...
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of complexity on short-term retention of visuo-spatial material was explored and the determinants of complexity can be separated into a quantitative factor which sets an upper bound on complexity, and a structural factor which reduces complexity.
Abstract: Four experiments are reported in which the effect of complexity on short-term retention of visuo-spatial material was explored. The determinants of complexity can be separated into a quantitative factor, which sets an upper bound on complexity, and a structural factor, which reduces complexity. Variants of the Corsi blocks task were administered across the various experiments. Quantitative complexity was manipulated through the number of blocks on the board. Structural complexity was induced through the positioning of the blocks. Visuo-spatial span was found to be susceptible to both measures of complexity. Performance was inversely related to the number of blocks. Recall was also better when the blocks were positioned in a matrix than in a random fashion. Moreover, the effect of complexity was shown to be moderated by an interaction between structure and amount of information presented. These results demonstrate that complexity is an important characteristic of visuo-spatial working memory. This phenomen...
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the circumstances under which irrelevant material causes interference with visual memory and find that the interference is related to the extent of the dynamic aspect within a visual noise field when the field is used as the irrelevant material.
Abstract: Three experiments are reported that examine the circumstances under which irrelevant material causes interference with visual memory. Experiment 1 indicates that the amount of interference is related to the extent of the dynamic aspect within a visual noise field when the field is used as the irrelevant material. When the dynamic aspect comprises only a single dot changing within a field of 80 x 80 dots, interference is significant. Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that when the dot is extracted from the noise field and presented against a uniform plain background interference crucially depends on whether the dot is presented and re-presented at the same spatial location or at different locations. Only when the dot occupies successively different locations is interference caused. It is argued that the results are to be understood in terms of the two component parts of the VSSP. When the dot is presented against a uniform field and in different spatial locations, interference acts through the active spatial co...
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the recognition performance of ordinary and bizarre action phrases under two encoding conditions: in a verbal condition (V), participants learned the phrases by passively listening to them; in a subject-performed condition (SP) participants learned by actively performing the denoted actions with imaginary objects.
Abstract: Recognition performance of ordinary and bizarre action phrases was compared under two encoding conditions: In a verbal condition (V), participants learned the phrases by passively listening to them; in a subjectperformed condition (SP), participants learned the phrases by actively performing the denoted actions with imaginary objects. Recognition performance was better in condition SP than V. Moreover, recognition was better for bizarre than for ordinary phrases but only in condition V. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the recognition test. In condition SP a larger fronto-central negativity was found. This confirms the hypothesis that the SP advantage is due to the reactivation of motor information. Additionally, the later part of the recognition memory ERP effect was analysed. This effect reflects the overall familiarity of items in a recognition test. The amplitude increases with decreasing familiarity. In the present study, an enlarged amplitude was found for bizarre phrases i...
47 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of forgetting manipulation on direct recognition and indirect categorization memory tests were analyzed using electrophysiological (ERPs) and behavioural (RT and accuracy) measures.
Abstract: Directed forgetting effects on direct (recognition) and indirect (categorisation) memory tests were analysed using electrophysiological (ERPs) and behavioural (RT and accuracy) measures. These effects were evaluated in relation to the two main hypotheses traditionally proposed to explain them (i.e. the differential rehearsal and inhibition hypotheses). In the study phase, 100 words were presented, each followed by either a remember (R) or a forget (F) instruction. In the test phase, half of the subjects performed a recognition task (old vs new words) and the other half did a categorisation task (concrete vs abstract words). In the study phase, ERPs following Rinstruction differed from those elicited by F-instruction, being more positive in the first 400 msec post-stimulus and becoming less positive from 400 to 800 msec. In the test phase, the effects of the forgetting manipulation were quite clear in the recognition test, affecting both ERP (from 200 to 300 and from 500 to 700 msec) and behavioural measur...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) and employee adverse health (i.e., psychosomatic complaints, physical symptoms, and exhaustion).
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between Effort—Reward Imbalance (ERI) and employee adverse health (i.e., psychosomatic complaints, physical symptoms, and exhaustion). The Effort—Reward Imbalance Model was extended by discriminating three specific rewards separately (i.e., salary, esteem, and job security). A sample of 167 health-care workers was used to test the relationship between ERI (i.e., high effort accompanied with low reward) and employee adverse health with multiple univariate logistic regression analyses. Separate analyses were carried out with a composite reward scale and with each of the three specific reward scales as independent variables. The results indicate that the health outcomes of ERI vary depending on the specific reward that was used. Generally, the most adverse health effects were found for employees who reported both high efforts and low rewards, thus supporting the ERI Model. Moreover, the strongest effects of ERI on employee health were found when e...
TL;DR: In this paper, a peak-shift paradigm was employed, using images generated from morphing between two faces, where participants learned to respond to a target and learned not to response to a similar non-target.
Abstract: It has been shown that it is possible to obtain faster and more accurate recognition for a caricatured face than for a veridical face. This could suggest that there is something special about the transformations that produce caricatures. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether there are other circumstances in which improved recognition occurs away from the veridical face. A peak-shift paradigm was employed, using images generated from morphing between two faces, where participants learned to respond to a target and learned not to respond to a similar non-target. When tested on the whole range of morphed faces, the response profile showed a shift in the peak of the responses away from the learned nontarget face. From this it was concluded that the advantage seen with caricatures is not special but a result of a shift in the peak of responses away from more typical faces.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the effect of environmental context reinstatement on implicit memory and explicit memory and found that EC reinstatement facilitates both conceptual and perceptual implicit memory performance when measured by free recall and fragment completion, respectively.
Abstract: In two experiments we investigated environmental context (EC) reinstatement effects on conceptual and perceptual implicit memory and on explicit memory. Participants completed an incidental study phase, where they judged words for pleasantness, and subsequently performed two memory tests in the same or in a different room. In Experiment 1, a facilitatory effect of EC reinstatement was found for a conceptual implicit test of memory, category production, and for an explicit tests, free recall, but not for a perceptual implicit test, fragment completion. In Experiment 2, a facilitatory effect of EC reinstatement was obtained for a new conceptual implicit test, cryptic general knowledge questions, and for free recall, but not for two perceptual implicit tests, fragment completion and anagram solution. We conclude that EC reinstatement facilitates both conceptual implicit memory performance and explicit memory performance when measured by free recall, but not perceptual implicit memory performance.
TL;DR: Early facilitation followed by inhibition was found, reaffirm the idea that a non-informative peripheral cue can activate the exogenous orienting of attention, and was not affected by cue duration or by target duration.
Abstract: One of the classic findings in the literature of visual orienting of attention is that performance is facilitated by a valid cue even when it is non-informative. This facilitation is then followed by a period of inhibition of the cued area, known as “inhibition of return”. Researchers have suggested that the early facilitation is the result of orienting of attention. However, because cues are commonly presented for 100-200 msec, the facilitation usually overlaps cue presentation. Thus, it is possible that facilitation could be attributed to sensory summation rather than to attention. Hence, facilitation may not occur when cue and target do not overlap. Three experiments were designed to clarify this issue. We found early facilitation followed by inhibition. The facilitation was the same whether the cue was present or not. Moreover, facilitation was not affected by cue duration or by target duration. These results reaffirm the idea that a non-informative peripheral cue can activate the exogenous orienting ...
TL;DR: In this article, an account of the selection process in these theoretical terms is presented, together with some theoretical propositions, and implications for practice are drawn, including strategic implications both for organizations and for the psychology profession.
Abstract: Recent developments in theory and research in social psychology make possible an integrated account of selection construed as a social process. This account draws upon social psychological theories of the functions of the self, relationship development, social identity, self-categorization, and emotion. First, an account of the selection process in these theoretical terms is presented, together with some theoretical propositions. Next, research in one area, applicants' reactions to selection processes, which is consistent with this account is reviewed. Finally, implications for practice are drawn. It is argued that there are strategic implications both for organizations and for the psychology profession.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of misorientation in the plane on identification of natural objects and artifacts were examined. But the effects varied as a function of the task, with stronger effects apparent on base level and subordinate level naming than on naming at the superordinate level.
Abstract: Three experiments are reported that examined the effects of misorientation in-the-plane on identification of natural objects and artifacts. Performance was tested in three tasks requiring the assignment of base level names, superordinate names and subordinate names to objects, respectively. The effects of misorientation varied as a function of the task, with stronger effects apparent on base level and subordinate level naming than on naming at the superordinate level, and stronger effects on subordinate than on base level naming. Rotation effects, when they occurred, were additive with effects of stimulus category. These results suggest that object identification can proceed in parallel with processes that normalise misoriented stimuli, but the object descriptions derived without normalisation are coarse and consistently sufficient only for superordinate classification. Before finergrained identification processes can operate for base level or subordinate naming of both natural objects and artifacts, some...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored constraints on the use of imagery in mental synthesis tasks in which subjects generated images of recognisable objects by mentally combining a set of specified shapes and found that the semantic properties of the concrete shapes may constrain mental synthesis.
Abstract: Two experiments are reported which explored constraints on the use of imagery in mental synthesis tasks in which subjects generated images of recognisable objects by mentally combining a set of specified shapes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that subjects' naming of imaged constructions is poorer when constructions are derived from sets of concrete-object shapes than from sets of more abstract shapes. This suggests that the semantic properties of the concrete shapes may constrain mental synthesis. In Experiment 2 subjects were given unlimited time to generate multiple imaged patterns from an increasing number of abstract shapes. Number of shapes to be combined had little effect on the number of imaged constructions or on the quality of those constructions as rated by independent judges. In both experiments, drawing the imaged constructions resulted in improved naming of those constructions and appeared to act as a form of external stimulus support that mitigated both qualitative and quantitative constraints o...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of threat-related and neutral words were presented in different colours during the encoding phase, and subjects were required to encode the stimuli by naming the colour while ignoring the semantic content of the words.
Abstract: The perceptual identification paradigm was used to examine implicit memory performance in high- and low-trait anxious subjects. A series of threat-related and neutral words was presented in different colours during the encoding phase. Subjects were required to encode the stimuli by naming the colour while ignoring the semantic content of the words (Experiment 1), by simply reading the words (Experiment 2) or by naming the colour of the words and the words themselves (Experiment 3). Experiment 1 demonstrated the predicted emotional Stroop effect, with high-trait subjects taking relatively longer than low-trait subjects to name the colour of the threat-related as compared to the neutral stimuli. All three experiments revealed a significant implicit memory effect overall, with more primed than unprimed words being correctly identified during the perceptual identification task. Subjects in all experiments also identified more of the threat-related than neutral words. Although Experiment 2 found that, overall,...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the processing of pitch and temporal structures when music is presented in the visual modality (i.e. in the form of music notation) for a brief amount of time, and they were subsequently required to recall both the pitch and time information.
Abstract: Music provides a useful domain in which to study how the different attributes of complex multidimensional stimuli are processed both separately and in combination. Much research has been devoted to addressing how the dimension of pitch and time are co-processed in music listening tasks. Neuropsychological studies have provided evidence for a certain degree of independence between pitch and temporal processing, although there are also many experimental reports favouring interactive models of pitch and temporal processing. Here we extended these investigations by examining the processing of pitch and temporal structures when music is presented in the visual modality (i.e. in the form of music notation). In two experiments, musician subjects were presented with visual musical stimuli containing both pitch and temporal information for a brief amount of time, and they were subsequently required to recall both the pitch and temporal information. In Experiment 1, we documented that concurrent, unattended, pitch ...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of problems had been selected according to the kind of task (logical, mathematical, geometrical, and practical) and to the objective level of imagery efficacy (as reported by previous experiments aimed at assessing the effects of mental visualisation on problem solving).
Abstract: Three studies have been carried out to identify to what extent and on what grounds undergraduates realise that visual imagery can be useful to solve a problem. A series of problems had been selected according to the kind of task (logical, mathematical, geometrical, and practical) and to the objective level of imagery efficacy (as reported by previous experiments aimed at assessing the effects of mental visualisation on problem solving). Then, by means of different procedures, students were asked to rate how useful, in their opinion, mental visualisation is in solving each of such problems and to explain why they thought it is useful. Results showed that usefulness scores were highly consistent and were not affected by gender, course of study attended, and individual differences in imagery (vividness, control, and cognitive style). Undergraduates rated imagery as useful above all when problems deal with concrete situations, whereas mental images were not perceived as possible aids for abstract or conceptua...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether articulatory suppression has a similar effect on picture recognition performance, and they found that when the type of task was manipulated between subjects (Experiment 1), imagery performance was significantly improved by articulation suppression.
Abstract: An assumption of many theories of visual cognition is that imagery tasks and picture recognition tasks tap the same kind of memory processes (i.e. visual), implying that these two types of tests can be used as interchangeable measures of visual memory. In this paper, we investigated whether articulatory suppression—a variable known to improve imagery performance—has a similar effect on picture recognition performance. In Experiment 1, subjects performed either an imagery task or a recognition task while engaging or not in articulatory suppression; in Experiment 2, the same subjects performed first the imagery task, and then the recognition task, while engaging or not in articulatory suppression. When the type of task was manipulated between subjects (Experiment 1), imagery performance was significantly improved by articulatory suppression. In contrast, recognition performance was significantly impaired by the introduction of articulatory suppression. In accordance with results of Experiment 1, in Experime...
TL;DR: The authors studied cueing effects of relational and itemspecific information after enacted and non-enacted encoding of short sentences (e.g. lift the pen, fold the paper).
Abstract: In three experiments, we studied cueing effects of relational and itemspecific information after enacted and non-enacted encoding of short sentences (e.g. lift the pen, fold the paper). In Experiment 1, all subjects were instructed at encoding to remember only the nouns of these sentences; half of the subjects were informed about the categorical nature of the nouns, whereas the other half were not. At retrieval, all subjects were given a free recall test and a cued recall test with the verb of each sentence as the cue. In Experiment 2, all subjects were instructed at encoding to remember the whole sentence; as in Experiment 1, half of the subjects were informed about the categorical nature of the nouns and half were not. At test, all subjects were given two cued recall tests, one categorical cue for each noun in the first test and one verb cue and one categorical cue for each noun in the second test. In Experiment 3, at encoding, all subjects were informed about the categorical nature of nouns and were in...
TL;DR: In this article, the Serbo-Croatian word corresponding to the English noun wind is written BETAP in the Cyrillic alphabet and VETAR in the Roman alphabet and the authors conducted an experiment to determine whether this naming difference between phonologically ambiguous and phonologically unique words depends on word frequency.
Abstract: The Serbo-Croatian word corresponding to the English noun wind is written BETAP in the Cyrillic alphabet and VETAR in the Roman alphabet. Typically, bi-alphabetic readers name BETAP more slowly and with more errors than VETAR. BETAP is phonologically ambiguous because B and P specify the phonemes /b/ and /p/ in Roman and /v/ and /r/ in Cyrillic. We conducted an experiment to determine whether this naming difference between phonologically ambiguous and phonologically unique words depends on word frequency. The naming difference was of the same magnitude for high- and low-frequency words when the stimulus presentation was prolonged; with very brief presentation, the naming difference remained but frequency influenced only the phonologically ambiguous words. The results are discussed with respect to a single-route account of naming in which (a) a lower orthographic-phonological network, shaped by asymptotic learning, generates automatically all phonological patterns specified by a letter string, and (b) a hi...
TL;DR: This article found that visuo-spatial encoding also improves memory of movement patterns, and discussed the results in terms of modal explanations of short-term episodic memory, showing the importance of verbal factors.
Abstract: Previous experiments have failed to find clear motor effects in memory of movement patterns. The results did show the importance of verbal factors. This report documents that visuo-spatial encoding also improves memory of movement patterns. The results are discussed in terms of modal explanations of short-term episodic memory.
TL;DR: This paper showed that large sets are activated into primary memory as fast as small sets and that the process of retrieval is a bottom-up, automatic process, which is triggered by the appearance of the set cue.
Abstract: Two experiments examined the retrieval process from secondary memory. It is argued that the difference in reaction time between the primary and secondary memory conditions in a memory scanning task represents the time taken to retrieve information units from secondary memory. Previous work by Conway and Engle (1994) suggested that this process is independent of the amount of retrieved information. We replicated their finding, that large sets are activated into primary memory as fast as small sets. Variation in the trial presentation form and the length of the delays allowed an estimate of the duration of the retrieval process from secondary memory at approximately 200 msec. It is argued that the process of retrieval is a bottom-up, automatic process, which is triggered by the appearance of the set cue.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between burnout and short-term consequences of mental strain within and outside human services professions, at the same time contributing to the understanding of the development of burnout as a long-term effect of impairing work and job design.
Abstract: This study examines the relationships between burnout and short-term consequences of mental strain within and outside human services professions, at the same time contributing to the understanding of the development of burnout as a long-term effect of impairing work and job design. A total of 294 German employees working in human services (N = 149) and industrial production (N = 145) completed the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and four scales measuring short-term consequences of mental strain. Results of factor analyses confirmed that the elements of the OLBI's two-factor structure—exhaustion and disengagement—are distinct from a range of impairing short-term consequences of mental strain. In addition, structural equation modelling showed that each burnout dimension is differentially related to specific short-term consequences of strain: Exhaustion is primarily related to mental fatigue, whereas disengagement is primarily related to satiation and the experience of monotony. The findings did not diffe...
TL;DR: The authors found that pre-schoolers and high school students are able to build one-dimensional models with perceptual base rates in simple tasks and two-dimensional model in complex tasks, respectively, and that there is a local facilitation effect of semantic contents for fifth graders that disappears for high-school students.
Abstract: In this study, pre-schoolers and a comparison sample of fifth graders and high school students were presented with prediction tasks that varied by content of the base rate information (perceptual vs semantic) either presented alone (simple task) or accompanied by individuating data (complex task). Base rate choices, confidence scores, and explanations of the choices were registered. It is assumed that the presence of content effects in the processing of the base rates is in favour of a mental model account. Results indicated that pre-schoolers are able to build one-dimensional models with perceptual base rates in simple tasks. Fifth graders and high school students are able to build one-dimensional models with both types of content in simple tasks, as well as two-dimensional models in complex tasks. There is a local facilitation effect of semantic contents for fifth graders that disappears for high-school students. Consistency between subjects' choices, confidence scores and rationales depends on the subj...
TL;DR: This article showed that S2 processing from the covert spatial-attentional focus was open to non-decreasing interference from distractor letters up to 240 ms SOAs, regardless of whether S1 had to be identified or not.
Abstract: Subjects had to identify pairs of spatially overlapping or neighbouring letters exposed successively at various locations around the central fixation. The first letter (S1) in a pair acted both as a physical precue to indicate the S2 location and as a stimulus letter to be identified. The second letter (S2) in a pair acted only as a letter to be identified. The SOA was varied between 0 and 320 ms in different experiments. Comparison of the time-course functions of S2 identification in the conditions of (1) single pair presentation and (2) presentation of the letter pairs in the context of distractor letters that accompanied S2 in time, but occupied alternative spatial positions, revealed that S2 processing from the covert spatial-attentional focus was open to non-decreasing interference from the distractor letters up to 240 ms SOAs. An unexpected result consisted in equal level of S2 identification regardless of whether S1 had to be identified or not. This shows that if the peripheral precue has to be pro...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined if established theoretical constructs will account for managerial performance in complex global jobs and investigated the utility of each of these approaches, concluding that learning skills, additional role skills, and international business knowledge were uniquely related to performance ratings for managers in globally complex jobs.
Abstract: While there is a growing literature on global managers, most studies in this area have not built upon the wealth of existing knowledge in the field of management development. This study examines if established theoretical constructs will account for managerial performance in complex global jobs and investigates the utility of each of these approaches. Boss performance ratings were correlated with manager's self-ratings on measures of personality, role skill, learning capability, business knowledge, and international experiences for 194 managers--half with global responsibilities and half with domestic responsibilities. Skill in the roles of leader and decision maker were significantly related to performance ratings for managers in high and low global complexity jobs. Learning skills, additional role skills, and international business knowledge were uniquely, albeit modestly, related to performance ratings for managers in globally complex jobs. A development framework is proposed that integrates the variou...