Showing papers in "European Journal of Pharmacology in 2004"

TL;DR: Activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1alpha and thereby activation of the iNOS promoter seems to be an essential step in the regulation of iNos expression in most cells.

TL;DR: Sickness refers to a coordinated set of subjective, behavioural and physiological changes that develop in sick individuals during the course of an infection due to the effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and other proinflammatory cytokines on brain cellular targets.

TL;DR: The current evidence suggests that all these mechanisms are triggered by polyphenols with specific structures, although the structural requirements may be different from one effect to the other, and that they all contribute to the vasoprotective,Anti-angiogenic, anti-atherogenic, vasorelaxant and anti-hypertensive effects of acute or chronic administration of plant polyphenol found in vivo in animals and in patients.

TL;DR: BBB transport of insulin provides a mechanism for peripheral insulin to act within the CNS as a regulatory peptide, with the transport rate of insulin being altered during development and by fasting, obesity, hibernation, diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence has suggested that insulin signaling plays a role in synaptic plasticity by modulating activities of excitatory and inhibitory receptors such as glutamate and GABA receptors, and by triggering signal transduction cascades leading to alteration of gene expression required for long-term memory consolidation.

TL;DR: In late-onset sporadic Alzheimer disease changes in the brain are similar to those caused by non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and disturbances in the neuronal insulin signal transduction pathway may be of central pathophysiological significance.

TL;DR: The aim of this review will be to discuss the localization of GLUTs expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), with a special emphasis upon the recently identified GLUT isoforms.

TL;DR: The identification of GSK3beta as a major target of brain IGF1 signaling provides a unifying pathway for IGF1's well-established anabolic and anti-apoptotic functions, with IGF1-induced inhibition of G SK3beta triggering multifaceted anabolicand neuroprotective effects.

TL;DR: A small number of studies showed that glucose improvement of memory is associated with poor glucose regulation although this may not be the case for diabetic patients, and results of a few studies suggest that drug treatments that improve glucose regulation also produce cognitive improvement in diabetic patients.

TL;DR: These studies provide compelling evidence to support the view that people with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of developing cognitive impairment in comparison with the general population.

TL;DR: Clinical studies have corroborated findings that patients with Alzheimer's disease are more likely than healthy older adults to have reduced insulin sensitivity, and further suggest that apolipoprotein E genotype may modulate the effects of insulin on glucose disposal, memory facilitation, and amyloid precursor protein processing.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that genipin possesses antiinflammatory and is a specific hydroxyl radical scavenger, and its antiangiogenic and NO production-inhibitory properties are presented.

TL;DR: The molecular, pharmacological and physiological characteristics, and putative functions, of the vanilloid receptor 1 are summarized, and the therapeutic potential of this molecule is discussed.

TL;DR: Drugs that enhance glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation (long acting beta-agonists) and GR-associated histone deacetylases activity (theophylline) have been shown to be effective add-on therapies.

TL;DR: Evidence supports the notion that a single pathogenic event, i.e., brain resistance to insulin/IGF-I, accounts for neuronal atrophy/death, tangle formation and brain amyloidosis typical of Alzheimer's pathology.

TL;DR: A critical overview of monoaminergic strategies for the treatment of depressive states, both established and under development, is provided, and interactions of novel "nonmonoaminergic" antidepressants with Monoaminergic mechanisms are discussed.

TL;DR: Members of the K(ir) family participate in the antinociception induced by many drugs that activate them in both the central and the peripheral nervous system, which suggests that other neuronal K(+) channels may represent an interesting target for the development of new K(+) channel openers with ant inociceptive effects.

TL;DR: Protecting against hypoxic-ischemic-induced brain matter loss was reversed by the alpha2A-adrenoceptor subtype-preferring antagonist BRL44408; neither ARC239 nor rauwolscine reversed the neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine in vivo.

TL;DR: It is proposed that rosiglitazone and other potent PPAR-gamma agonists may be useful in the therapy of inflammation.

TL;DR: Frequency-dependent alterations of systolic and diastolic force in association with those of Ca(2+) transients and diastsolic [Ca(2+)](i) levels are excellent indicators for analysis of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, and for evaluating the severity of cardiac contractile dysfunction, cardiac reserve capacity and the effectiveness of therapeutic agents in congestive heart failure.

TL;DR: Green tea is effective to prevent dental caries and reduce cholesterols and lipids absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, thus benefits subjects with cardiovascular disorders and drinking unfractionated green tea is the most simple and beneficial way to prevent gastrointestinal disorders.

TL;DR: The possibility that magnolol and honokiol may be considered as attractive acne-mitigating candidates for topical application is suggested, based on results.

TL;DR: Findings provide the first evidence that des-acyl ghrelin, as well as gh Relin, short ghrel in fragments and synthetic GHS, may act directly as antilipolytic factors on the adipose tissue through binding to a specific receptor which is distinct from GHS-R1a.

TL;DR: Allicin induced the formation of apoptotic bodies, nuclear condensation and a typical DNA ladder in cancer cells, which provides a mechanistic basis for the antiproliferative effects of allicin and partly account for the chemopreventive action of garlic extracts reported by earlier workers.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the striatal dopamine D2 receptor may be an important target for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that resveratrol induces antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cardiomyocytes, which is accompanied by increased resistance to oxidative and electrophilic cell injury, and led to a great reduction in XO/xanthine-induced intracellular accumulation of ROS.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that aripiprazole, at low doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, increases dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and suggests that the function of both the medial amygdala and hippocampus may contribute to the ability of aripIPrazole to improve negative symptom and cognition.

TL;DR: Both 5-HT(7) and 5- HT(1A) receptors are involved in a complex manner in thermoregulation, with the 5-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) receptor being more important at lower, possibly more physiological, concentrations.

TL;DR: Investigation of the effect of H( 2)O(2) on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein Kinase (p38 MAPK) and protein kinase B (PKB) activation in undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells has shown that H(2).

TL;DR: The present review will discuss mainly the potential role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine and the various treatment modalities that are currently available to target this neuropeptide.