Showing papers in "European Journal of Social Psychology in 2001"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the role of visual anonymity in encouraging self-disclosure during computer-mediated communication and found that heightened private self-awareness, when combined with reduced public selfawareness, was associated with significantly higher levels of spontaneous self disclosure during computer mediated communication.
Abstract: Three studies examined the notion that computer-mediated communication (CMC) can be characterised by high levels of self-disclosure. In Study One, significantly higher levels of spontaneous self-disclosure were found in computer-mediated compared to face-to-face discussions. Study Two examined the role of visual anonymity in encouraging self-disclosure during CMC. Visually anonymous participants disclosed significantly more information about themselves than non-visually anonymous participants. In Study Three, private and public self-awareness were independently manipulated, using video-conferencing cameras and accountability cues, to create a 2 × 2 design public self-awareness (high and low)×private self-awareness (high and low). It was found that heightened private self-awareness, when combined with reduced public self-awareness, was associated with significantly higher levels of spontaneous self-disclosure during computer-mediated communication. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a subjective history of success with promotion-related eagerness (promotion pride) orients individuals toward using eagerness means to approach a new task goal, whereas a subjective success with prevention-related vigilance (prevention pride).
Abstract: A new task goal elicits a feeling of pride in individuals with a subjective history of success, and this achievment pride produces anticipatory goal reactions that energize and direct behavior to approach the task goal. By distinguishing between promotion pride and prevention pride, the present paper extends this classic model of achievement motivation. Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997) distinguishes between a promotion focus on hopes and accomplishments (gains) and a prevention focus on safety and responsibilities (non-losses). We propose that a subjective history of success with promotion-related eagerness (promotion pride) orients individuals toward using eagerness means to approach a new task goal, whereas a subjective history of success with prevention-related vigilance (prevention pride) orients individuals toward using vigilance means to approach a new task goal. Studies 1–3 tested this proposal by examining the relations between a new measure of participants' subjective histories of promotion success and prevention success (the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ)) and their achievement strategies in different tasks. Study 4 examined the relation between participants' RFQ responses and their reported frequency of feeling eager or vigilant in past task engagements. Study 5 used an experimental priming technique to make participants temporarily experience either a subjective history of promotion success or a subjective history of prevention success. For both chronic and situationally induced achievement pride, these studies found that when approaching task goals individuals with promotion pride use eagerness means whereas individuals with prevention pride use vigilance means. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,176 citations
TL;DR: According to the psychological essentialism perspective, people tend to explain differences between groups by attributing them different essences as discussed by the authors, which implies that the human essence will be restricted to the ingroup whereas outgroups will receive a lesser degree of humanity.
Abstract: According to the psychological essentialism perspective, people tend to explain differences between groups by attributing them different essences. Given a pervasive ethnocentrism, this tendency implies that the human essence will be restricted to the ingroup whereas outgroups will receive a lesser degree of humanity. Therefore, it is argued that people attribute more uniquely human characteristics to the ingroup than to the outgroup. The present article focuses on secondary emotions that constitute such characteristics. Study 1 showed that members of high- and low-status groups attribute more positive secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. Study 2 verified that the differential attribution extended also to negative secondary emotions. No exemplars of emotions were provided in Study, 3. Instead, participants had to estimate the means of two distributions of numbers that supposedly, represented characteristics of the ingroup and of the outgroup. The results of this third experiment illustrated the reluctance to attribute secondary emotions to the outgroup. The findings are discussed from the perspective of psychological essentialism. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
555 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that children who nominated a comparison-target in several courses chose same-sex students who slightly outperformed them in class, which had a beneficial effect on children's course grades, which were also independently predicted by comparative evaluation.
Abstract: Blanton and colleagues (1999) found that children who nominated a comparison-target in several courses chose same-sex students who slightly outperformed them in class. This had a beneficial effect on children's course grades, which were also independently predicted by comparative evaluation (i.e. how the children evaluated their relative standing in class). These phenomena were examined at two time periods with a more detailed record of comparison choices while including several psychological moderators (i.e. closeness to and identification with the comparison targets, perceived academic control, importance of academic domains). The present findings (1) replicate those found earlier by Blanton and colleagues, (2) offer evidence that children compare upward with close friends with whom they identify as a means of self-improvement, (3) show that this identification is more likely to occur when children perceive control over their standing relative to the comparison target, and (4) suggest that the effects of comparison-level choice (i.e. the level typical of the persons with whom one chooses to compare) diminish over time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of trust, accountability, and self-monitoring on individual decision makers' willingness to contribute in a give-some game and in an experimental public goods dilemma was examined.
Abstract: The present research examined the influence of trust, accountability, and self-monitoring on individual decision makers' willingness to contribute in a give-some game and in an experimental public goods dilemma. Previous research has shown that trust and contributions are positively related such that high trusters generally contribute more than low trusters. The present research questions the pervasiveness of this relation by arguing that low trusters may increase their contributions to the same level as those of high trusters, but only under circumstances where their decisions are highly identifiable to their interaction partner(s). Both studies showed that strong perceptions of trust, high accountability and high self-monitoring influenced contributions positively. In line with predictions, individuals low in trust contributed up to the same level as high trusters when accountability was high rather than low. Moreover, this interaction between trust and accountability was only found among those classified as high self-monitors. Our results suggest that the well-known positive relation between trust and contributions may take a different form when situational cues and individual predispositions are taken into account. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that participants in a one-trial prisoner's dilemma know before making their decision that the other person has already defected, and this motivational conflict should lead at least some empathically aroused individuals not to defect.
Abstract: What if participants in a one-trial prisoner's dilemma know before making their decision that the other person has already defected? From the perspective of classic game theory, a dilemma no longer exists. It is clearly in their best interest to defect too. The empathy-altruism hypothesis predicts, however, that if they feel empathy for the other, then a dilemma remains: self-interest counsels defection; empathy-induced altruism counsels not. This motivational conflict should lead at least some empathically aroused individuals not to defect. To test this prediction, we placed 60 undergraduate women in a one-trial prisoner's dilemma in which they knew the other had already defected. Among those not induced to feel empathy, very few (0.05) did not defect in return. Among those induced to feel empathy for the other, almost half (0.45) did not defect. These results underscore the power of empathy-induced altruism to affect responses in a prisoner's dilemma. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
194 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that the authentic minority was superior to all three forms of "devil's advocate" in terms of authenticity and the difficulty in cloning such authenticity by role-playing techniques.
Abstract: Given the relationship between uniformity of views, premature adoption of a preferred solution and poor decision making, many suggestions have been aimed at fostering dissent, including the usage of a ‘devil's advocate.’ The hope is that such a mechanism will stimulate the kinds of reconsideration, better information processing and decision making as has been found to be stimulated by authentic dissent. In a prior study comparing these two processes, devil's advocate appeared to foster thinking that was primarily aimed at cognitive bolstering of the initial viewpoint rather than stimulate divergent thought. While that study left the actual position of the DA unknown, the present study compared conditions where the devil's advocate position was known (and consistent or inconsistent with the assigned position) or unknown. It further utilized quantity and quality of solutions as a dependent measure rather than simply cognitive activity. Results indicated that the authentic minority was superior to all three forms of ‘devil's advocate,’ again underscoring the value and importance of authenticity and the difficulty in cloning such authenticity by role-playing techniques. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
194 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that the self-evaluative effects of social comparisons depend on the nature of the hypothesis that is tested as a starting-point of the comparison process.
Abstract: Based on a Selective Accessibility (SA) model of comparison consequences, it is suggested that the self-evaluative effects of social comparisons depend on the nature of the hypothesis that is tested as a starting-point of the comparison process. If judges test the hypothesis that they are similar to the standard, then standard-consistent self-knowledge is rendered accessible so that self-evaluations are assimilated towards the standard. If judges test the hypothesis that they are dissimilar from the standard, however, standard-inconsistent self-knowledge is made accessible so that self-evaluations are contrasted away from the standard. These predictions are tested by inducing participants to test for similarity versus dissimilarity to the standard via a procedural priming manipulation. Consistent with the SA model, assimilation occurs if participants are procedurally primed to focus on similarities to the standard, whereas contrast results if they are primed to focus on dissimilarities. These findings suggest that similarity versus dissimilarity testing is a crucial determinant of assimilation versus contrast. It is proposed that distinguishing between these two alternative hypotheses may provide an integrative framework for an understanding of the self-evaluative consequences of social comparisons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
192 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the effect of a major event (terrorist attacks) on the stereotypic perceptions, attitudes and affects of 119 Israeli adolescents (56 males and 63 females of 5th and 8th grades) toward three target groups: (a) Palestinians, who still have conflictive relations with the Israelis (Palestinian extremists carried out the attacks), (b) Jordanians, who have peaceful relations with Israel and (c) Arabs, in general, who are considered a subcategory including Arabs of all nations).
Abstract: This study examines the effect of a major event (terrorist attacks) on the stereotypic perceptions, attitudes and affects of 119 Israeli adolescents (56 males and 63 females of 5th and 8th grades) toward three target groups: (a) Palestinians, who still have conflictive relations with the Israelis (Palestinian extremists carried out the attacks), (b) Jordanians, who have peaceful relations with the Israelis and (c) Arabs, in general, who are considered a subcategory including Arabs of all nations. The questionnaires were administered to the same adolescents three times: during a relatively peaceful spell in Israeli–Palestinian relations; one day following two terrorist attacks, and three months thereafter. In the last administration adolescents' need for closure was also measured. Adolescents' perceptions, attitudes and affect toward the three target group were differentiated—relating to Palestinians most negatively and to Jordanians most positively. Also, following the terrorist attacks, stereotypic perceptions and attitudes changed in a negative direction, in relation to all the three groups; again with expressed differentiation among the three groups. In the third measurement, some measures remained negative, but some changed to be more positive. Only few effects of age were detected and several significant correlation with need for closure were found. These results indicate that stereotypes and attitudes toward outgroups are context-dependent, influenced by events; thus they serve as ‘a seismograph’ to the quality of intergroup relations at any given time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
185 citations
TL;DR: Social comparison theory has developed from being a focused theoretical statement on the use of others for self-evaluation into a lively and varied area of research encompassing many different paradigms, approaches and applications as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This article notices that social comparison theory has developed from being a focused theoretical statement on the use of others for self-evaluation into a lively and varied area of research encompassing many different paradigms, approaches and applications. A recent 'renaissance' in social comparison theory is described in which links were established with social comparison work from before Festinger's (1954) classic paper and in which various new methods and theoretical models were developed. More recently, an 'enlightment' of social comparison theory seems to occur in which an integrative effort is made to link social comparison processes to more general principles that underlie our Psychological functioning. Four trends in this enlightment are described: (1) the movement of social cognition to the centre stage of social comparison research; (2) the interest in more biological perspectives, including evolutionary theory; (3) the focus on the role of individual differences such as social comparison orientation (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999) in moderating the responses to social comparison; and (4) an emphasis on the social context of social comparisons, in particular the influence of social groups and social identity. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley, & Sons, Ltd.
156 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined cardiovascular responses indicating challenge and threat during social comparisons and found that participants interacting with upward comparison partners evaluated the task as more ‘threatening' than participants cooperating with downward comparison partners.
Abstract: We examined cardiovascular responses indicating challenge and threat during social comparisons. Experiment 1 manipulated comparison direction (i.e. upward/downward) within a cooperative social interaction, during which we measured cardiovascular responses, evaluations of demands and resources, and self-reports. Participants interacting with upward comparison partners evaluated the task as more ‘threatening’ (demands relative to resources) than participants cooperating with downward comparison partners. Moreover, participants cooperating with upward comparison partners exhibited cardiovascular reactivity consistent with threat (i.e. increased ventricle contractility, no changes in cardiac output, and vasoconstriction). In contrast, participants interacting with downward comparison partners exhibited challenge responses (i.e. increased contractility, increased cardiac output, and vasodilation). This basic finding was extended in Experiment 2 with the examination of a classic moderator of social comparison, attitudinal similarity of the comparison partner. Participants paired with attitudinally dissimilar partners exhibited exacerbated reactions relative to participants paired with attitudinally similar partners. That is, relative to similar partners, dissimilar partners engendered greater threat responses during upward comparisons and a tendency toward greater challenge responses during downward comparisons. These results are discussed within an assimilative/contrast model of social comparisons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The authors examined the relation between perceived intergroup distinctiveness and positive intergroup differentiation and found that low group distinctiveness leads to more positive differentiation for high identifiers, although they found less support for the prediction that increased group distinctiveness leads to enhanced positive differentiation in low identifiers.
Abstract: The present research examines the relation between perceived intergroup distinctiveness and positive intergroup differentiation. It was hypothesised that the distinctiveness-differentiation relation is a function of group identification. In two studies group distinctiveness was varied and level of identification was either measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2). Results support the prediction that low group distinctiveness leads to more positive differentiation for high identifiers, although we found less support for the prediction that increased group distinctiveness leads to enhanced positive differentiation for low identifiers. The difference in emphasis between social identity theory and self-categorisation theory concerning the distinctiveness-differentiation relation is discussed and the importance of group identification as a critical factor of this relationship is stressed.
TL;DR: In a study among sociotherapists, the affective consequences of social comparison were examined and related to professional burnout and individual differences in social comparison orientation as discussed by the authors, finding that higher levels of burnout were accompanied by less positive affect in response to upward comparison.
Abstract: In a study among sociotherapists, the affective consequences of social comparison were examined and related to professional burnout and to individual differences in social comparison orientation. Participants were confronted with a bogus interview with an upward versus a downward comparison target. Upward comparison generated more positive and less negative affect than did downward comparison. Increasing levels of burnout were accompanied by less positive affect in response to upward comparison. Moreover, the higher the level of burnout, the more negative affect a description of a downward comparison target evoked, but only among individuals high in social comparison orientation. Finally, the higher the level of burnout, the higher the identification with the downward target, and the lower the identification with the upward target. However, this last effect did occur only among those low in social comparison orientation. Those high in social comparison orientation kept identifying with the upward target, even when they were high in burnout. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The authors found that exposure to sexist humor creates a perceived social norm of tolerance of sexism relative to exposure to nonhumorous sexist communication or neutral humor, and that men high in hostile sexism anticipated feeling less self-directed negative affect upon imagining that they had behaved in a sexist manner.
Abstract: The results of an experiment supported the hypotheses that (1) for men high in hostile sexism, exposure to sexist humor creates a perceived social norm of tolerance of sexism relative to exposure to nonhumorous sexist communication or neutral humor, and (2) due to this ‘relaxed’ normative standard in the context of sexist humor, men high in hostile sexism anticipated feeling less self-directed negative affect upon imagining that they had behaved in a sexist manner. Finally, exposure to sexist humor did not affect the evaluative content of men's stereotypes of women relative to exposure to neutral humor or nonhumorous sexist communication for participants high or low in hostile sexism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this paper, the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self-construals, and the psychological dimension of interdependence was found to predict differential outcomes in upward social comparison.
Abstract: We hypothesized that the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self-construals. Independent self-construals emphasize personal uniqueness; thus comparison to an outstanding other should undermine one's sense of uniqueness and lower current self-evaluations. Conversely, interdependent self-construals focus on interpersonal connectedness. Hence, interdependent individuals should be able to bask in the reflected success of a personally relevant other in an upward comparison task, thus increasing self-evaluations. In a study involving 66 US undergraduates the latter predictions were supported. The psychological dimension of interdependence predicted differential outcomes of upward social comparisons, but this was not the case for the dimension of independence. Also, differential consequences of social comparison were more pronounced for current self-evaluations than for participants' possible selves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the traditional and contemporary forms of prejudice, and found that the former has strong effects on some consequential variables whereas the second has hardly any effects, and pointed out the methodological flaws of the latter.
Abstract: Although it has become common to suggest a conceptual distinction between traditional and contemporary forms of prejudice, Pettigrew and Meertens have actually attempted to distinguish the two empirically and developed measures to gauge each. Replication of their study, on the distinction between blatant and subtle prejudice, discloses a number of methodological flaws that have led to debatable substantial conclusions. We found two distinct measures, however, substantially different from the ones proposed by Pettigrew and Meertens. Our model shows, by all available indices, a better fit to the data: a first broad factor labelled general prejudice, and a small second factor labelled perceived cultural differences. The first factor is well explained by a number of social characteristics; the second is rather poorly explained and has a rather poor discriminatory power. The first one has strong effects on some consequential variables whereas the second has hardly any effects. Other evidence, considered to be crucial by Pettigrew and Meertens, contains other methodological flaws, i.e. the neglect of interdependent items. After this correction, their piece of evidence turns out to be artificial. As a benefit to future research, we try to clarify conditions for distinguishing empirically and conceptually between traditional and contemporary prejudice.
TL;DR: Pettigrew and Meertens as discussed by the authors pointed out that Coenders et al. produced a different analysis of prejudice from the current authors and see no reason to withdraw their claims for both the concept and measurement of subtle prejudice.
Abstract: Responds to Coenders et al (see record 2001-06995-005) experiment replication and comments on the article by T. F. Pettigrew and R. W. Meertens' (see record 1995-28884-001) which investigated blatant and subtle intergroup prejudice. Coenders et al produced a different analysis of prejudice from the current authors. The authors see no reason to withdraw their claims for both the concept and measurement of subtle prejudice. The authors believe that by obscuring their theoretical structure and offering none of their own, Coenders et al follow their empirical preferences to reach a meaningless solution.
TL;DR: This article showed that judgmental anchors influence judgment even if they were present one week before the critical judgment is made, and the magnitude of anchoring was found to remain undiminished over this period of time.
Abstract: Recent research suggests that judgmental anchoring is mediated by a selective increase in the accessibility of knowledge about the judgmental target. Anchoring thus constitutes one instance of the judgmental effects of increased knowledge accessibility. Such knowledge accessibility effects have repeatedly been demonstrated to be fairly durable, which suggests that the effects of judgmental anchoring may also persist over time. Consistent with this assumption, three experiments demonstrate that judgmental anchors influence judgment even if they were present one week before the critical judgment is made. In fact, the magnitude of anchoring was found to remain undiminished over this period of time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis comparing the effects of crossed categorization on intergroup evaluations with simple categorization was conducted, showing that the cross-categorization paradigm is shown to increase or decrease ingroup bias, depending on how group bias is defined in the crossed categorisation paradigm.
Abstract: Crossed categorization typically refers to the crossing of two dichotomous social dimensions, resulting in four groups (double-ingroup, two mixed groups, and double-outgroup). This paper reports the results of a meta-analysis comparing the effects of crossed categorization on intergroup evaluations with the effects of simple categorization on intergroup evaluations. The crossed categorization paradigm is shown to increase or decrease ingroup bias, depending on how ingroup bias is defined in the crossed categorization paradigm. Moreover, just as in simple categorization, ingroup bias in crossed categorization is shown to be greater when the proportionate size of the ingroup is smaller. However, contrary to the patterns established in simple categorization, the reality of the group categorizations does not increase ingroup bias in crossed categorization. We discuss the implications of these results for future research on intergroup evaluations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The authors explored how self-rated unhappy and happy students balance hedonically conflicting social comparison information, and tested whether unhappy students would be relatively more sensitive to consistent unfavorable information, while being more reactive than happy students to individual social comparison in the context of relative group feedback.
Abstract: Two laboratory studies explored how self-rated unhappy and happy students balance hedonically conflicting social comparison information, and tested whether unhappy students would be relatively more sensitive to hedonically consistent unfavorable information. In both studies, students working in teams of four competed against one other team on a novel verbal task. First, unhappy participants showed relatively greater sensitivity to undiluted unfavorable feedback—about group standing (e.g. your team ‘lost’; Study 1) and about group and individual standing (e.g. your team lost and you were placed last; Study 2). Second, unhappy students were more reactive than happy students to individual social comparison information in the context of relative group feedback. In Study 1, the moods and self-assessments of unhappy individuals (but not happy ones) after news of team defeat appeared to be buffered by the additional news of personal triumph. In Study 2, unhappy students showed relatively larger decreases in mood and ability assessments after unfavorable than after favorable individual feedback (i.e. ranking last versus first), regardless of whether they additionally learned that their teams had won or lost. The role of students' attributions and perceptions of their personal contribution was also explored. Implications of these findings for the links among social comparison, cognitive processes, and hedonic consequences are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The authors found that negative responses to superior status were largely independent of private feelings of pride and happiness, and that relationship factors appeared to be important determinants of the specific emotional and behavioral responses of outperformers.
Abstract: Outperforming others can be satisfying, in part because it allows us to make self-enhancing social comparisons against those we have surpassed. However, competitive success can clash with relational goals, leading outperformers to experience discomfort when they believe that their superior status poses a threat to the outperformed person (Exline & Lobel, 1999). Two studies revealed that relationship factors play a critical role in responses to superior status. Relationship rifts and avoidance were common in conflictual or hostile relationships, whereas empathic concerns and appeasement predominated in closer, more satisfying relationships. Negative responses to superior status were largely independent of private feelings of pride and happiness. These data complement existing social comparison research by suggesting that outperformance, while privately satisfying, can cause problems when it poses an interpersonal threat. Furthermore, relationship factors appear to be important determinants of the specific emotional and behavioral responses of outperformers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess personality aspects (action versus state orientation, need for cognition, faith in intuition) and emotional aspects of their attitudes towards the NATO military intervention in the Kosovo war in the spring of 1999.
Abstract: Two hundred and thirty-four persons were surveyed to assess personality aspects (action versus state orientation, need for cognition, faith in intuition) and emotional aspects of their attitudes towards the NATO military intervention in the Kosovo war in the spring of 1999. Additionally, in an imagined scenario they were asked to decide whether they would sign a petition addressed to the German government protesting against military intervention. Three ways of dealing with this decision were differentiated: (1) decisive action, (2) avoiding the decision conflict, and (3) elaborating the decision problem with the goal of building up feelings to guide action (amplification). Correlations between the variables were evaluated using path analysis in order to predict the decision strategy from personality dimensions and attitude variables (ambivalence, involvement). High action orientation caused low attitude ambivalence and high personal involvement in the topic. Strong ambivalence prevented swift action and supported a tendency towards elaboration and amplification of feelings. Involvement had a favorable effect on action readiness and a negative effect on conflict-avoiding strategies. Moreover, it moderated the effects of ambivalence on the preference for conflict management strategies. The results confirm theoretical approaches that stress the importance of affect for acting and deciding. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: This paper conceptualized expressions of sense of deprivation (equated with sense of injustice) as a three-faceted structure defined by mode of experience, social reward, and social sphere of allocation.
Abstract: Drawing from both social justice and deprivation research, we conceptualize expressions of sense of deprivation (equated with sense of injustice) as a three-faceted structure defined by mode of experience, social reward, and social sphere of allocation. To empirically verify the fit between this conceptual structure and the actual configuration of people's deprivation reactions, we use a research model of two modes of experience (cognition and emotion), three classes of rewards (instrumental, relational and symbolic), and two social spheres of allocation (school and society at large). A Similarity Space Analysis (SSA) of 17 measures (that represents this model with data collected among Israeli adolescents) reproduced the three-dimensional structure of sense of deprivation, although not all hypothesized affinities and distances between measures were empirically reconstructed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, a group of emergency medical service volunteers received negative, positive or no feedback on their volunteer organization and were asked to rate the ingroup and an outgroup on dimensions alternative to the feedback.
Abstract: It was hypothesized that participants who strongly identify with the ingroup and receive unfavorable feedback about their group in one domain would compensate on alternative dimensions. A group of emergency medical service volunteers received negative, positive or no feedback on their volunteer organization and were asked to rate the ingroup and an outgroup on dimensions alternative to the feedback. As predicted, high identifiers showed an increase in ingroup favoritism after negative feedback (i.e. compensation) and a decrease after positive feedback (i.e. modesty effect). In contrast, low identifiers distanced themselves from the ingroup after negative feedback and accentuated self-ingroup similarity after positive feedback. Results are discussed in relation to a schema-maintenance model through compensation (Seta & Seta, 1993) and social identity theory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: This article found that participants' pity reactions to photographs of persons expressing pain were influenced by age-related, sex-related and postural vulnerability cues. But they did not find an interaction between vulnerability and suffering.
Abstract: Pity is viewed as a function of two classes of perceived stimulus features and their interaction: the extent to which a person (when still healthy and nonsuffering) is perceived as vulnerable to physical harm, and the perceived intensity of his or her current suffering. Consistent with this view, Experiment 1 (N = 141) showed that participants' pity reactions to photographs of persons expressing pain were influenced by age-related, sex-related, and postural vulnerability cues. Experiment 2 (N = 258) manipulated both target's vulnerability by varying the muscularity of the same adult male stimulus and the intensity of suffering. As predicted, an interaction of vulnerability and suffering was found. Implications for the study of helping behavior are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: This article explored the differential information processing that occurs when perceivers encounter multiple categorizable individuals and found that participants differentially recalled target attributes as a function of positive versus negative story context and multiple dimensions of group membership.
Abstract: Two experiments explored the differential information processing that occurs when perceivers encounter multiple categorizable individuals Participants were required to recall specific information from previously encountered bogus newspaper stories Across two experiments it emerged that participants differentially recalled target attributes as a function of positive versus negative story context and multiple dimensions of group membership Specifically, different dimensions of categorization were dominant for positive and negative evaluative domains These findings provide an important qualification to the positive–negative asymmetry effect in intergroup discrimination when multiple dimensions of categorization are available In addition, comparison of the observed effects in different cultural settings suggests the need to consider contextual influences when considering intergroup phenomena with real social group memberships Finally, in line with previous work, a dissociation was observed between explicit and implicit measures of intergroup bias The findings are considered within the wider context of work into social categorization and intergroup relations Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
TL;DR: This paper found that participants more strongly associated having to be fair and equal with payment than with bonus or feelings and category members made fewer allocations that maximized the ingroup's relative and absolute profit and more allocations that minimized intergroup differences when allocating monetary payment than whenallocating bonus money or feelings.
Abstract: Contrary to most other research conducted in the minimal group paradigm tradition, Bornstein, Crum, Wittenbraker, Harring, Insko and Thibaut (1983a) found little evidence of ingroup favoritism when they employed a revised measurement system (i.e. the Multiple Alternative Matrices; MAMs). The current experiment examined whether Bornstein et al.'s effects could be attributed to norms that prohibit intergroup discrimination, which are made salient by framing the outcome values in the intergroup allocation task as monetary payment. We manipulated the salience of prohibitive norms by varying whether participants allocated on the MAMs monetary payment, bonus money or feelings. Participants more strongly associated ‘having to be fair and equal’ with payment than with bonus or feelings and category members made fewer allocations that maximized the ingroup's relative and absolute profit and more allocations that minimized intergroup differences when allocating monetary payment than when allocating bonus money or feelings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: This paper examined the consequences of cooperative and personalized contact under conditions that promoted attention to unique attributes of team members (decategorization) versus conditions that emphasized their category memberships, finding that ethnocentric bias generalized to members of another team as a function of category similarity.
Abstract: Within the crossed categorization paradigm we examined the consequences of cooperative and personalized contact under conditions that promoted attention to unique attributes of team members (decategorization) versus conditions that emphasized their category memberships. As predicted, when the rule for composing teams emphasized one or both of the experimentally induced dimensions of category distinction, ethnocentric bias generalized to members of another team as a function of category similarity. When, instead, the rule emphasized team members' unique attributes, shared in-group memberships no longer moderated bias towards members of another team. Instead, there was an equivalence pattern in the evaluative ratings of the four targets (in-group/in-group; in-group/out-group; out-group/in-group; out-group/out-group) of the crossed categorization paradigm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: Gibbons et al. as mentioned in this paper showed how the classical similarity hypothesis (Byrne, 1971; Festinger, 1954) can be moderated by an individual difference variable called social comparison orientation, which distinguishes people who exhibit different degrees of uncertainty about reality and self-knowledge.
Abstract: The purpose of the present experiment was to demonstrate how the classical similarity hypothesis (Byrne, 1971; Festinger, 1954) can be moderated by an individual difference variable called social comparison orientation (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999). This variable distinguishes people who exhibit different degrees of uncertainty about reality and self-knowledge. Based on prior studies on ability and opinion comparisons, we predicted that attitudinal similarity would not affect interpersonal attraction in high-comparison orientation individuals. Because of uncertainty and confusion about their self-knowledge, these people should be attracted to both similar and dissimilar others. In contrast, we expected an effect of attitude similarity in low-comparison orientation individuals because they do not exhibit this type of uncertainty. They should be only attracted to similar others who agree with them. The results confirmed this prediction and suggested some directions for future studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered whether participants' tendency to conform to a group norm could be influenced by priming them with categories associated with either conformity or anarchy, and found that "punk"-primed participants conformed significantly less than "accountant" participants, with the mean for the no-prime condition lying in between the two.
Abstract: This study considered whether participants' tendency to conform to a group norm could be influenced by priming them with categories associated with either conformity or anarchy. Participants were primed with one of two categories: ‘accountant prime’, ‘punk prime’ (plus a baseline ‘no prime’). They then participated in a variant of the Asch (1951) conformity paradigm. Results indicated that ‘punk’-primed participants conformed significantly less than did ‘accountant’-primed participants, with the mean for the ‘no-prime’ condition lying in between the two. ‘Accountant’-primed participants conformed to the group norm more than did the ‘no-prime’ participants. In addition, the performance of ‘punk’-primed participants was comparable to that of participants who performed the judgment task in isolation (‘solo’ condition). This indicates that conformity pressures did not affect estimates for ‘punk’-primed participants. Implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.