Showing papers in "European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research in 1997"
TL;DR: This paper identified a high risk category of people at age 8-10 who have an elevated probability (three or four times that of the remainder) of becoming a criminal, based on either antisocial behaviour or a deprived background.
Abstract: Violent and non-violent offending can be predicted more accurately than is generally believed. It is not difficult to identify a high risk category of people at age 8–10 who have an elevated probability (three or four times that of the remainder) of becoming offenders. This identification can be based on either antisocial behaviour or a deprived background or both. Depending on the prevalence of offending, the false positive rates may be high or low, but the odds ratio is a better measure of predictive efficiency. Overall, the early prediction of offending in the Cambridge study was quite impressive.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Twente police force developed a new strategy of policing organized crime in their region based on criminological knowledge and on the approach of community policing: preventive, pro-active and integrated actions taken by various partners of the police in order to reduce illegal activities of organized crime groups.
Abstract: Recent criminological research in the Netherlands underscores the fact that organized crime is embedded in society and the overall picture makes it clear that police emphasis on a crime fighting model of the police, based solely on criminal law will not be entirely effective. Therefore, the Twente police force developed a new strategy of policing organized crime in their region. This strategy is based on criminological knowledge and on the approach of community policing: preventive, pro-active and integrated actions taken by various partners of the police in order to reduce illegal activities of organized crime groups. This strategy, however, can only succeed when two conditions are satisfied. First, this approach can only function in an open democratic society in which numerous public and private organizations and the public feel responsible for the emergence of organized crime in their environment. Secondly, the police force and their partners must be (relatively) free of corruption. This implies that this strategy can only be effective in societies in which organized crime has not deeply penetrated democratic institutions and business organizations.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the differences and specia l fea tures of the Central and East European countr ies in quest ion, whose pecul ia r i t ies are usual ly re la ted, pr imari ly, to their history, na t iona l compos i t ion, religion, t radi t ions, and culture.
Abstract: For the p u r p o s e of this pape r the Central and East European count r ies are t aken to be the s ta tes s i tua ted in the long bel t be tween the Baltic Sea, Germany, Austria, Italy, the Adria t ic Sea, Greece, and Turkey on the one side, and the Black Sea and the former Soviet Union (with the except ion of the three Baltic States) on the other. The mos t Nor the rn coun t ry of this bel t is Estonia, and the far thes t South are Albania and Macedon ia ( ' the Former Yugoslav Republ ic of Macedonia ' ) . Undoubtedly , Ukraine and Bielorus also be long to the group of Central and East European countr ies , bu t the cr ime pa t t e rn in these two coun t r i e s seems to be more s imi lar to tha t prevai l ing in Russia than in the o the r a f o r e m e n t i o n e d East European countr ies . Generally, two app roaches can be d i s t inguished while looking at social p h e n o m e n a in a region cover ing a n u m b e r of states. The first one, usual ly fol lowed by ' insiders ' , is to focus a t t en t ion on the differences and specia l fea tures of the var ious count r ies in quest ion, whose pecul ia r i t ies are usual ly re la ted, pr imari ly, to their history, na t iona l compos i t ion , religion, t radi t ions , and culture. The o ther approach , which is more of ten chosen by 'outsiders" involves focusing a t t en t ion on wha t makes these count r ies in spi te of all the above m e n t i o n e d differences in some way similar. Al though the au thor is an ' insider ' , the 'outs ider 's ' pe rspec t ive was chosen in an effort to examine the s imilar i t ies in the cr ime pa t t e rn in the var ious count r ies in the region. The m a i n r eason for this a p p r o a c h is tha t unt i l recen t ly all these count r ies have b e e n s h a p e d by the same or very s imilar s t rong forces. The majo r i ty of these coun t r i e s were u n d e r Soviet pol i t ical and economic domina t i on . All of t h e m had an au thor i t a r i an gove rnmen t which rel ied s t rongly on a pol i t ical
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the development of community-based policing in the United States and the Netherlands and conclude that "policy or operational changes in the police organizations are generally influenced by the political climate and or scientific research".
Abstract: This article examines the development of community-based policing in the
United States and the Netherlands. These two countries were selected because
the United States has been the forerunner of research into the police and one
of the first countries to attempt to introduce on a wide-scale, and conduct
research into community policing. In the Netherlands, the Major Cities Policy,
a governmental approach to addressing the cities' problems provided an
interesting basis for comparison. Policy or operational changes in the police
organization are generally influenced by the political climate and or scientific
research. Both of these factors played a major role in the US. This section
begins with a brief historical view of the factors which brought about changes
within American policing, ultimately resulting in a new concept of community
policing. This is followed by developments which led to community policing or
the concept of the 'neighbourhood teams' (wijkbureaus) in the Netherlands.
9 citations
9 citations
8 citations
TL;DR: In the Netherlands, a project called "lustitie in de buurt" as mentioned in this paper, inspired by the French "maisons de justice" and the American community justice programme, was launched in 1997, with the dual meaning 'neighbourhood justice' and 'justice nearby' to open offices where the prosecutor and other judicial institutions could operate in a problemoriented way, near to the public and near to other official bodies, like the police, local administration, welfare organizations and so on.
Abstract: In 1997, inspired by the French 'maisons de justice' and the American community justice programme, a project was launched in the Netherlands under the title 'lustitie in de buurt', with the dual meaning 'neighbourhood justice' and 'justice nearby'. The idea was to open offices where the prosecutor and other judicial institutions could operate in a problem-oriented way, near to the public and near to other official bodies, like the police, local administration, welfare organizations and so on. This article will report on the development of the project. First, it will explain how this new idea was implemented by the Ministry of Justice. In addition, the pilot projects will be described and some preliminary results will be given. Finally the project is positioned in relation to the development of the welfare state. A liberal state and a plural society are more and more dependent on law and the judiciary.
8 citations
TL;DR: Research has revealed that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 2 are at risk of embarking on a criminal career (Gittelman et al., 1985; Moffitt, 1990; Satterfield et al, 1994).
Abstract: Research has revealed that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 2 are at risk of embarking on a criminal career (Gittelman et al., 1985; Moffitt, 1990; Satterfield et al., 1994). The literature mentions prevalence figures of ADHD among children in the general population that vary from 3% to 17% (e.g. Shekim et al., 1985; APA, 1987; Taylor et al., 1991; Szatmari, 1992; Verhulst et al., in press). According to McArdle et al. (1995) this strong variation of prevalence depends on whether situational or pervasive hyperactivity is studied, the age of the subjects and the definition of hyperactivity: is it perceived as a symptom, a syndrome (a complex of symptoms) or a disorder? One can add to this the influence of measures and methods used, e.g. clinical interviews/questionnaires; and of the populations studied, e.g. rural/urban (Shekim et al., 1985; Szatmari, 1992). In adolescence 50% to 80% of
6 citations
5 citations
5 citations
TL;DR: There is much technical work still to be done before the research community can develop appropriate screening instruments for the identification of potential offenders, and some screening strategies and instruments are promising, but none can be recommended for immediate use to policy-makers and practitioners.
Abstract: In this article, we have reviewed the guidelines, from the criminological prediction tradition, that should be followed while developing a screening device for the identification of potential juvenile offenders. We were also able to recognize an appropriate screening strategy for prevention, even if more validation studies have to be conducted. Screening of juvenile offenders should rest on multiple stages, informants, methods, and variable domains. In addition, it was not possible to identify a satisfactory instrument for prevention screening. The candidate devices all have significant methodological deficiencies. Also, it was not possible to identify the particular predictors to retain for screening, even if there is a large consensus about the variable domains that are most important. To summarize, there is much technical work still to be done before we can develop appropriate screening instruments for the identification of potential offenders. Some screening strategies and instruments are promising, but none can be recommended for immediate use to policy-makers and practitioners. The state-of-the-art for the identification of potential juvenile offenders is such that the research community can only indicate how to develop good screening instruments.
TL;DR: A survey of all probation services in England, Wales, and Ireland, and social work services in Scotland, reveals that whilst the concepts of restorative justice are receiving considerable discussion and attention, their actual impact on practice is limited and patchy as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The survey of all probation services in England, Wales, and Ireland, and social work services in Scotland, reveals that whilst the concepts of restorative justice are receiving considerable discussion and attention, their actual impact on practice is limited and patchy. There is a clear hierarchy of response to the varying concepts of restorative Justice. This hierarchy is generally: Victim Awareness; Reparation - Indirect; Reparation - Direct; Mediation; Compensation; Shaming.
TL;DR: A person may be considered a victim, regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted and regardless of the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the victim as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: 2. A person may be considered a victim, under this Declaration, regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted and regardless of the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. The term "victim" also includes, where appropriate, the immediate family or dependants of the direct victim and persons who have suffered harm in intervening to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that crime and crime prevention are too important to the social health of European countries to be ignored, and that no European country can afford not to invest in crime prevention programmes and to create national strategies incorporating law enforcement, developmental, situational, and community components.
Abstract: Crime and crime prevention are too important to the social health of European countries to be ignored. Law enforcement has a central and important role to play, but by itself will not be enough. As economic pressures resulting from the restructuring of global markets and the move toward a single currency in Europe create greater uncertainties and stress for Europeans, the possibilities of rising crime rates and rising anti-minority sentiments are substantial. No European country can afford not to invest in crime prevention programmes and to create national strategies incorporating law enforcement, developmental, situational, and community components.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The early intervention of juvenile crime: some historical landmarks as discussed by the authors, the future of a preventive policy towards juveniles, and home and away: a new social policy for children in Ireland.
Abstract: ARTICLES: 1. Editorial 2. Marc Le Blanc - Identification of potential juvenile offenders 3. Richard E. Tremblay and Wendy M. Craig - Developmental juvenile delinquency prevention 4. David P. Farrington - Early prediction of violent and non-violent youthful offending 5. Francoise Moser and Theo A.H. Doreleijers - An explorative study of juvenile delinquents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 6. Catherine Rollet - The early intervention of juvenile crime: some historical landmarks 7. Josine Junger-Tas - The future of a preventive policy towards juveniles 8. Norman Tutt - Home and away: a new social policy for children in Ireland 9. Crime institute profile - WODC
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors renounce the idea that rehabilitation of offenders can be achieved by coercion, and propose to respond to offending by imposing an adequate punishment which must be executed paying full respect to human rights and dignity.
Abstract: Despite partial amendments to criminal legislation the existing Czech criminal system is marked by its punitive character. Despite a slight change in attitudes towards punishment after 1990, the nature of penalties has not been adapted to the new goals. The punishment which fulfils the retributive, i.e. deterrent objective will not automatically become a means of re-education and rehabilitation merely because we change its objective in law. The new purpose of punishment requires changes in contents of punishment, i.e. searching for effective ways of handling offenders both outside and inside prisons. We have to renounce the idea that rehabilitation of offenders can be achieved by coercion. We have to respond to offending by imposing an adequate punishment which must be executed paying full respect to human rights and dignity. In this context, any offender must be able to exercise his or her right to request conditions and means for social reintegration (training, improvement of skills, medical treatment etcetera), if the offender is really interested in rehabilitation. We can only create conditions, we cannot reintegrate anybody by force. Rehabilitation in the Czech Republic continues to be more a good intention than a reality.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The National Center for State Courts (NCSC) as mentioned in this paper was created by the judicial branches of the 50 states acting collectively in 1971 by the purpose was to establish a central clearinghouse that could provide the resources needed to assist state courts improve the administration of justice and to nurture a new profession of court managers and administrators.
Abstract: The National Center for State Courts (NCSC) was created in 1971 by the judicial branches of the 50 states acting collectively. The purpose was to establish a central clearinghouse that could provide the resources needed to assist state courts improve the administration of justice and, more specifically, to nurture a new profession of court managers and administrators. Primary funding for the NCSC is provided by annual dues paid by the judicial branches of all 50 states. However, inspiration and sponsorship for the NCSC came from two powerful federal officials. Chief Iusfice Warren Burger provided the rationale for a central clearinghouse function, while President Richard Nixon incorporated the NCSC's objective into his administration's national crime policy. The NCSC is a product of American-style federalism, in which the constitution of each state determines the structures and the jurisdiction of the courts in that state, vesting authority for the state's judicial branch in either the state's Chief Justice or the highest appellate court. The 16,400 trial and 96 appellate courts established by state constitutions currently decide 99 per cent of all
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, Wyvekens et al. describe a new direction for community policing of organized crime: Restorative justice in practice, which is a new social contract for professional community policing in Canada.
Abstract: ARTICLES: 1. Editorial 2. Heike Gramckow - Community prosecution in the United States 3.
Anne Wyvekens - Mediation and proximity; community justice centres in Lyons, France 4.
Hans Boutellier - Right to the community; neighbourhood justice in the Netherlands 5.
Peter Goris - Justice closer to communities; two tracks in Belgian justice policy 6. Alexis A. Aronowitz - Progress in community policing 7.
Frederik E. Jansen and Gerben J.N. Bruinsma - Community policing of organized crime: a new direction 8. Norman Tutt - Restorative justice in practice 9. Pierre Dubois and Andre Normandeau - Professional community policing in Canada: a new social contract 10.
Lode Walgrave - Declaration of Leuven 11. Crime institute profile - Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology