Showing papers in "Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1953"
TL;DR: An unidentified, possibly new, tissue culture cytopathogenic agent has been isolated repeatedly from human adenoids undergoing spontaneous degeneration in tissue culture, and it is tentatively proposed to designate the agent as theadenoid degeneration agent.
Abstract: Summary1. From the present evidence it appears that an unidentified, possibly new, tissue culture cytopathogenic agent has been isolated repeatedly from human adenoids undergoing spontaneous degeneration in tissue culture. The filter ability and the inability to cultivate the agent on bacteriological media and to demonstrate organisms in stained tissue culture preparations would indicate that the agent belongs to the group of viruses or rickettsial It is tentatively proposed to designate the agent as the “adenoid degeneration agent”, abbreviated as “A.D. agent”. 2. That the agent is derived from the adenoid tissue rather than from the nutrient media is indicated by the fact that some adenoids and all human embryonic tissues cultivated in the identical media and at the same time have not undergone degeneration, although they are susceptible to infection with the agent; also, repeated attempts to isolate the agents from adenoid cultures not demonstrating degeneration have been uniformly unsuccessful. 3. Fur...
990 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary steroid screening results indicate that 19-nortestosterone and other 19-nor analogs of androgens promise to be effective protein-anabolic, and relatively weak androgenic agents.
Abstract: SummaryAn 8-day rat levator ani muscle assay for myotrophic activity is presented. Preliminary steroid screening results indicate that 19-nortestosterone and other 19-nor analogs of androgens promise to be effective protein-anabolic, and relatively weak androgenic agents. Using the same dose levels of 19-nortestosterone and testosterone, equal myotrophic responses were produced, yet 19-nortestosterone showed only weak androgenic activity and testosterone exhibited strong androgenic activity. Androsterone possesses relatively strong androgenic and only weak myotrophic activity.
358 citations
TL;DR: A new clotting factor, designated as plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) is present in BaSO4-treated normal plasma and normal serum, and its clotting times are only moderately prolonged in patients with mild hemorrhagic disease.
Abstract: Summary1. A third type of hemophilia characterized by a deficiency in a plasma thromboplastin factor other than anti-hemophilic globulin and plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) has been identifie...
349 citations
TL;DR: In this article, extracts prepared from livers, spleens, and lymphatic tumors of leukemic Ak mice, were centrifugated at 1400 × g (15 minutes), then 7000 × g(5 to 10 minutes), and finally passed through...
Abstract: Summary1. Extracts prepared from livers, spleens, and lymphatic tumors of leukemic Ak mice, were centrifugated at 1400 × g (15 minutes), then 7000 × g (5 to 10 minutes), and finally passed through ...
296 citations
TL;DR: From the eruptive lesions of two cases of herpes zoster, cytopathogenic agents of a similar nature have been isolated and have been propagated serially in cultures of human tissue.
Abstract: SummaryThe inoculation of roller tube tissue cultures of human tissues with vesicle fluid derived from patients with varicella has resulted in the isolation of six cytopathogenic agents. Two of the strains have been maintained for 10 tissue culture passages by employing tissue suspensions as the passage material. Histologically the lesions produced consist of focal accumulations of cells which become swollen, and then degenerate; characteristically, such cells contain intranuclear inclusion bodies. From the eruptive lesions of two cases of herpes zoster, cytopathogenic agents of a similar nature have been isolated and have been propagated serially in cultures of human tissue.
201 citations
TL;DR: A strain gauge arch has been described which measures heart force changes in fully conscious, chronically operated dogs and prevents insulation breakdown in body fluids.
Abstract: SummaryA strain gauge arch has been described which measures heart force changes in fully conscious, chronically operated dogs. Enclosure of the electrical component in a metal casing prevents insulation breakdown in body fluids.
182 citations
TL;DR: The method of Neuman and Logan for the determination of hydroxyproline has been modified by the application of ferrous sulfate to remove peroxide and has yielded a consistent, linear standard curve.
Abstract: SummaryThe method of Neuman and Logan for the determination of hydroxyproline has been modified by the application of ferrous sulfate to remove peroxide. This modification has yielded a consistent, linear standard curve and markedly reduced the color contribution of tyrosine.
144 citations
TL;DR: By chromatography on a silicic acid column, artificial lipid mixtures and plasma lipids have been separated into fractions composed mainly of the sterol esters, triglycerides, sterols, fatty acids and phospholipids.
Abstract: SummaryBy chromatography on a silicic acid column, artificial lipid mixtures and plasma lipids have been separated into fractions composed mainly of the following groups: sterol esters, triglycerides, sterols, fatty acids and phospholipids. By this tech-nic eleostearic acid is found exclusively in the triglyceride fraction after having been fed as the methyl ester.
132 citations
TL;DR: It was possible to produce very large amounts of inflammatory tissue and fluid in the rat, without interfering with the general well-being of the animal, using the “granuloma pouch” technic.
Abstract: Summary1. Using the “granuloma pouch” technic. it was possible to produce very large amounts oi inflammatory tissue and fluid (corresponding, in some cases, to as much as 25% of total body weight) in the rat, without interfering with the general well-being of the animal. 2. The introduction of small amounts of hydrocortisone, directly into the wall of the pouch, completely prevents the development of these inflammatory structures. 3. Introduction of the same amount of hydrocortisone into the lumen of the pouch, or into connective tissue at a distance of only about one mm from the pouch, is virtually ineffective. 4. The croton oil used to produce these granulonia pouches retained part of its irritating effects, even after a sojourn of 14 days, in hydrocortisone protected connective tissue. Although here it failed to cause inflammation, it still produced considerable damage, with hemorrhagic necrosis, when it was introduced into the unprotected connective tissue of other recipient animals.
129 citations
TL;DR: The large activities usually observed by the activation of human globulin with streptokinase is caused by the action of this activator on the plasminogen contained in the fibrin substrate.
Abstract: Summary1. Streptokinase transforms a proactivator in blood to an activator, which converts plasminogen to plasmin. Streptokinase does not react directly with plasminogen. 2. A low content of plasminogen pro-activator in bovine blood is the reason for the incomplete activation of preparations of bovine plasminogen by streptokinase. In human globulin a large excess of plasminogen activator is formed by streptokinase. 3. The large activities usually observed by the activation of human globulin with streptokinase is caused by the action of this activator on the plasminogen contained in the fibrin substrate.
122 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the glyceride component of the lipoprotein with concomitant release of fatty acids was found to cause partial hydrolysis of the glycemia component.
Abstract: Summary1. Plasma from human subjects who have received intravenous heparin a short time previously, when incubated with certain lipoproteins for period of 4 to 8 hours at 37°C, has been found to cause partial hydrolysis of the glyceride component of the lipoprotein with concomitant release of fatty acids. Sera from the same individuals before heparin administration did not cause measurably real hydrolysis under the same conditions. 2. Heating the plasma before incubation prevents the reaction, but of a number of common enzyme inhibitors tried, only sodium arsenite is effective. 3. Our results are consistent with—and may at least partially explain—certain other lipoprotein changes which may be classed as heparin effects, e.g., the observed redistribution of lipoproteins shown by the ultracentrifuge, and the cleaning of turbidity in egg lipoprotein solutions.
TL;DR: There is an increase during the period of rapid growth and stress increases and fasting lowers the plasma hexosamine level in the normal rat, and fasting prevents the expected increase following stress.
Abstract: SummaryThe following observations were made on plasma hexosamine levels in the rat: 1) there is an increase during the period of rapid growth, 2) no significant diurnal changes could be demonstrated, 3) the amount of food eaten is important in the maintenance of a normal level, 4) stress increases and fasting lowers the plasma hexosamine level in the normal rat, 5) fasting prevents the expected increase following stress.
TL;DR: Terramycin has the same virulence enhancing effect on Candida albicans as aureomycin, and only the intraperitoneal injection of either drug and fungus is effective in producing a fatal infection.
Abstract: Summary1. Terramycin has the same virulence enhancing effect on Candida albicans as aureomycin. Other antibiotics failed to show this effect. 2. Terramycin due to its stability acts after standing or boiling while aureomycin, which is not stable on standing and is heat labile, does not. This parallels their antibiotic activities. 3. Only the intraperitoneal injection of either drug and fungus is effective in producing a fatal infection. All other routes of administration and combination were negative. 4. Intravenous injection of drug and fungus indicates a protective effect. 5. Cortisone administered shortly before and after infection with Candida albicans produces a generalized fatal infection. 6. Lowered resistance of the animal to infection is considered as the cause of “virulence enhancement.”
TL;DR: A method is presented which permits the differentiation and enumeration of basophils from the counting chamber and the range, mean, and standard deviation are reported by sex.
Abstract: SummaryA method is presented which permits the differentiation and enumeration of basophils from the counting chamber. Basophil counts were performed on 69 normal individuals and the range, mean, and standard deviation are reported by sex.
TL;DR: Purified corticotropin prepared from hog anterior pituitary by the glacial acetic acid-oxycellulose method was found to be potent in adipokinin, appearing to be a principle distinct from the gonadotropins, thyrotropin, corticotropicin, growth hormone, and intermedin.
Abstract: SummaryPurified corticotropin prepared from hog anterior pituitary by the glacial acetic acid-oxycellulose method was found to be potent in adipokinin. Doses of 3 to 15 μg produced an increase of 40% in the hepatic lipid concentration of mice within three hours after injection. Pituitary adipokinin appears to be a principle distinct from the gonadotropins, thyrotropin, corticotropin, growth hormone, and intermedin.
TL;DR: Electron microscope studies of a type of physiologically polarized synapse in the crayfish and the squid have shown that the synapse consists of a region characterized by processes of postsynaptic axoplasm lying in presynaptic Schwann cell cytoplasm.
Abstract: Summary1. Electron microscope studies of a type of physiologically polarized synapse in the crayfish and the squid have shown that the synapse consists of a region characterized by processes of pos...
TL;DR: In isolated rat diaphragm, insulin increased the metabolism of fructose and glucose via the hexokinase system but did not affect the utilization of fructose via the fructo-kinase pathway.
Abstract: Summary In isolated rat diaphragm, insulin increased the metabolism of fructose and glucose via the hexokinase system but did not affect the utilization of fructose via the fructo-kinase pathway. The results suggest that insulin affects the metabolism of glucose and fructose by accelerating their initial phosphorylation by hexokinase.
TL;DR: Isoniazid in a dose of 0.18 millimoles/kg potentiates the action of phenylethylamine and tyramine upon the nictitating membrane of cats, and does not have this effect when given in equivalent doses.
Abstract: SummaryIproniazid, in a dose of 0.18 millimoles/kg potentiates the action of phenylethylamine and tyramine upon the nictitating membrane of cats. The action of epinephrine is not changed significantly. Isoniazid does not have this effect when given in equivalent doses.
TL;DR: The physiological behavior of trivalent and hexavalent Cr51 has been observed over a 4 5-day period in rats as affected by chemical form and route of administration as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: SummaryThe physiological behavior of trivalent and hexavalent Cr51 has been observed over a 4 5-day period in rats as affected by chemical form and route of administration. When intravenously administered as sodium chromite, practically 100% of the dose was picked up by the organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Chromic chloride resulted in a pickup by the liver of about 55% of the dose. When Cr51Cl3 was added to isotonic acetate and citrate buffers; less than 5% of the dose reached the liver and most of the activity was excreted in the urine. The use of sodium chromate solutions resulted in about 25% of the dose reaching the liver. However, the activity left this organ rapidly in contradistinction to the other forms studied. Oral, intraperitoneal and intratracheal administration of Cr51Cl3 were also studied. None of the forms of Cr51 used were found to cross the placenta of rats ranging from 15 to 20 days in gestation. In addition, data are presented from 2 sheep intravenously dosed with Cr51Cl3. The ...
TL;DR: Great variability in Vi titers was encountered in testing the sera of typhoid carriers; however, both methods were in good agreement in the detection of Vi antibody in these sera.
Abstract: Summary1. The preparation of a sensitive and specific Vi agglutination reagent by sensitization of human type O erythrocytes with Vi antigen isolated from E. colt has been described. 2. Vi antibody content of rabbit and human sera was determined by this method and the conventional bacterial agglutination test. The hemagglutination test provided a more sensitive measure of Vi antibody by a factor of 3 to 6 fold. Greater variability in Vi titers was encountered in testing the sera of typhoid carriers; however, both methods were in good agreement in the detection of Vi antibody in these sera. The advantages inherent in the Vi hemagglutination procedure are discussed.
TL;DR: A self-guiding catheter has been described for placement in the right heart or pulmonary arteries of dogs and this technic does not require a fluoroscope and localization is determined from the pressure recording.
Abstract: Summary1. A self-guiding catheter has been described for placement in the right heart or pulmonary arteries of dogs. 2. This technic does not require a fluoroscope and localization is determined from the pressure recording. 3. The same catheter has likewise been used routinely for occlusion of the left pulmonary artery.
TL;DR: The total body water and percentage of weight represented by water in young obese animals was similar to those in non-obese animals of the same weight.
Abstract: SummaryTotal body water and blood volume were determined in mice with the hereditary obese hyperglycemic syndrome and in littermate controls. Only 12% of the excess weight of obese animals was found to be represented by water. Blood volume was not increased in obese animals. The total body water and percentage of weight represented by water in young obese animals was similar to those in non-obese animals of the same weight.
TL;DR: Compound 48/80 and btil-bamidine produce both in vivo and in vitro bursting of rat's mast cells, and these compounds also possess a protamine-like effect.
Abstract: SummaryCompound 48/80 and btil-bamidine produce both in vivo and in vitro bursting of rat's mast cells. This phenomenon was observed with phase contrast microscopy as a rapid bubbling of the cell surface. These compounds also possess a protamine-like effect. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
TL;DR: The formation of the fluid is thus not an exclusive prerogative of the choroid plexus, and the arachnoidal villi serve a function in the CSF system analogous to the lymphatics of‘the general circulation.
Abstract: Summary1. Water and electrolytes enter the cerebrospinal fluid rapidly both in the ventricles and throughout the subarachnoid space. The formation of the fluid is thus not an exclusive prerogative of the choroid plexus. 2. Water and electrolytes leave directly into the blood from both the ventricles and the subarachnoid space, doing so at roughly similar rates. 3. CSF does not suddenly come into being fully formed at any point with all its constituents in their proper ratios, but each constituent is exchanging with blood at its own characteristic rate. 4. In contrast to water and electrolytes, protein is absorbed largely from the subarachnoid space, presumably from the arachnoidal villi. By virtue of this specific role played by the arachnoid villi, they serve a function in the CSF system analogous to the lymphatics of‘the general circulation. 5. The site and rate of protein reabsorption is an important determinant of the direction and rate of CSF flow. 6. The net amount of CSF elaborated per day in the v...
TL;DR: The albumin half-lives are similar to the gamma globulin half-Lives for the same species and apparently are dependent upon the metabolic characteristics of the host.
Abstract: SummaryThe half-lives of homologous serum albumins in humans, cows. dogs, rabbits and mice have been presented. The albumin half-lives are similar to the gamma globulin half-lives for the same species and apparently are dependent upon the metabolic characteristics of the host.
TL;DR: Summary 1.0 mg ACTH was injected into rats for 8-10 days and Liver slices from these animals showed a decreased methylation of nicotinamide and an increasedmethylation of guanidoacetic acid.
Abstract: Summary1.0 mg ACTH was injected into rats for 8-10 days. Liver slices from these animals showed a decreased methylation of nicotinamide and an increased methylation of guanidoacetic acid. The methylation of homocysteine was unaffected. Tyrosine formation from phenylalanine was inhibited as was uric acid formation from xanthine. Urea production was normal. Endogenous ketone body production and the oxidation of octanoate was increased.
TL;DR: Neither varying the hours of light to which the animals were exposed nor keeping them at a constant temperature throughout the year had any marked effect upon the constituents analyzed.
Abstract: SummaryIn late summer and fall, body weight and to a greater extent liver weight increase due to the storage of glycogen and fat. With ithe increased storage of liver glycogen the blood glucose falls to a low level. In the winter and spring the blood sugar rises to a maximum and the liver glycogen and total lipids fall as the animal uses its body stores. Neither varying the hours of light to which the animals were exposed nor keeping them at a constant temperature throughout the year had any marked effect upon the constituents analyzed.
TL;DR: The plasminogen activator in blood differs from the tissue activator, fibrinokinase, and is probably formed from a precursor contained in the blood.
Abstract: Summary1. Fibrinolytically active blood, as obtained from the living and dead human organism, contains a plasminogen activator. The amount of this activator exceeds many times that needed for the complete activation of the plasminogen present in human blood. 2. The plasminogen activator in blood differs from the tissue activator, fibrinokinase, and is probably formed from a precursor contained in the blood.
TL;DR: The feasibility of recirculating separated leucocytes has been demonstrated in dogs with complete bone marrow aplasia induced by x-irradiation and the transfused granulocytes were shown to migrate to sites of infection.
Abstract: SummaryThe feasibility of recirculating separated leucocytes has been demonstrated in dogs with complete bone marrow aplasia induced by x-irradiation. The transfused granulocytes were shown to migrate to sites of infection.
TL;DR: Five isolations of a virus which causes a fatal pneumonitis of suckling mice by various routes of inoculation have been made from C3H mice known to carry the Bittner Milk Agent, and specific neutralizing antisera have been produced in rabbits.
Abstract: Summary1. Five isolations of a virus which causes a fatal pneumonitis of suckling mice by various routes of inoculation have been made from C3H mice known to carry the Bittner Milk Agent. 2. Older suckling mice are increasingly resistant to this virus and no apparent illness has been produced by inoculation of adult mice. 3. Specific neutralizing antisera have been produced in rabbits. 4. Due to its unique behavior and failure to show serologic or other relationships to known mouse viruses, K-virus has been regarded as an hitherto undescribed agent. 5. Long term experiments have been set up to determine, if possible, whether K-virus is identical with or related to the Bittner Milk Agent.