Federal Probation 

About: Federal Probation is an academic journal. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Recidivism & Criminal justice. It has an ISSN identifier of 0014-9128. Over the lifetime, 193 publications have been published receiving 3794 citations.

False Positives, False Negatives, and False Analyses: A Rejoinder to "Machine Bias: There's Software Used across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. and It's Biased against Blacks"

Abstract: The validity and intellectual honesty of conducting and reporting analysis are critical, since the ramifications of published data, accurate or misleading, may have consequences for years to come.-Marco and Larkin, 2000, p. 692PROPUBLICA RECENTLY RELEASED a much-heralded investigative report claiming that a risk assessment tool (known as the COMPAS) used in criminal justice is biased against black defendants.12 The report heavily implied that such bias is inherent in all actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAIs).We think ProPublica's report was based on faulty statistics and data analysis, and that the report failed to show that the COMPAS itself is racially biased, let alone that other risk instruments are biased. Not only do ProPublica's results contradict several comprehensive existing studies concluding that actuarial risk can be predicted free of racial and/or gender bias, a correct analysis of the underlying data (which we provide below) sharply undermines ProPublicas approach.Our reasons for writing are simple. It might be that the existing justice system is biased against poor minorities due to a wide variety of reasons (including economic factors, policing patterns, prosecutorial behavior, and judicial biases), and therefore, regardless of the degree of bias, risk assessment tools informed by objective data can help reduce racial bias from its current level. It would be a shame if policymakers mistakenly thought that risk assessment tools were somehow worse than the status quo. Because we are at a time in history when there appears to be bipartisan political support for criminal justice reform, one poorly executed study that makes such absolute claims of bias should not go unchallenged. The gravity of this study's erroneous conclusions is exacerbated by the large-market outlet in which it was published (ProPublica).Before we expand further into our criticisms of the ProPublica piece, we describe some context and characteristics of the American criminal justice system and risk assessments.Mass Incarceration and ARAIsThe United States is clearly the worldwide leader in imprisonment. The prison population in the United States has declined by small percentages in recent years and at year-end 2014 the prison population was the smallest it had been since 2004. Yet, we still incarcerated 1,561,500 individuals in federal and state correctional facilities (Carson, 2015). By sheer numbers, or rates per 100,000 inhabitants, the United States incarcerates more people than just about any country in the world that reports reliable incarceration statistics (Wagner & Walsh, 2016).Further, it appears that there is a fair amount of racial disproportion when comparing the composition of the general population with the composition of the prison population. The 2014 United States Census population projection estimates that, across the U.S., the racial breakdown of the 318 million residents comprised 62.1 percent white, 13.2 percent black or African American, and 17.4 percent Hispanic. In comparison, 37 percent of the prison population was categorized as black, 32 percent was categorized as white, and 22 percent as Hispanic (Carson, 2015). Carson (2015:15) states that, "As a percentage of residents of all ages at yearend 2014, 2.7 percent of black males (or 2,724 per 100,000 black male residents) and 1.1 percent of Hispanic males (1,090 per 100,000 Hispanic males) were serving sentences of at least 1 year in prison, compared to less than 0.5 percent of white males (465 per 100,000 white male residents)."Aside from the negative effects caused by imprisonment, there is a massive financial cost that extends beyond official correctional budgets. A recent report by The Vera Institute of Justice (Henrichson & Delaney, 2012) indicated that the cost of prison operations (including such things as pension and insurance contributions, capital costs, legal fees, and administrative fees) in 40 states participating in their study was 39. …

What Works in Prisoner Reentry? Reviewing and Questioning the Evidence.

Abstract: MORE THAN 600,000 individuals will leave state prisons and return home this year. That is 1,600 a day, and a sixfold increase in prisoner releases since 1970. Of course, inmates have always been released from prison, and corrections officials have long struggled with how to facilitate successful transitions. But the current situation is decidedly different. The increase in number of releasees has stretched parole services beyond their limits, and officials worry about what assistance can be provided at release. Research confirms that returning prisoners need more help than in the past, yet resources have diminished. Returning prisoners will have served longer prison sentences than in the past, be more disconnected from family and friends, have a higher prevalence of untreated substance abuse and mental illness, and be less educated and employable than their predecessors. Legal and practical barriers facing ex-offenders have also increased, affecting their employment, housing, and welfare eligibility. Without help, many released inmates quickly return to crime.

Experiences and Attitudes of Registered Female Sex Offenders.

Abstract: RECENTLY CHANGES and innovations in public policies and sentencing structures have extended criminal sanctions beyond the immediate needs of offenders, victims, and society in general. One clear example of reaching beyond immediate needs and extending the form, length and consequences of sentencing is the use of community notification and registration of sex offenders. The present research identifies how such practices have created unintended and potentially serious collateral consequences for convicted sex offenders, with a special focus on female sex offenders.