Showing papers in "Fire Safety Journal in 1996"

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of varying initial liquid-solid contact angle on the evaporation of single droplets of water deposited on a stainless steel surface was studied using both experiments and numerical modeling.

TL;DR: In this paper, the critical velocity to prevent upstream smoke flow in the event of a tunnel fire is an important part of the design of emergency ventilation systems, and experimental results from a study involving model tunnels with slopes between 0 and 10 degrees are presented.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a testing protocol that will lead to the prediction of ignition and burning rate from cone data, which is done for a thermoplastic like PMMA.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined a testing protocol that leads to the prediction of ignition and burning rate for thermoplastics from cone calorimeter data, i.e., thermal inertia, specific heat, thermal conductivity, ignition temperature, heat of gasification and flame heat flux from cone data, and utilized these properties in a model to predict the time to ignition and transient burning rate.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the flame length, velocity, temperature, and mass flux for line fires in a very similar manner to axisymmetric systems and found that the air entrainment coefficient for non-reacting, buoyant plume region in the Boussinesq approximation and assuming Gaussian distributions for horizontal velocity and temperature is 0.13.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantified the sensitivity of results of simulations of the area downstream of a fire in a tunnel to several factors, including natural convective heat transfer, radiative heat transfer and wall roughness.

TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of evacuation life safety in a one-room public assembly building has been carried out with regard to uncertainty and risk, and the importance analysis carried out analytically gives data of fundamental significance for an understanding of the practical design problem.

TL;DR: In this paper, an existing computer model capable of predicting the response of three-dimensional semi-rigid steel framed buildings, including continuous floor systems, at elevated temperatures has been extended to include the possibility of extensive strain reversal within the material constitutive relationship.

TL;DR: In this article, a simple and practical pyrolysis model was developed to describe the response of the solid fuel, which was first tested against the Cone Calorimeter data for both charring and non-charring materials under different irradiance levels and then coupled to CFD calculations.

TL;DR: In this article, a simple equation averaging over the flame-extinguishing concentrations of all component gases weighted by mole fraction was used to estimate the fire suppression efficiency of any mixed agents of the inert gases.

TL;DR: In this paper, numerical simulations of early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers in heptane spray fire scenarios were sought to predict actual delivered densities (ADDs) of two ESFR sprinkler sprays without fire.

TL;DR: In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire spread and extinguishment using water sprays is developed, which is shown to give good agreement with experimental data from cone calorimeter tests.

TL;DR: In this paper, a method has been developed by which existing fire resistance test data can be used to calculate the total heat flux incident on the specimen at any instant during the test.

TL;DR: In this paper, the surface temperature at ignition during cone calorimeter tests for several plywoods and particle board in the horizontal and vertical configurations were presented. But the results of the experiments were limited.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how water sprays affect fire intensity, the burning rate of fuel and the relationship between droplet size and degree of water penetration in a small-scale opposed gasoline pool fire.

TL;DR: In this article, the main experimental, theoretical and numerical approaches developed to obtain a proper evaluation of the different transports sustaining the burning phenomena are presented, including convective and radiative transports.

TL;DR: In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model called a CESARE-CFD fire model has been used to simulate polyurethane slab fires in a prototype multi-room apartment in a multi-storey building.

TL;DR: In this paper, a model was developed for calculating combined buoyancy and pressure-driven flow through a shallow, circular, horizontal vent where the vent connected spaces are filled with fluids of different density in an unstable configuration (density of the top fluid is larger than that of the bottom).

TL;DR: In this article, extinction of counter/low diffusion flames on liquid fuels was investigated, to confirm the superiority of the counterflow diffusion flame over the cup burner method for measuring flame extinguishing concentrations of fire suppressants, and to examine the fire suppression effects of halon replacements.

TL;DR: In this paper, a tubular flame burner method was employed as a new test method for flammability limits, and repeatable and reliable limits were measured under well-defined conditions.

TL;DR: In this paper, the cooling effect of a sparse spray impinging on a semi-infinite solid is investigated by monitoring (via infrared thermography) the surface of the solid heated by radiation and cooled by sprays of uniform size droplets until steady-state conditions are reached.

TL;DR: In this article, a model fire curve is articulated, which will produce equivalence of thermo-structural output between model and prototype by creating thermal distributions in the model, which are dynamically similar to that experimentally obtained in the prototype.

TL;DR: A general, dimensionally homogeneous power law for describing the vertical variation of the mass flux M within limited regions in the near field of fire-generated turbulent flames and plumes is derived in this article.

TL;DR: In this paper, the theoretical analysis outlined in this paper shows that the thermal protection capacity of a protection layer can indeed be expressed as an equivalent concrete layer, and a simple relation can be established between the thermal resistance (R = δ k ) of the protection layer and the thickness of an equivalence concrete protection.

TL;DR: In this article, a comparison between valid fire resistance tests on identical samples of two types of steel beam carried out during 1989 in furnaces at TNO, Delfi, and WRFC, Warrington (both gas-fired furnaces), indicated a 30% difference in the assigned fire resistance times even though the observed limiting temperatures of the steel beams were similar in each instance.

TL;DR: In this article, an experimental investigation of the turbulence structure of a medium-scale methanol pool fire has been undertaken to provide further insight into the complex physical phenomena which drive mixing and entrainment and thereby control development of the fire flow field.

TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study of the structure and soot properties of round laminar jet diffusion flames, seeking an improved understanding of soot formation (growth and nucleation) within diffusion flames.

TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic buckling strength of a steel frame at elevated temperatures was investigated and it was shown that a temperature gradient existing across the cross-section of the members has little effect on the strength of the frame.

TL;DR: In this article, a growing pool fire is modelled inside a warehouse with automatic, heatdetector-operated roof vents and various prescribed external wind flows, by which time the heat release rate of the fire has reached 26 MW and all vents have opened.

TL;DR: In this article, the steady rate of turbulent burning along a vertical rectangular channel in which a buoyancy-induced draft develops is investigated, and four different combustion models are implemented in a parabolized formulation of the three dimensional conservation equations.