Showing papers in "Flavour and Fragrance Journal in 1998"
TL;DR: The essential oil composition of Cananga odorata, Boswellia thurifera, Cymbopogon citratus, Marjorana hortensis, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Citrus limon was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity tested as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The essential oil composition of Cananga odorata, Boswellia thurifera, Cymbopogon citratus, Marjorana hortensis, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Citrus limon was analysed by GC and GC–MS, and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity tested. Twenty-five different genera of bacteria and one fungal species were used in this study as test organisms. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria and the spoilage fungus Aspergillus niger. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effect against all the tested organisms. The oils also demonstrated antioxidant capacities, comparable with α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The method adopted in this study was the modified thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) assay. The antioxidant activity was carried out under different conditions by using egg yolk and rat liver in the absence and presence of the radical inducer 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
647 citations
TL;DR: In this article, three new flavour-active mercapto-alcohols have been identified in Sauvignon blanc wines: 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-ol, 3-merccaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mcapo-3-methylbutan- 1-ol.
Abstract: Three new flavour-active mercapto-alcohols have been identified in Sauvignon blanc wines: 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-ol, 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol. The first two have a perception threshold of the order of 60 ng/l in an aqueous alcohol solution and their respective odours are reminiscent of citrus zest and grapefruit. The perception threshold of 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol, with its odour of cooked leeks, is higher (1500 ng/l in the same solution). These three compounds may contribute towards the typical aroma of Sauvignon blanc wines.
357 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the biological activities of 105 commercial essential oils were investigated against 25 species of bacteria, 20 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, and three filamentous fungi; their antioxidant action was also determined.
Abstract: In order to establish the value of the use of biological activities as accessory criteria (in conjunction with gas chromatography, but in the absence of enantiomeric analysis) for establishing the authenticity of essential oils, the biological activities of 105 commercial essential oils were investigated against 25 species of bacteria, 20 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, and three filamentous fungi; their antioxidant action was also determined and all the results were related to the actual chemical composition of the oils as determined by gas chromatography The results showed some relationship between the major components and some bioactivities There was a negative correlation between 1,8-cineole content and antifungal activity There was, however, great variability between the biological action of different samples of individual oils and groups of oils under the same general name, eg lavender, eucalyptus or chamomile, which was reflected in differences in chemical composition, The results suggest that, although the biological activities are not all related to the main components, any significant blending, rectification and adulteration of commercial oils can be monitored by their biological activities The use of essential oils named simply as ‘chamomile’ or ‘eucalyptus’, or any commercial oil which has been adulterated, cannot be justifiably used in treating medical conditions unless it can be shown that the action is non-specific and independent of the chemical composition © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
304 citations
TL;DR: The essential oils of Hoslundia opposita, Hyptis lanceolata, H. suaveolens, T. capense, P. guineense and Bixa orellana were analysed by GC and combined GC-MS as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The essential oils of Hoslundia opposita Vahl. (leaves), Hyptis lanceolata Poit. (whole plant), Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (leaves), Ocimum basilicum L. (whole plant), Ocimum canum Sim. (whole plant), Ocimum gratissimum L. (leaves), Plectranthus glandulosus Hook (leaves), Thymus vulgaris L. (whole plant), Piper capense L. (leaves and seeds), Piper guineense Schum. et Thom. (leaves and seeds) and Bixa orellana L. (leaves) which were obtained by hydrodistillation from plants collected in different regions of Cameroon, were analysed by GC and combined GC–MS. The oils of Hoslundia opposita, Hyptis lanceolata, H. suaveolens, T. vulgaris, P. capense, P. guineense and B. orellana were found to be rich in hydrocarbons (>58%). The most abundant compounds in the oils of O. basilicum, O. canum and P. glandulosus were alcohols and oxides (>40%), while in the oil of O. gratissimum the amounts of hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing components were roughly the same. It is of interest to note the presence in O. basilicum and P. guineense (leaves) of aromatic compounds in a sizeable amount (13.5% and 25.6% respectively). The antifungal activity of these essential oils against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichoderma viride were also investigated. Two methods were used for these antifungal tests: the microatmosphere method and the standardized broth dilution micromethod. Three oils (from Ocimum gratissimum, Thymus vulgaris and Ocimum basilicum) showed strong antifungal activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
205 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used AEDA on an extract of the volatiles, isolated by solvent extraction of fresh orange juice followed by sublimation in vacuo at room temperature, resulted in the detection of 42 odour-active compounds with flavour dilution (FD) factors between 4 and 1024.
Abstract: Application of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on an extract of the volatiles, isolated by solvent extraction of fresh orange juice followed by sublimation in vacuo at room temperature, resulted in the detection of 42 odour-active compounds with flavour dilution (FD) factors between 4 and 1024. Among the 41 odorants identified, ethyl butanoate (fruity), followed by (Z)-hex-3-enal (green) and 3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone (sweet, spicy) showed the highest FD factors. Further key odorants were ethyl 2-methylpropionate, (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate and 4,5-epoxy-(E)-dec-2-enal (FD: 128). Application of the static headspace/olfactometry (SHO) on a sample of the same juice revealed (R)-α-pinene, (R)-limonene, ethyl butanoate, (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate and acetaldehyde as the most odour-active compounds in the headspace above the juice. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
140 citations
TL;DR: Linalol, and in a lesser way, 1,8-cineole, may contribute to the greater antimicrobial activity of var.
Abstract: The antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis L. var decumbens (Jordan & Fourr.) Briq. from France (Banon) and Hyssopus officinalis L. from Italy (Piedmont) was studied taking account of their chemical composition determined by GC and GC–MS. Pinocamphone and isopinocamphone are present in H. officinalis (4.4% and 43.3%, respectively), according to the ISO 9841 Standard (1991 E) but they are lacking in var. decumbens, where linalol (51.7%), 1,8-cineole (12.3%) and limonene (5.1%) instead are predominant. The disc diffusion tests carried out on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp.) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas spp. and two strains of Salmonella spp.) showed an antimicrobial activity generally negligible for H. officinalis, but broader, and in a few cases more evident (Enterococcus spp. and E. coli), for var. decumbens. All yeasts (seven strains of Candida albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis) were strongly inhibited by both species. In liquid medium the MIC of H. officialis was always >1.2% v/v for bacteria and between 0.6 and 1.2% v/v for yeasts, while the MIC of var. decumbens was between 0.15 and 0.6% v/v for the Gram-positive bacteria, 0.3 and 1.2% v/v for the Gram-negative bacteria and 0.15 and 0.3% v/v for the yeasts. The effect of var. decumbens was generally bactericidal. Linalol, and in a lesser way, 1,8-cineole, may contribute to the greater antimicrobial activity of var. decumbens in comparison with H. officinalis, while limonene may be responsible for the antimycotic action observed in both oils, as suggested by results of the disc diffusion tests carried out on the pure reference substances. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
128 citations
TL;DR: The essential oils of eight samples of Piper aduncum L, collected at different localities of the Amazon region, were analysed by GC-MS as discussed by the authors, and the major component identified in all samples was dillapiole (31.5-97.3%).
Abstract: The essential oils of eight samples of Piper aduncum L., collected at different localities of the Amazon region, were analysed by GC–MS. The major component identified in all samples was dillapiole (31.5–97.3%). Sample A, collected at Serra do Navio (AP), showed a yield of oil and dillapiole content of 3.3% and 31.5%, respectively; sample B, collected at Melgaco (PA), 1.8% and 50.8%; sample C, collected at Benfica (PA), 1.6% and 56.3%; samples D and E, collected at Belem (PA), 1.2% and 82.2%; 1.5% and 86.9%, respectively; sample F, collected at Manaus (AM), 3.4% and 91.1%; sample G, collected at Road Manaus-Caracarai, km 30 (AM), 3.0% and 97.3%; sample H, collected at Cruzeiro do Sul (AC), 3.2% and 88.1%. The yield of oil and dillapiole content of samples of P. aduncum occurring in Malaysia and Fiji showed 1.3% and 64.5%; and 0.5% and 58.0%, respectively. By comparison, the plants growing wild in Amazonas State had the highest oil yield and dillapiole content. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
103 citations
TL;DR: The essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. in five selected clones of different origins (France, Hungary, Portugal, Romania, Czech Republic) was studied in this paper.
Abstract: The essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. in five selected clones of different origins (France, Hungary, Portugal, Romania, Czech Republic) was studied. Yields of oils from dried leaves were excellent (2–3%), and higher than those previously reported. The α:β-thujone ratio varied according to origin. Overall, some of the oils were of high quality in terms of their α- and β-thujone and camphor contents. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
93 citations
TL;DR: The essential oils of aerial parts of specimens of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br were analysed by GC-MS as mentioned in this paper, and their oils were shown to be quite different.
Abstract: The essential oils of aerial parts of specimens of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br were analysed by GC–MS. The plants were collected at three municipalities of Para State, Brazil, and their oils shown to be quite different. The samples of essential oils may be divided into three groups. The first, type A (collected at Santa Maria), is characterized by 1,8-cineole (34.9%), limonene (18.4%), carvone (8.6%) and sabinene (8.2%). The second, type B (collected at Belterra), is dominated by limonene (32.1%), carvone (31.8%) and myrcene (11.0%). The third, type C (collected at Chaves), is represented by neral (13.7%), geranial (22.5%), germacrene-D (25.4%) and β-caryophyllene (10.2%). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the NMR spectra of Labdanum oil were used to identify 186 compounds (154 from the neutral part, 32 from the acidic part), representing about 95% of the oil, were identified mainly by their NMR spectrum.
Abstract: Commercial Labdanum oil contains more than 300 constituents. 186 compounds (154 from the neutral part, 32 from the acidic part), representing about 95% of the oil, were identified mainly by their NMR spectra. Typical for the Labdanum oil in the C15 to C20 region are aromadendrane (23%), cadinane (9%) and labdane (7%) derivatives, mostly oxidized. The main constituents in this region are ledene (92, 9.3%), allo-aromadendrene (86, 1.5%), 1,5-cis-aromadendr-9-ene (91, 1.4%), viridiflorol (112, 4.3%), 1,2-dehydroviridiflorol (104, 1.4%), ledol (116, 1.3%), palustrol (105, 1.2%), the new cubeban-11-ol (113, 4.1%), copaborneol (117, 1.8%), and ambrox® (137, 1.4%). The following new natural compounds were isolated: 1. C9→C14compounds: 2,2,5-trimethyloxepan-4-one (30), cis-p-menth-4(8)-en-2-ol (40), (2E,4E)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylhepta-2,4-dienal (59), cis-5-hydroxymentha-1(6),8-dien-2-one (71), 7-acetyl-2,2,6-trimethylbicyclo[4.2.0]octane (72), 4,4,7a-trimethyl-1,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-2H-inden-2-one (83), 6-acetyl-5,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2,3-dione (119), 1,1,5,6-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydro- (89) and 1,1,5,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (95). 2. Sesquiterpenes: cubeb-11-ene (82), 1,2-dehydroglobulol (106), 1-epi-3,4-dehydroviridiflorol (110), 3,4-dehydroglobulol (118), muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1-ol (120), 5-epi- (130) and 1,10-seco-aromadendran-1,10-dione (132), 5,11-epoxycadin-1(10)-en-9-ol (136), 10-hydroxycalamenene-8,9-epoxide (140) as well as 9(10→1)-abeo-9-hydroxy-aromadendran-10-one (131) named by us as 9-hydroxy-ladanifer-10-one, possessing a new skeleton. 3. Labdane derivatives: 7- (145), 8- (143) and 8(17)-15-nor-labdene (142). 4. From the acidic part: 3-isobutenyl-5-methyl-5-vinylbutyrolactone (M21), dimethyl (Z)-2-n-hexyl-3-methylbutendioate (M24) and the two epimers of methyl 1,5,5-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0] heptan-7-carboxylate (M16, M,17). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the steam-distilled leaf and flower oils of Ocimum basilicum, ocimum canum, and Oocimum gratissimum, collected from 14 different locations in Togo, were studied.
Abstract: The steam-distilled leaf and flower oils of Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum canum Sims and Ocimum gratissimum L., collected from 14 different locations in Togo, have been studied. Capillary gas–liquid chromatography and capillary gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry were used to determine the percentage composition of these essential oils. The oils from O. basilicum mainly contained either estragole or a linalol–estragole mixture. In those from Ocimum canum, terpin-4-ol, linalol, υ-terpinene and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (β-caryophyllene, (E)-α-bergamotene and bicyclogermacrene) were the major compounds. Thymol, υ-terpinene and p-cymene were identified as the most abundant constituents in the Ocimum gratissimum oils. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this paper, 17 odorants of two parsley cultivars were selected for quantification and their odour activity values (OAVs, ratio of concentration to odour threshold) were calculated The odorants showing higher OAVs with regard to the different odour notes in the odour profile of parsley were mixed.
Abstract: On the basis of dilution experiments, 17 odorants of two parsley cultivars were selected for quantification and their odour activity values (OAVs, ratio of concentration to odour threshold) were calculated The odorants showing higher OAVs with regard to the different odour notes in the odour profile of parsley were mixed As the aroma of this mixture was close to that of parsley, it was concluded that p-mentha-1,3,8-triene, myrcene, 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine, myristicin, linalol, (Z)-dec-6-enal and (Z)-hex-3-enal were the character impact flavour compounds of parsley After chopping, the aroma of parsley changed rapidly The loss in the ‘terpeny, parsley-like’ note in the odour profile was mainly due to both a decrease of p-mentha-1,3,8-triene and an increase of the ‘green, grassy’ and ‘fruity’ notes caused by a rapid formation of (Z)-hex-3-enal, (Z)-hex-3-enol and (Z)-hex-3-enyl acetate © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
TL;DR: The essential oil from the rhizomes of Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe (‘Kahili ginger’) contains about 30% of sesquiterpenes, mainly cadinane derivatives as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The essential oil from the rhizomes of Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe (‘Kahili ginger’) contains about 30% of sesquiterpenes, mainly cadinane derivatives. The following new sesquiterpenes were identified by their NMR and MS data: α-corocalene epoxide (104); 1,10;7,10-bisepoxy-1,10-seco-calamenene (68); 6,7;7,10-bisepoxy-6,7-seco-calamenene (74); 7-epi-trans- (60) and 7-epi-cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (69); 10-epi-cubenol (78); and ar-curcumen-1,10-diol (108). Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The essential oils from the aerial parts of Satureja boliviana Briq and S. brevicalix Epl. (Lamiaceae) from Cusco Department, Peru, were obtained by hydrodistillation in 1.03% and 0.96% yields related to dry weight as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The essential oils from the aerial parts of Satureja boliviana Briq. and S. brevicalix Epl. (Lamiaceae) from Cusco Department, Peru, were obtained by hydrodistillation in 1.03% (v/w) and 0.96% (v/w) yields related to dry weight. By GC–MS analyses, 65 compounds were identified in both oils. Oxygenated monoterpenes constituted 81.5% and 87.0% of the oils of S. boliviana and S. brevicalix, respectively. In both oils, menthone (24.2% and 35.7%) and isomenthone (29.7% and 25.1%) were the main components. For S. boliviana, some differences were found compared with oil analysed in earlier studies, which could suggest the possible occurrence of chemical types. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The hydrodistilled essential oil from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf grown in Zambia was analyzed by GC and GC-MS as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The hydrodistilled essential oil from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf grown in Zambia was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Sixteen compounds representing 93.4% of the oil were identified of which geranial (39.0%), neral (29.4%) and myrcene (18.0%) were the major components. Small amounts of geraniol (1.7%) and linalol (1.3%) were also detected. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The essential oils of fresh flowers, leaves and fruits of Murraya exotica L., cultivated in Egypt, were analysed by GC-MS and showed strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans and modest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Sarchina lutea.
Abstract: The essential oils of fresh flowers, leaves and fruits of Murraya exotica L., cultivated in Egypt, were analysed by GC-MS. Forty-four components were identified in the oils. The monoterpene hydrocarbon α-pinene was the major constituent in all cases. The oils exhibited strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans and showed a modest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Sarchina lutea.
TL;DR: The volatile organic compounds released by Tuber melanosporum Vitt were determined by purge and trap methods as discussed by the authors and the variation induced by the storage temperature was determined by purging and trap.
Abstract: The volatile organic compounds released by Tuber melanosporum Vitt. and the variation induced by the storage temperature were determined by purge and trap methods. Two aldehydes (2- and 3-methylbutanal) and two alcohols (2- and 3-methylbutanol) play an impact role, while sulphur compounds, present at trace levels, may round off the flavour. On storage all these compounds are lost by oxidation or evaporation, but at 0°C a strong amylic fermentation occurs, resulting in an increase of the impact compounds concentrations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, water-distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of Satureja coerulea Janka and Thymus aznavourii Velen were analyzed by GC-MS.
Abstract: Satureja coerulea Janka and Thymus aznavourii Velen. are endangered species. Thymus aznavourii is an endemic species in Turkey. Satureja coerulea has a narrow distribution in Turkey and Bulgaria. Water-distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of these species were analysed by GC–MS. The main component in the oils was identified as germacrene-D. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The essential oil of seeds of Trachyspermum ammi L. (Sprauge) exhibited absolute toxicity against the test fungus, while the oil exhibited a broad fungitoxic spectrum, inhibiting the mycelial growth of a number of fungi at 100, 200 and 300 ppm.
Abstract: Extracts of leaves and seeds of 15 angiospermic taxa were tested in vitro against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Amongst them the essential oil of seeds of Trachyspermum ammi L. (Sprauge) exhibited absolute toxicity against the test fungus. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Trachyspermum ammi seed oil was 200 ppm, which exhibited a fungistatic nature, but not phytotoxic properties, when tested at 100, 200 and 300 ppm on seed germination of the French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The oil exhibited a broad fungitoxic spectrum, inhibiting the mycelial growth of a number of fungi at 100, 200 and 300 ppm. The oil was thermostable and more efficacious than some synthetic fungicides, viz., Benlate, Ceresan, copper oxychloride, Dithan M-45 and Thiovit. Thymol was also isolated as a fungitoxic factor and it exhibited toxicity against the test fungus at 300 ppm. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus miniata Cunn as mentioned in this paper were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and they contained α-pinene (0-84.3%), limonene ( 0-6.9%), bicyclogermacrene (0,65.6%) and torquatone (tr.–3.6%).
Abstract: The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus miniata Cunn. ex Schauer, E. canaliculata Maiden, E. pumila Cambage, E. vergrandis L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. suggrandis L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. tenera L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. incerata Brooker & Hopper ined., E. recta L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. balladoniensis Brooker subsp. sedens L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. ‘species P subsp. P’ L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. ‘species T’ L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. ovata Labill. var. ovata, E. yarraensis Maiden & Cambage, E. nova-anglica H. Deane & Maiden, E. smithii R.T. Baker, E. dawsonii R.T. Baker, E. agglomerata Maiden, E. radiata Sieber ex DC. subsp. radiata, E. radiata Sieber ex DC. subsp. robertsonii (Blakely) L. A. S. Johnson & D. F. Blaxell, E. dives Schauer, E. pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. subsp. pauciflora and E. pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. subsp. niphophila (Maiden & Blakely) L. A. S. Johnson & D. F. Blaxell, isolated by vacuum distillation, were analysed by GC and GC–MS. Many species contained α-pinene (0–84.3%), limonene (0–6.3%), α-phellandrene (0–16.9%), 1,8-cineole (0–77.5%), p-cymene (0–27.2%), β-caryophyllene (0–10.8%), terpinen-4-ol (0–28.2%), piperitone (0–54.5%), aromadendrene (0–21.9%), bicyclogermacrene (0–65.6%) and torquatone (tr.–3.6%) as principal leaf oil components. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The yield and composition of the volatile fraction of the dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of a Spanish wild growing plant, Thymus vulgaris L, have been studied in this paper.
Abstract: The yield and composition of the volatile fraction of the dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of a Spanish wild growing plant, Thymus vulgaris L., have been studied. The main components are 1,8-cineole and linalool, a chemotype not described before in Thymus vulgaris L. Oxygenated terpene derivatives constitute 42% of the total components; saturated hydrocarbons of high molecular weight, 25%; oxygenated sesquiterpene derivatives, monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 4%, 3% and 1.6% respectively. In addition, some fatty acids, aldehydes, phytosterols, flavanones, vitamin E and other compounds have also been detected. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this paper, the volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Artemisia austriaca Jacq. and Artemisia spicigera C. Koch from Turkey have been examined by GC, GC-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C -NMR.
Abstract: The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Artemisia austriaca Jacq. and Artemisia spicigera C. Koch. from Turkey have been examined by GC, GC–MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The oil of A. austriaca contained, as main components, camphor (45.5%), 1,8-cineole (30.4%), camphene (6.5%), α-terpineol (3.2%), α-pinene (3.0%) and terpinen-4-ol (2.9%). The major components of the A. spicigera oil were identified as 1,8-cineole (56.8%), camphor (20.2%), camphene (4.9%), thymol (2.0%) and β-myrcene (1.5%). In the results of the analyses, 26 components in the oils of both A. austriaca and A. spicigera have been identified. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The essential oil has a potential use as a midge repellent as discussed by the authors, and was harvested from wild populations in Scotland and Finland, where the main components were α-pinene [20.1-38.9%], 1,8-cineole [2.5-23.9%, germacrene [0.4-13.2%] and γ-cadinene [8.4−21.0].
Abstract: Myrica gale L. was harvested from wild populations in Scotland and Finland. Above-ground vegetation was assessed for growth and potential yield of biomass. Essential oil yield and composition were measured: leaf oil yield was 0.05–0.29%, flower oil yield 0.97%. Main components were α-pinene [20.1–38.9%], 1,8-cineole [2.5–23.9%], germacrene [0.4–13.2%] and γ-cadinene [8.4–21.0]. The essential oil has a potential use as a midge repellent. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: Grapefruit flavedo (Citrus paradisi Macf) was extracted by different methods: hydrodistillation; and solvent extraction using pentane, ethanol and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) at two fluid densities.
Abstract: Grapefruit flavedo (Citrus paradisi Macf.) was extracted by different methods: hydrodistillation; and solvent extraction using pentane, ethanol and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) at two fluid densities. The composition of the distillates and oleoresins were compared. Monoterpene hydrocarbons decrease in SC-CO2 extracts at 87–90% with respect to their quantity in pentane extracts (95%) and in hydrodistillates (97%); these levels in monoterpene hydrocarbons were related to the limonene content, the most representative compound in grapefruit essence. Sesquiterpenes, aldehydes, alcohols and esters increased their GC area percentage in SC-CO2 extract at a high density of the solvent, with respect to the hydrodistillate and the pentane extract. Very interesting was the high increase in nootkatone concentration in the SC-CO2 extracts; this grapefruit essence component was 4.72% in the extract at 8 MPa, and it was 5.19% in that at 25 MPa; the ketone was very low in the hydrodistillates (0.22–0.26%). The monoterpene hydrocarbon concentrations, expressed as g of component in 100 g of extract, showed a decrease in SC-CO2 oleoresins. Oxygenated, sesquiterpenes and particularly nootkatone increase their amount in SC-CO2 extracts. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The enantiomeric differentiation of camphor and fenchone directly in the essential oil has been realized using 13C-NMR spectroscopy and tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-D-camphorato]ytterbium(III) (Yb(hfc)3) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The essential oil of a wild plant from Corsica, Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas, was analysed by 13C-NMR spectroscopy, without previous separation. The quantification of the components was realized using GC. Fifty samples have been studied, from throughout Corsica. In all the samples, the sum of the fenchone and camphor contents is high (51–83%). However, their respective ratios vary greatly. Moreover, enantiomeric differentiation of camphor and fenchone directly in the essential oil has been realized using 13C-NMR spectroscopy and a chiral lanthanide shift reagent, tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-D-camphorato]ytterbium(III) (Yb(hfc)3). Both enantiomers of camphor are present in a sample studied, whereas only (+)-fenchone is present in another sample. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In the acidic fractions of Italo-Mitcham black peppermint oil (Mentha) as mentioned in this paper, some uncommon phenols, carboxylic acids and lactones have been identified, mostly related to menthone.
Abstract: In the acidic fractions of Italo-Mitcham black peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita L.), some uncommon phenols, carboxylic acids and lactones have been identified, mostly related to menthone. The cis/trans isomers of 2,6-dimethyl-heptan-5-olide (19 and 20) and the (6R)-5,6-dihydro-3,6-dimethyl-benzol[b]furan-7(4H)-one (27) are new compounds, their structures have been proved by syntheses; the three diastereoisomers of perhydro-3,6-dimethyl-benzo[b]furan-2-one, 16, 17 and 18 as well as 2-isopropenyl-5-methylphenol (1), have not yet been identified in a natural raw material. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The essential oil of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.) seeds collected from three different geographical locations in India was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The essential oil of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.) seeds collected from three different geographical locations in India was analysed by capillary GC and GC–MS. The composition of the oil samples was compared with that of the oil of flowering palmarosa herb. Besides the main constituent, geraniol (74.5–81.8%), 55 other constituents, including those present in trace amounts, were identified in the seed essential oil. Although the composition of the seed oils is similar to that of the herb oil, quantitative differences in the concentration of some constituents were observed. The seed oil was found to contain lower amounts of geranyl acetate and higher amounts of (E, Z)-farnesol than the herb oil. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The chemical composition of the essential oil of N. nuda L. ssp. nda (Lamiaceae) was examined by capillary GC and GC-MS methods as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oil of N. nuda L. ssp. nuda (Lamiaceae) was examined by capillary GC and GC–MS methods. The main components of the oil were β-caryophyllene oxide (21.8%), spathulenol (13.8%), allo-aromadendrene (9.0%) and β-caryophyllene (5.4%). Nepetalactones were not found. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The water distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Salvia euphratica Montbret et al. as discussed by the authors was analyzed by GC-MS and the major components were trans-pinocarvyl acetate (16.8%), myrtenylacetate (14.1%), and myrintenyl acetates (14 1%).
Abstract: The water distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Salvia euphratica Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham var. euphratica was analysed by GC–MS. Ninety-seven components representing 89% of the oil were characterized. The major components were trans-pinocarvyl acetate (16.8%) and myrtenyl acetate (14.1%). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this paper, two clones of Geranium (nos 53 and 79) obtained from leaf cuttings of a geranium cultivar (Pelargonium sp.) and later multiplied by stem cutstings were found to be rich in isomenthone (64.4 and 67.7%) in their essential oils.
Abstract: Two clones of geranium (nos 53 and 79) obtained from leaf cuttings of a geranium cultivar (Pelargonium sp.) and later multiplied by stem cuttings were found to be rich in isomenthone (64.4 and 67.7%) in their essential oils. The detailed composition of the oils of these two clones was investigated by capillary GC and GC-MS and compared with that of the oil of the parent cultivar. Linalol, citronellol, geraniol and citronellyl formate, which are the major constituents of the parent cultivar, were found only as minor constituents in the oils of the two clones. These two isomenthone-rich clones differed from each other in their α-pinene content (1.1% and 8.5%) although both have 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (6.8% and 8.4%) comparable with the parent cultivar (7.6%).